Fungal virulence genes as targets for antifungal chemotherapy

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy

Volumn 40, Issue 7, 1996, Pages 1577-1583

  Perfect, John R ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B; FLUCYTOSINE; FUNGICIDE;

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; FUNGUS GROWTH; GENE TARGETING; GROWTH INHIBITION; HOUSEKEEPING GENE; HYPOTHESIS; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; MOLECULAR MODEL; MYCOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VIRULENCE;

EID: 0029933813     PISSN: 00664804     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.7.1577     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Ankenbauer, R. G., and E. W. Nester. 1990. Sugar-mediated induction of Agrobacterium tumefaciens virulence genes: structural specificity and activities of monosaccharides. J. Bacteriol. 172:6442-6446.
2. Aoki, Y., M. Yamamoto, S. M. Hosseini-Mazinani, N. Koshikowa, K. Sugimoto, and M. Arisawa. 1996. Antifungal azoxybacilin exhibits activity by inhibiting gene expression of sulfite reductase. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40:127-132.
3. Barry, M. A., W. C. Lai, and S. A. Johnston. 1995. Protection against mycoplasma infection using expression-library immunization. Nature (London) 377:632-635.
4. Becker, J. M., L. K. Henry, W. Jiang, and Y. Koltin. 1995. Reduced virulence of Candida albicans mutants in multidrug resistance. Infect. Immun. 63: 4515-4518.
5. Bowyer, P., B. R. Clarke, P. Lunness, M. J. Daniels, and A. E. Osbourn. 1995. Host range of a plant pathogenic fungus determined by a saponin detoxifying enzyme. Science 267:371-374.
6. Buchmeier, N. A., and F. Heffron. 1990. Induction of Salmonella stress proteins upon infection of macrophages. Science 248:730-732.
7. Bulawa, C. E. 1993. Genetics and molecular biology of chitin synthesis in fungi. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 47:505-534.
8. Bulawa, C. E., D. W. Miller, L. K. Henry, and J. M. Becker. 1995. Attenuated virulence of chitin-deficient mutants of Candida albicans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:10570-10574.
9. Chang, Y. C., and K. J. Kwon-Chung. 1994. Complementation of a capsule-deficiency mutation of Cryptococcus neoformans restores its virulence. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:4912-4919.
10. Chaturvedi, V. P., T. Flynn, W. G. Niehaus, and B. Wong. 1996. Stress tolerance and pathogenic potential of a mannitol-mutant of Cryptococcus neoformans. Microbiology 143:937-943.
11. Cole, G. T. 1996. Biochemistry of enzymatic pathogenicity factors, p. 33-65. In D. H. Howard and J. D. Miller (ed.), The Mycota VI: human and animal relationships. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
12. Colthurst, D. R., M. Santo, C. M. Grant, and M. F. Tuite. 1991. Candida albicans and three other Candida species contain an elongation factor structurally and functionally analogous to elongation factor 3. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 80:45-50.
13. Cutler, J. E. 1991. Putative virulence factors of Candida albicans. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 45:187-218.
14. Davis, M. A., and M. J. Hynes. 1991. Regulatory circuits in Aspergillus nidulans, p. 151-181. In J. W. Bennett and L. L. Lasure (ed.), More gene manipulations in fungi. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif.
15. DiRita, V. J. 1992. Coordinate expression of virulence genes by ToxR in Vibrio cholerae. Mol. Microbiol. 6:451-458.
16. Dixon, D. M., J. Migliozzi, C. R. Cooper, Jr., O. Solis, B. Breslin, and P. J. Szaniszlo. 1992. Melanized and non-melanized multicellular form mutants of Wangiella dermatitidis in mice: mortality and histopathology studies. Mycoses 35:17-21.
17. Duguid, J. R., R. G. Rohwer, and B. Seed. 1988. Isolation of cDNA of scrapie-modulated RNAs by substractive hybridization of cDNA library. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5738-5742.
18. Edman, J. C., and K. J. Kwon-Chung. 1990. Isolation of the URA5 gene from Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans and its use as a selective marker for transformation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:4538-4544.
19. Falkow, S. 1988. Molecular Koch's postulates applied to microbial pathogenicity. Rev. Infect. Dis. 10(Suppl. 2):5274-5276.
20. Fasoli, M. O., D. Kerridge, and J. F. Ryley. 1990. Pathogenicity of 5-fluorocytosine resistant strains of Candida albicans. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 28:27-34.
21. Finlay, B. B., and S. Falkow. 1989. Common themes in microbial pathogenicity. Microbiol. Rev. 53:210-230.
22. Fonzi, W. A., and M. Y. Irwin. 1993. Isogenic strain construction and gene mapping in Candida albicans. Genetics 134:717-728.
23. Gabriel, D. W. 1986. Specificity and gene function in plant-pathogen interactions. ASM News 52:19-25.
24. Georgopapadakou, N. F., and T. J. Walsh. 1996. Antifungal agents: chemotherapeutic targets and immunologic strategies. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40:279-291.
25. Ghannoum, M. A., B. Spellberg, S. M. Saporito-Irwin, and W. A. Fonzi. 1995. Reduced virulence of Candida albicans PHR1 mutants. Infect. Immun. 63: 4528-4530.
26. Goldberg, M. B., S. A. Boyko, and S. B. Calderwood. 1991. Positive transcriptional regulation of an iron-regulated virulence gene in Vibrio cholerae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:1125-1129.
27. Goldberg, M. B., V. J. DiRita, and S. B. Calderwood. 1990. Identification of an iron-regulated virulence determinant in Vibrio cholerae, using TnphoA mutagenesis. Infect. Immun. 58:55-60.
28. Gow, N. A. R., P. W. Robbins, J. W. Lester, A. J. P. Brown, W. A. Fonzi, and T. Chapman. 1994. A hyphal-specific chitin synthase gene (CHS2) is not essential for growth, dimorphism, or virulence of Candida albicans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:6216-6220.
29. Haas, L. O., J. M. Gregg, and M. A. Gleeson. 1990. Development of an integrative DNA transformation system for the yeast Candida tropicalis. J. Bacteriol. 172:4571-4577.
30. Hensel, M., J. E. Shea, C. Gleeson, M. D. Jones, E. Delton, and D. W. Holden. 1995. Simultaneous identification of bacterial virulence genes by negative selection. Science 269:400-403.
31. Holden, D. W., C. M. Tang, and J. M. Smith. 1994. Molecular genetics of Aspergillas pathogenicity. Antonie Leeuwenhoek 65:251-255.
32. Ibrahim, A. S., F. Mirbod, S. G. Filler, Y. Banno, G. T. Cole, Y. Kitajimo, J. E. Edwards, Y. Nozawo, and M. A. Ghannoun. 1995. Evidence implicating phospholipase as a virulence factor of Candida albicans. Infect. Immun. 63:1993-1998.
33. Iwata, K., T. Yamashita, M. Ohsumi, M. Baba, N. Naito, A. Taki, and N. Yamada. 1990. Comparative morphological and biological studies on itraconazole- and ketoconazole-resistant mutants of Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 28:77-90.
34. Johnson, K., I. Charles, G. Dougan, D. Pickard, P. O'Gaora, G. Costa, T. Ali, I. Miller, and C. Hormaeche. 1991. The role of a stress-response protein in Salmonella typhimurium virulence. Mol. Microbiol. 5:401-407.
35. Keath, E. J., and F. E. Abidi. 1994. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of yp-3, a yeast-phase-specific gene in the dimorphic fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum. Microbiology 140:759-767.
36. Keath, E. J., A. A. Painter, G. S. Kobayashi, and G. Medoff. 1989. Variable expression of a yeast-phase-specific gene in Histoplasma capsulatum strains differing in thermotolerance and virulence. Infect. Immun. 57:1384-1390.
37. Kirsch, D. R., and R. R. Whitney. 1991. Pathogenicity of Candida albicans auxotrophic mutants in experimental infections. Infect. Immun. 59:3297-3300.
38. Kurtz, M. B., M. W. Cortelyou, and D. R. Kirsch. 1986. Integrate transformation of Candida albicans, using a cloned Candida ADE2 gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:142-149.
39. Kwon-Chung, K. J. 1976. Morphogenesis of Filobasidiella neoformans, the sexual state of C. neoformans. Mycologia 68:821-832.
40. Kwon-Chung, K. J., J. C. Edman, and B. L. Wickes. 1992. Genetic association of mating types and virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 60:602-605.
41. Kwon-Chung, K. J., D. Lehman, C. Good, and P. T. Magee. 1985. Genetic evidence for role of extracellular proteinase in virulence of Candida albicans. Infect. Immun. 49:571-575.
42. Kwon-Chung, K. J., I. Polacheck, and T. J. Popkin. 1982. Melanin-lacking mutants of Cryptococcus neoformans and their virulence for mice. J. Bacteriol. 150:1414-1421.
43. Lathigra, R. B., P. D. Butcher, T. R. Garbe, and D. B. Young. 1991. Heat shock proteins as virulence factors of pathogens. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 167:125-143.
44. Liang, P., and A. B. Pardee. 1992. Differential display of eukaryotic messenger RNA by means of the polymerase chain reaction. Science 257:967-971.
45. Lodge, J. K., E. Jackson-McChelski, D. L. Toffaletti, J. R. Perfect, and J. I. Gordon. 1994. Targeted gene replacement demonstrates that myristogl CoA: protein N-myristoyl transferase is essential for the viability of Cryptococcus neoformans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:12008-12012.
46. Mahan, M. J., J. M. Slauch, and J. J. Mekalanos. 1993. Selection of bacterial virulence genes that are specifically induced in host tissues. Science 259:686-688.
47. Maresca, B., and G. Kobayashi. 1993. Changes in membrane fluidity modulate heat shock gene expression and produced attenuated strains in the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. Arch. Med. Res. 24:247-249.
48. Maurelli, A. T., A. E. Hromockyj, and M. L. Bernardini. 1992. Environmental regulation of Shigella virulence. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 180:95-116.
49. McCusker, J. H., K. V. Clemons, D. A. Stevens, and R. W. Davis. 1994. Genetic characterization of pathogenic Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates. Genetics 136:1261-1269.
50. McCusker, J. H., K. V. Clemons, D. A. Stevens, and R. W. Davis. 1994. Saccharomyces cerevisiae virulence phenotype as determined with FD-1 mice is associated with the ability to grow at 42°C and form pseudohyphae. Infect. Immun. 62:5447-5455.
51. Miller, V. L., V. J. DiRita, and J. J. Mekalanos. 1989. Identification of toxS, a regulatory gene whose product enhances toxR-mediated activation of the cholera toxin promoter. J. Bacteriol. 171:1288-1293.
52. Mitchell, T. G., and J. R. Perfect. 1995. Cryptococcosis in the era of AIDS 100 years after the discovery of Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 8:515-548.
53. Monod, M., G. Togni, B. Hube, and D. Songland. 1994. Multiplicity of genes encoding secreted aspartic proteinases in Candida species. Mol. Microbiol. 13:357-368.
54. Moore, T. D. E., and J. D. Edman. 1993. The alpha mating type locus of Cryptococcus neoformans contains a peptide pheromone gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:1962-1970.
55. Myers, K. K., W. A. Fongi, and P. S. Sypherd. 1992. Isolation and sequence analysis of the gene for translation elongation factor 3 from Candida albicans. Nucleic Acids Res. 20:1705-1710.
56. Odom, A., J. R. Perfect, D. Toffaletti, and J. Heitman. 1996. Calcineurin A is a temperature-regulated virulence gene for Cryptococcus neoformans, abstr. F112, p. 93. In Abstracts of the 96th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology 1996. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
57. Parrot, C., and J. J. Mekakanos. 1990. Expression of ToxR, the transcriptional activator of the virulence factors in Vibrio cholerae is modulated by the heat shock response. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:9898-9902.
58. Parta, M., Y. Chang, S. Rulong, P. Pinto-DaSilva, and K. J. Kwon-Chung. 1994. HYP1, a hydrophobin gene from Aspergillus fumigatus complements the rodletless phenotype in Aspergillus nidulans. Infect. Immun. 62:4389-4395.
59. Perfect, J. R. 1995. Molecular targets for new antifungal drugs. Can. J. Bot. 73(Suppl. 1):1187-1191.
60. Perfect, J. R., D. L. Toffaletti, and T. H. Rude. 1993. The gene encoding for phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase (ADE2) is essential for growth at Cryptococcus neoformans in cerebrospinal fluid. Infect. Immun. 61:4446-4451.
61. Rahme, L. G., E. J. Stevens, S. F. Wolfort, J. Shao, R. G. Tompkins, and F. M. Ausubel. 1995. Common virulence factors for bacterial pathogenicity in plants and animals. Science 268:1899-1902.
62. Rhodes, J. C., I. Polacheck, and K. J. Kwon-Chung. 1982. Phenoloxidase activity and virulence in isogenic strains of Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 36:1175-1184.
63. Rude, T. H., and J. R. Perfect. 1994. Isolation and identification of several site-specitic genes of Cryptococcus neoformans differentially expressed in the CNS, abstr. F-49, p. 597. In Abstracts of the 94th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology 1994. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
64. Ryley, J. F., and N. G. Ryley. 1990. Candida albicans: do mycelia matter? J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 28:225-239.
65. Sakai, T., C. Sasakawa, S. Makino, and M. Yoshikawa. 1986. DNA sequence and product analysis of the virF locus responsible for Congo red binding and cell invasion in Shigella flexneri 2a. Infect. Immun. 54:395-402.
66. Sakai, T., C. Sasakawa, and M. Yoshikawa. 1988. Expression of four virulence antigens of Shigella flexneri is positively regulated at the transcriptional level by the 30 kilodalton virF protein. Mol. Microbiol. 2:589-597.
67. Schena, M., D. Shalon, R. W. Davis, and P. O. Brown. 1995. Quantitative monitoring of gene expression patterns with a complementary DNA microassay. Science 270:467-470.
68. Shepherd, M. G. 1985. Pathogenicity of morphological and auxotrophic mutants of Candida albicans in experimental infections. Infect. Immun. 50: 541-544.
69. Smith, J. M., C. M. Tang, S. V. Van Noorden, and D. W. Holden. 1994. Virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus double mutants lacking restrictocin and an alkaline protease in a low-dose model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Infect. Immun. 62:5247-5254.
70. Sobel, J. D., G. Muller, and H. R. Buchley. 1983. Critical role of germ tube formation in pathogenesis of Candida vaginitis. Infect. Immun. 44:576-580.
71. Stahl, D. J., and W. Schafer. 1992. Cutinase is not required for fungal pathogenicity on pea. Plant Cell 4:621-629.
72. Steele, P. E. 1991. Current concepts of fungal virulence. Adv. Pathol. Lab. Med. 4:107-119.
73. Stortz, G., L. A. Tartaglia, and B. N. Ames. 1990. Transcriptional regulator of oxidative stress-inducible genes: direct activation by oxidation. Science 248:189-194.
74. Struhl, K. 1989. Molecular mechanisms of transcriptional regulation in yeast. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 58:1051-1077.
75. Tang, C. M., J. Cohen, T. Krausz, S. Van Noorden, and D. W. Holden. 1993. The alkaline protease of Aspergillus fumigatus is not a virulence determinant in two murine models of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Infect. Immun. 61:1650-1656.
76. Tang, C. M., J. M. Smith, H. N. Arst, and D. W. Holden. 1994. Virulence studies of Aspergillus nidulans mutants requiring lysine or p-aminobenzoic acid in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Infect. Immun. 62:5255-5260.
77. Thau, N., M. Monod, B. Crestani, C. Rolland, G. Tronchin, J. P. Latge, and S. Paris. 1994. Rodletless mutants of Aspergillus fumigatus. Infect. Immun. 62:4380-4388.
78. Tobe, T., N. Nagai, N. Okada, B. Adler, M. Yoshikawa, and C. Sasakama. 1991. Temperature-regulated expression of invasion genes in Shigella flexneri is controlled through the transcriptional activation of the Vir B gene on the large plasmid. Mol. Microhiol. 5:887-893.
79. Toffaletti, D. L., T. H. Rude, S. A. Johnston, D. T. Durack, and J. R. Perfect. 1993. Gene transfer in Cryptococcus neoformans by use of biolistic delivery of DNA. J. Bacteriol. 175:1405-1411.
80. Togni, G., D. Songland, and M. Monod. 1944. Acid proteinase secreted by Candida tropicalis: virulence in mice of a proteinase negative mutant. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 32:257-265.
81. Velculesev, V. E., L. Zhang, B. Vogelstein, and K. W. Kinzler. 1995. Serial analysis of gene expression. Science 270:484-487.
82. Weiss, A. A., and E. L. Hewlet. 1986. Virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 40:661-686.
83. Winans, S. C., P. R. Ebert, S. E. Stachel, M. P. Gordon, and E. W. Nester. 1986. A gene essential for Agrobacterium virulence is homologous to a family of positive regulatory loci. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:8278-8282.
84. Worsham, P. L., and W. E. Goldman. 1990. Development of a genetic transformation system for Histoplasma capsulatum: complementation of uracil auxotrophy. Mol. Gen. Genet. 221:358-362.
85. Wu, J., and B. Weiss. 1991. Two divergently transcribed genes, soxR and soxS, control a superoxide response regulon of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 173:2864-2871.