Classification of child and adolescent psychopathology

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines

Volumn 37, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 3-12

  Cantwell, Dennis P ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Child and adolescent psychopathology; Classification; Diagnostic assessment; Nosology

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENCE; CHILD PSYCHIATRY; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS; REVIEW;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR DISORDERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; PSYCHOPATHOLOGY; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS;

EID: 0029924628     PISSN: 00219630     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01377.x     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Achenbach, T. M. (1985). Assessment and taxonomy of child and adolescent psychopathology. Beverly Hills: Sage.
2. Achenbach, T. M. (1990/1991). "Comorbidity" in child and adolescent psychiatry: categorical and quantitative perspectives. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 1, 1-8.
3. Achenbach, T. M. & Edelbrock, C. S. (1978). The classification of child psychopathology: a review and analysis of empirical efforts. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 1275-1301.
4. Aman, M. G. (1991). Assessing psychopathology and behavioral problems in persons with mental retardation: a review of available instrument. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
5. American Association on Mental Retardation (1992). Mental retardation: definition, classification, and systems of support. Ed 9. Washington, DC.
6. American Psychiatric Association (1952). Diagnostic and statistical manual, mental disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
7. American Psychiatric Association (1968). Diagnostic and statistical manual, mental disorders, 2nd edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association
8. American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual, mental disorders, 3rd edition, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
9. American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual, mental disorders, 3rd edition, revised. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
10. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual mental disorders, 4th edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
11. Andreasen, N. C. (ed) (1995). Editorial: The validation of psychiatric diagnosis: new models and approaches. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 2.
12. Applegate, B., Lahey, B. B., Hart, E. L., Waldman, I., Biederman, J., Hynd, G. W., Barkley, R. A., Ollendick, T., Frick, P. J., Greenhill, L., McBurnett, K., Newcorn, J., Kerdyk, L., & Garfinkel, B. (1994). Age of onset and pervasiveness criteria for DSM-IV attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Report of the DSM-IV field trials. (Manuscript in preparation.)
13. Applegate, B., Waldman, I., Lahey, B. B., Frick, P. J., Ollendick, T., Garfinkel, B., Biederman, J., Hynd, G. W., Barkley R. A., Greenhill, L., McBurnett, K., Newcorn, J., Kerdyk, L., & Hart, E. L. (1994). DSM-IV field trials for disruptive and attention deficit disorder: Factor analysis of potential symptoms. (Manuscript in preparation.)
14. Baumgaertel, A., Wolraich, M. L., & Dietrich, M. (1995). Comparison of diagnostic criteria for attention deficit disorders in a German elementary school sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 629-638.
15. Biederman, J., Newcorn, J., & Sprich, S. (1991). Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive anxiety, and other disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 564-577.
16. Boyle, M. H., Offord, D. R., Racine, Y., Sanford, M., Szatmari, P., Fleming, J. E. & Price-Munn, N. (1993). Evaluation of the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents for use in general population samples. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 663-681.
17. Cantwell, D. P. (1975). A model for the investigation of psychiatric disorders of childhood: its application in genetic studies of the hyperkinetic syndrome. In: E. J. Anthony, (Ed), Explorations in child psychiatry, (pp. 57-59). Plenum Press, New York.
18. Cantwell, D. (1988). DSM-III studies. In M. Rutter, A. H. Tuma & I. S. Lann (Eds), Assessment and diagnosis in child psychopathology, (pp. 3-36). Guilford Press, New York.
19. Cantwell, D. P. & Baker, L. (1988). Issues in the classification of child and adolescent psychopathology. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 521-533.
20. Cantwell, D. P. & Baker, L. (1991). Psychiatric classification. In R. Michels, A. M. Cooper, S. B. Guze, L. L. Judd, G. L. Klerman, A. J. Solnit, A. J. Stunkard & P. Wlner J. (Eds), Psychiatry (revised edition). Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.
21. Carlson, C. L. (1986). Attention deficit disorder without hyperactivity. In Advances in clinical child psychology, Vol. 9, B. Lahey & A. Kazdin (Eds), (pp. 153-175). New York: Plenum Press.
22. Caron, C. & Rutter, M. (1991). Comorbidity in child psychopathology: concepts, issues and research strategies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 1064-1080.
23. Cantwell, D. P. & Rutter, M. (1994). Classification: conceptual issues and substantive findings in child and adolescent psychiatry. M. Rutter, E. Taylor & Hersov, L. (Eds).Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
24. Cicchetti, D., Volkmar, F., Klin A. & Schowalter, D. (in press). Diagnosing autism using ICD-10 criteria: a comparison of neural networks and standard multivariate procedures. Journal of Child Neuropsychology.
25. Cohen, P., O'Connor, P., Lewis, S., Velez, N., & Malachowski, B. (1987). Comparison of DISC and KSADS-P interviews of an epidemiological sample of children. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 662-667.
26. Costello, E. J. (1990). Sub-threshold psychiatric disorders in pediatric primary care: implications for functional impairment. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Chicago, IL. October 1990.
27. Cromwell, R. L., Blashfield, R. K. & Strauss, J. S. (1975). Criteria for classification systems. In N. Hobbs (Ed), Issues in the classification of children, (pp. 4-25). San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
28. Fallon T. & Schwab-Stone M. (1994). Determinants of reliability in psychiatric surveys of children ages 6 to 12. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 1391-1408.
29. Feighner, J., Robins, E., Guze, S. B., Woodruff, R. A., Winokur, G. & Munoz, R. (1972). Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 26, 57-63.
30. Fisher, P., Shaffer, D., Piacentini, J. C., Lapkin, J., Kafantaris, V., Leonard, H. & Herzog, D. B. (1993). Sensitivity of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, 2nd Edition (DISC-2.1) for Specific Diagnoses of Children and Adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 666-673.
31. Freud, A. (1965). Normality and pathology in childhood. New York: International Universities Press.
32. Frick, P. J., Lahey, B. B., Applegate, B., Kerdyck, L., Ollendick, T., Hynd, G. W., Garfinkel, B., Greenhill, L., Biederman, J., Barkley, R. A., McBurnett, K., Newcom, J. & Waldman, I. (1994). DSM-IV field trials for the disruptive behavior disorders: symptom utility estimates. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 4.
33. Garber, J. & Strassberg, Z. (1991). Construct validity: history and application to developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & W. G. Grove (Eds.), Thinking clearly about psychology: essays in honor of Paul Everett Meehl, (pp. 219-358). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
34. Grayson, D. A. (1987). Can categorical and dimensional views of psychiatric illness be distinguished? British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 335-361.
35. Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (1966). Psychopathological Disorders in Childhood: Theoretical Considerations and a Proposed Classification (research report no. 62), pp. 229-230. Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, New York.
36. Harrington, R., Rudge, H., Rutter, M., Bredenkamp, D., Groothues, C. & Pridham J. (in press). Child and adult depression: a test of continuities with family study data. British Journal of Psychiatry.
37. Hobbs, N. (1975). Issues in the classification of children. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
38. Hsiao, J. K., Bartko, J. J. Nand Potter, W. Z. (1989). Diagnosing diagnoses: receiver operating characteristic methods and psychiatry. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 664-667.
39. Jensen, P., Roper, M., Fisher, P., Piacentini, J., Canino, G., Richters, J., Rubio-Stipec, M., Dulcan, M., Goodman, S., Davies, M., Rae, D., Shaffer, D., Bird, H., Lahey, B., Schwab-Stone, M. (1995). Test-retest reliability of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC 2.1). Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 61-71.
40. Kaplan, H. I. & Sadock, B. J. (1995). Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry VI. Volume 2. Sixth Edition. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins.
41. Kazdin, A. E. (1983). Psychiatric diagnosis, dimensions of dysfunction, and child behavior therapy. Behavior Therapy, 14, 73-99.
42. Kendell, R. E. (1975). The Role of Diagnosis. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. Kendell, R. E. (1982). The choice of diagnostic criteria for biological research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 1334-1339.
43. Kendell, R. E. (1975). The Role of Diagnosis. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. Kendell, R. E. (1982). The choice of diagnostic criteria for biological research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 1334-1339.
44. Klein, D. N. & Riso, L. P. (1994). Psychiatric disorders: problems of boundaries and comorbidity. In C.G. Costello, (Ed), Basic issues in psychopathology. New York: Guilford Press.
45. Lahey, B. B., Applegate, B., Berkley, R. A., Garfinkel, B., McBurnett, K., Kerdyk, L., Greenhill, L., Hynd, G. W., Frick, P. J., Newcorn, J., Biederman, J., Ollendick, T., Hart, E. L., Perex, D., Waldman, I., & Shaffer, D. (1994). DSM-IV field trials for oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1163-1171.
46. Lahey, B. B., Applegate, B., McBurnett, K., Biederman, J., Greenhill, L., Hynd, G. W., Barkley, R. A., Newcorn, J., Johnson, P., Richter, J., Garfinkel, B., Kerdyk, L., Frick, P. J., Ollendick, T., Perex, D., Hart, E. L., Waldman, I. & Shaffer, D. (1994). DSM-IV filed trials for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 11.
47. Lewis, M. (1995). Comprehensive Textbook of Child Psychiatry, 2nd Edition. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins.
48. Mattison, R. E. & Hooper, S. R. (1992). The history of modern classification of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders: an overview. In S. R. Hooper, G. W. Hynd & R. E. Mattison (Eds), Assessment and diagnosis of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. Volume 1. Psychiatric disorders. Hillsdale, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers.
49. McGorry, P. D., Mihalopoulos, C., Henry, L., Dakis, J., Jackson, H. J., Flaum, M., Harrigan, S., McKenzie, D., Kulkarni, J. & Karoly, R. (1995). Spurious precision: procedural validity of diagnostic assessment in psychotic disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 2.
50. Nottelmann E. D. & Jensen P. S. (1995). Comorbidity of disorders in children and adolescents: developmental perspectives. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, 17, 109-151.
51. Plante, E., Swisher, L. & Vance, R. (1991). MRI findings in boys with specific language impairment. Brain and Language, 41, 52-66.
52. Pliszka, S. R. (1989). Effects of anxiety on cognition, behavior, and stimulant response in ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 882-887.
53. Prendergast, M., Taylor, E., Rapoport, J. L., Bartko, J., Donnelly, M., Zemetkin, A., Aherarn, M. B., Dunn, G. & Wieselberg, H. M. (1988). The diagnosis of childhood hyperactivity: a US-UK cross-national study of DSM-III and ICD-9. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 29, 289-300.
54. Quay, H. C. (1983). A critical analysis of DSM-III as a taxonomy of psychopathology in childhood and adolescence. In Contemporary issues in psychopathology, T. Millon & G. Klerman (Eds). New York: Guilford.
55. Rey, J. M., Plapp, J. M. & Stewart, G. W. (1989). Reliability of psychiatric diagnosis in referred adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 879-888.
56. Robins, E. & Guze, S. B. (1970). Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: its application to schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 983-987.
57. Rutter, M. & Gould, M. (1985). Classification. In: M. Rutter & L. Hersov (Eds), Child and adolescent psychiatry: modern approaches, (2nd ed, pp. 304-431). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
58. Rutter, M. & Pickles, A. (1990). Improving the quality of psychiatric data: classification, cause and course. In D. Magnusson & L. R. Bergman (Eds), Data quality in longitudinal research, (pp. 32-57). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
59. Rutter, M. (1978). Diagnostic validity in child psychiatry. Advances in Biological Psychiatry, 2, 2-22.
60. Rutter, M., Kebovici, S., Eisenberg, L., Sneznevskij, A. V., Sadoun, R., Brooke, E. & Lin, T. Y. (1969). A traxial classification of mental disorders in childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 10, 41-61.
61. Rutter, M., Shaffer, D. & Shepherd, M. (1975a). A multiaxial classification of child psychiatric disorders. Geneva: World Health Organization.
62. Rutter, M., Shaffer, D. & Sturge, C. (1975b). A guide to multiaxial classification scheme for psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. London: Institute of Psychiatry.
63. Rutter, M., Taylor, E. & Hersov, L. (1994). Child and adolescent psychiatry: modern approaches, 3rd Edition. London: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
64. Schwab-Stone, M., Fallon, T., Briggs, M. & Crowther, B. (1994). Reliability of diagnostic reporting for children aged 6-11 years: a test-retest study of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-Revised. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1048-1054.
65. Schwab-Stone, M., Shaffer, D., Dulcan, M., Jensen, P., Fisher, P., Bird, H., Goodman, S., Lahey, B., Lichtman, J., Canino, G., Rubio-Stipec, M. & Rae, D. S. (in press). Criterion Validity of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.3 (DISC 2.3). Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
66. Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Dulcan, M., Davies, M., Piacentini, J., Schwab-Stone, M., Lahey, B. B., Bourdon, K., Jensen, P., Bird, H., Canino, G. & Regier, D. (in press). The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC 2.3): description, acceptability, prevalences, and performance in the MECA study. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
67. Shaffer, D., Schwab-Stone, Fisher, P., Cohen, P., Piacentini, J., Davies, M., Conners, C. K. & Regier, D. (1993). The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-Revised Version (DISC-R): I. Preparation, field testing, interrater reliability, and acceptability. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 643-650.
68. Szasz, T. S. (1961). The myth of mental illness. New York: Harper and Row.
69. Szasz, T. S. (1978). The myth of psychotherapy: mental healing as religion, rhetoric, and repression. New York: Doubleday.
70. Volkmar, F. R., Klin, A., Siegel, B., Szatmari, P., Lord, C., Campbell, M., Freeman, B. J., Cicchetti, D. V., Rutter, M., Lkine, W., Buitelaar, J., Hattab, Y., Fombonne, E., Furentes, J., Werry, J., Stone, W., Kerbeshian, J., Hoshino, Y., Bregman, J., Loveland, K., Szymanski, L. & Towbin, K. (1994). Field trial for autistic disorder in DSM-IV. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1361-1367.
71. Waldman, I. D. & Lahey, B. B. (1994). Design of the DSM-IV Disruptive Behavior Disorder Field Trials. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 3, 1-14.
72. Waldman, I. D., Lahey, B. B., Applegate, B., Biederman, J., Hynd, G. W., Barkley, R. A., Ollendick, T., Frick, P. J., Kerdyk, L., Garfinkel, B., Greenhill, L., McBurnett, K., Newcorn, J. & Hart, E. L. (1994). The construct validity of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes: report from the DSM-IV field trials (Manuscript in preparation).
73. Waldman I. D., Lilienfeld, S. O. & Lahey, B. B. (1995). Toward construct validity in the childhood disruptive behavior disorders. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, 17, 323-358.
74. Weiner, I. B. (1982). Classification in developmental psychopathology. In I. B. Weiner (Ed), Child and adolescent pathology, (pp. 42-79). New York: Wiley.
75. Weissman, M., Warner, V. & Fendrich, M. (1987). Applying impairment criteria to children's psychiatric diagnosis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 789-796.
76. Wolraich, M. L., Hannah, J. N., Pinnock, T. Y., Baumgaertel, A. & Brown, J. (in press). Comparison of diagnostic criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a country-wide sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
77. World Health Organization (1967). International Classification of Diseases: Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death, 8th revision. Geneva: World Health Organization.
78. World Health Organization (1978). Mental Disorders: Glossary and Guide to their Classification in Accordance with the Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization.
79. World Health Organization (1992). ICD-10: The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders: Clinical Description and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization.
80. World Health Organization (in press). Multi-axial Version of ICD-10: Prepared for Use by Clinicians Dealing with Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
81. Zero to Three/National Center for Clinical Infant Programs (1995). Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood. Zero to Three, Arlington, Virginia.
82. Zinbarg, R. E., Barlow, D. H., Liebowitz, M., Street, L., Broadhead, E., Katon, W., Roy-Byrne, P., Lepine, J. P., Teherani, M., Richards, J., Brantley, P. J. & Kraemer, H. (1994). The DSM-IV field trial for mixed anxiety-depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 8.