Mutational analysis of motor proteins

Annual Review of Physiology

Volumn 58, Issue , 1996, Pages 751-792

  Sweeney, H Lee ^a   Holzbaur, Erika L F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

dynein; kinesin; molecular motor; mutation; myosin

Indexed keywords

DYNEIN ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; KINESIN; MYOSIN;

BINDING SITE; CELL FUNCTION; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; MEIOSIS; MEMBRANE TRANSPORT; MICROTUBULE; MITOSIS; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; MUTATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION;

EID: 0029919076     PISSN: 00664278     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ph.58.030196.003535     Document Type: Review

References (251)

1. Adelman MR, Taylor EW. 1969. Further purification and characterization of slime mold myosin and slime mold actin. Biochemistry 8:4976-88
2. Aizawa H, Sekine Y, Takemura R, Zhang Z, Nangaku M, Hirokawa N. 1992. Kinesin family in murine central nervous system. J. Cell Biol. 119:1287-96
3. Al-Mahdawi S, Chamberlain LS, Cleland J, Nihoyannopoulos P, Gilligan D, et al. 1993. Identification of a mutation in the β cardiac myosin heavy chain gene in a family with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Br. Heart J. 69:136-41
4. Anan R, Greve G, Thierfelder L, Watkins H, McKenna WJ, et al. 1994. Prognostic implications of novel β cardiac myosin heavy chain gene mutations that cause familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Clin. Invest. 93:280-35
5. Aniento F, Emans N, Griffiths G, Gruenbery J. 1993. Cytoplasmic dynein-dependent vesicular transport from early to late endosomes. J. Cell Biol. 123: 1373-87
6. Beall CJ, Sepanski MA, Fyrberg EA. 1989. Genetic dissection of Drosophila myofibril formation: effects of actin and myosin heavy chain null alleles. Genes Dev. 3:131-40
7. Berliner E, Young EC, Anderson K, Mahtani HK, Gelles J. 1995. Failure of a single-headed kinesin to track parallel to microtubule protofilaments. Nature 373:718-21
8. Bernstein M, Beech PL, Katz SG, Rosenbaum JL. 1994. A new kinesin-like protein (Klp1) localized to a single microtubule of the Chlamydomonas flagellum. J. Cell Biol. 125:1313-26
9. Bottinelli R, Betto R, Schiaffino S, Reggiani C. 1994. Maximum shortening velocity and coexistence of myosin heavy chain isoforms in single skinned fast fibres of rat skeletal muscle. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil. 15:413-19
10. Blair DF, Dutcher SK. 1992. Flagella in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 2:756-67
11. Brockerhoff SE, Stevens RC, Davis TN. 1994. The unconventional myosin, Myo2p, is a calmodulin target at sites of cell growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 124:315-23
12. Brokaw CJ, Kamiya R. 1987. Bending patterns of Chlamydomonas flagella: IV. Mutants with defects in inner and outer dynein arms indicate differences in dynein arm function. Cell Motil. Cytoskelet. 8:68-75
13. Brzeska H, Lynch TJ, Martin B, Korn ED. 1989. The localization and sequence of the phosphorylation sites of Acanthamoeba myosin I. An improved method for locating the phosphorylated amino acid. J. Biol. Chem. 264:19340-48
14. Chandra R, Salmon ED, Erickson HP, Lockhart A, Endow SA. 1993. Structural and functional domains of the Drosophila ncd microtubule motor protein. J. Biol. Chem. 268:9005-13
15. Chantler PD, Szent-Gyorgyi AG. 1980. Regulatory light-chains and scallop myosin, full dissociation, reversibility and co-operative effects. J. Mol. Biol. 138:473-92
16. Chaussepied P, Kasprzak AA. 1989. Isolation and characterization of the G-actin-myosin head complex. Nature 342: 950-53
17. Chen P, Ostrow BD, Tafuri SR, Chisholm RL. 1994. Targeted disruption of the Dictyostelium RMLC gene produces cells defective in cytokinesis and development. J Cell Biol. 127:1933-44
18. Cheney RE, Riley MA, Mooseker MS. 1993. Phylogenetic analysis of the myosin superfamily. Cell Motil. Cytoskelet. 24:215-23
19. Clark SW, Meyer DI. 1992. Centractin is an actin homologue associated with the centrosome. Nature 359:246-50
20. Clark SW, Meyer DI. 1994. ACT3: a putative centractin homologue in S. cerevisiae is required for proper orientation of the mitotic spindle. J. Cell Biol. 127:129-38
21. Cole DG, Saxton WM, Sheehan KB, Scholey JM. 1994. A "slow" homotetrameric kinesin-related motor protein purified from Drosophila embryos. J. Biol. Chem. 269:22913-16
22. Collins CA, Vallee RB. 1989. Preparation of microtubules from rat liver and testis: cytoplasmic dynein is a major microtubule-associated protein. Cell Motil. Cytoskelet. 14:491-500
23. Collins JH. 1991. Myosin light chains and troponin-C: structural and evolutionary relationships revealed by amino acid sequence comparisons. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil. 12:3-25
24. Conrad PA, Giuliano KA, Fisher G, Collins K, Matsudaira PT, Taylor DL. 1993. Relative distribution of actin, myosin I and myosin II during the wound healing response of fibroblasts. J. Cell Biol. 120:1381-91
25. Corthesy-Theulaz I, Pauloin A, Pfeffer SR. 1992. Cytoplasmic dynein participates in the centrosomal localization of the Golgi complex. J. Cell Biol. 118: 1333-45
26. Craig R, Padron R, Kendrick-Jones J. 1987. Structural changes accompanying phosphorylation of tarantula muscle myosin filaments. J. Cell Biol. 105: 1319-27
27. Cremo CR, Sellers JR, Facemyer KC. 1995. Two heads are required for phosphorylation-dependent regulation of smooth muscle myosin. J. Biol. Chem. 270:2171-75
28. Cripps RM, Becker KD, Mardahl M, Kronen WA, Hodges D, Bernstein SI. 1994. Transformation of Drosophila melanogaster with the wild-type myosin heavy-chain gene: rescue of mutant phenotypes and analysis of defects caused by overexpression. J. Cell Biol. 126: 689-99
29. Cuda G, Fananpazir L, Zhu W-S, Sellers JR, Epstein ND. 1993. Skeletal muscle expression and abnormal function of β-myosin in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Clin. Invest. 91:2861-65
30. de Cuevas M, Tao T, Goldstein LSB. 1992. Evidence that the stalk of Drosophila kinesin heavy chain is an α-helical coiled coil. J. Cell Biol 166:957-65
31. De Lozanne A, Spudich JA. 1987. Disruption of the Dictyostelium myosin heavy chain gene by homologous recombination. Science 236:1086-91
32. Dibb NJ, Brown DM, Karn J, Moerman DG, Bolten SL, Waterston RH. 1985. Sequence analysis of mutations that affect the synthesis, assembly and enzymatic activity of the unc-54 myosin heavy chain of Caenorhabditis elegans. J. Mol. Biol. 183:543-51
33. Dillman JF, Pfister KK. 1994. Differential phosphorylation in vivo of cytoplasmic dynein associated with anterogradely moving organelles. J. Cell Biol. 127:1671-81
34. Doberstein SK, Baines IC, Wiegand G, Korn ED, Pollard TD. 1993. Inhibition of contractile vacuole function in vivo by antibodies against myosin-I. Nature 365:841-43
35. Doberstein SK, Pollard TD. 1992. Localization and specificity of the phospholipid and actin binding sites on the tail of Acanthamoeba myosin IC. J. Cell Biol. 117:1241-49
36. Dufour C, Dausse E, Fetler L, Dubourg O, Bouhour J-B. et al. 1994. Identification of a mutation near a functional site of the β cardiac myosin heavy chain gene in a family with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 26: 1241-47
37. Egeloff TT, Brown SS, Spudich JA. 1991. Spatial and temporal control of nonmuscle myosin localization: identification of a domain that is necessary for myosin filament disassembly in vivo. J. Cell Biol. 112:667-88
38. Egeloff TT, Lee RJ, Spudich JA. 1993. Dictyostelium myosin heavy chain phosphorylation sites regulate myosin filament assembly and localization in vivo. Cell 75:363-71
39. Eliott S, Joss GH, Spudich A, Williams KL. 1993. Patterns in Dictyostelium discoideum: the role of myosin II in the transition from the unicellular to the multicellular. J. Cell Sci. 104:457-66
40. Endow SA, Chandra R, Komma DJ, Yamamoto AH, Salmon ED. 1994. Mutants of the Drosophila ncd microtubule motor protein cause centrosomal and spindle pole defects in mitosis. J. Cell Sci. 107:859-67
41. Endow SA, Hanikoff S, Soler-Niedziela L. 1990. Mediation of meioitic and early mitotic chromosome segregation in Drosophila by a protein related to kinesin. Nature 345:81-83
42. Endow SA, Kang SJ, Satterwhite LL, Rose MD, Skeen VP, Salmon ED. 1994. Yeast Kar3 is a minus-end microtubule motor protein that destabilizes microtubules preferentially at the minus ends. EMBO J. 13:2708-13
43. Engelhardt VA, Lyubimova MN. 1939. Myosin and adenosinetriphosphatase. Nature 144:668-70
44. Enos AP, Morris NR. 1990. Mutation of a gene that encodes a kinesin-like protein blocks nuclear division in A. nidulans. Cell 60:1019-27
45. Epstein HF, Waterston RH, Brenner S. 1974. A mutant affecting the heavy chain of myosin in Caenorhabditis elegans. J. Mol. Biol. 90:291-300
46. Epstein ND, Conn GM, Cyran F, Fananapazir L. 1992. Differences in clinical expression of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with two distinct mutations in the β-myosin heavy chain gene. Circulation 86:345-52
47. Eshel D, Urrestarauzu LA, Vissers S, Jauniaux JC, van Vliet-Reedijk JC, et al. 1993. Cytoplasmic dynein is required for normal nuclear segregation in yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:11172-76
48. Fananapazir L, Dalakas MC, Cyran LF, Cohn G, Epstein ND. 1993. Missense mutations in the β-myosin heavy-chain gene cause central core disease in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:3993-97
49. Fananapazir L, Epstein ND. 1994. Genotype-phenotype correlations in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Insights provided by comparisons of kindreds with distinct and identical β-myosin heavy chain gene mutations. Circulation 89:22-32
50. Fox LA, Sawin KE, Sale WS. 1994. Kinesin-related proteins in eukaryotic flagella. J. Cell Sci. 107:1545-50
51. Gardner LC, O'Toole E, Perrone CA, Giddings T, Porter ME. 1994. Components of a "dynein regulatory complex" are located at the junction between the radial spokes and the dynein arms in Chlamydomonas flagella. J. Cell Biol. 127:1311-25
52. Geisterfer-Lowrance AAT, Kass S, Tanigawa G, Vosberg H-P, McKenna W, et al. 1990. A molecular basis for familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a β cardiac myosin heavy chain missense mutation. Cell 62:999-1006
53. Gepner J, Hays TS. 1993. A fertility region on the Y chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster encodes a dynein microtubule motor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:11132-36
54. Gho M, McDonald K, Ganetzky B, Saxton WM. 1992. Effects of kinesin mutations on neuronal functions. Science 258:313-16
55. Gibbons BH, Asai DJ, Tang WJY, Hays TS, Gibbons IR. 1994. Phylogeny and expression of axonemal and cytoplasmic dynein genes in sea urchins. Mol. Biol. Cell 5:57-70
56. Gibbons IR, Gibbons BH, Mocz G, Asai DJ. 1991. Multiple nucleotide-binding sites in the sequence of dynein β heavy chain. Nature 352:640-43
57. Gibbons IR, Lee-Eiford A, Mocz G, Phillipson CA, Tang WJY, Gibbons BH. 1987. Photosensitized cleavage of dynein heavy chains. J. Biol. Chem. 262: 2780-86
58. Gibson F, Walsh J, Mburu P, Varela A, Brown KA, et al. 1995. A type VII myosin encoded by the mouse deafness gene shaker-1. Nature 374:62-64
59. Gilbert SP, Webb WR, Brune M, Johnson, KA. 1995. Pathway of processive ATP hydrolysis by kinesin. Nature 373:671-76
60. Gill SR, Schroer A, Szilak I, Steuer ER, Sheetz MP, Cleveland DW. 1991. Dynactin, a conserved, ubiquitously expressed component of an activator of vesicle motility mediated by cytoplasmic dynein. J. Cell Biol. 115:1639-50
61. Goldstein LS. 1993. With apologies to Scheherazade: tails of 1001 kinesin motors. Annu. Rev. Genet. 27:319-51
62. Goodson HV, Kang SJ, Endow SA. 1994. Molecular phlogeny of the kinesin family of microtubule motor proteins. J. Cell Sci. 107:1875-84
63. Goodson HV, Spudich JA. 1993. Molecular evolution of the myosin family: relationships derived from comparisons of amino acid sequences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:659-63
64. Govindan B, Bowser R, Novick P. 1995. The role of Myo2, a yeast class V myosin, in vesicular transport. J. Cell Biol. 128:1055-67
65. Hackney DD. 1994. The rate-limiting step in microtubule-stimulate ATP hydrolysis by dimeric kinesin head domains occurs while bound to the microtubule. J. Biol. Chem. 269:16508-11
66. Hackney DD. 1994. Evidence for alternating head catalysis by kinesin during microtubule-stimulated ATP hydrolysis. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 91:6865-69
67. Hackney DD, Levitt JD, Suhan J. 1992. Kinesin undergoes a 9 S to 6 S conformational transition. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 8696-701
68. 7+ gene. Nature 347:563-66
69. Hall DH, Hedgecock EM. 1991. Kinesin-related gene unc-104 is required for axonal transport of synaptic vesicles in C. elegans. Cell 65:837-47
70. Harada H, Kimura A, Nishi H, Sasazuki T, Toshima H. 1993. A missense mutation of cardiac β-myosin heavy chain gene linked to a familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in affected Japanese families. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 194:791-98
71. Harte PJ, Kankel DR. 1982. Genetic analysis of mutations at the Glued locus and interacting loci in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 101:477-501
72. Hasson TB, Mooseker MS. 1994. Porcine myosin-VI: characterization of a new mammalian unconventional myosin. J. Cell Biol. 127:425-40
73. Hatano S, Oosawa F. 1966. Isolation and characterization of Plasmodium netin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 127:488-98
74. Hatano S, Tazawa M. 1968. Isolation, purification and characterization of myosin B from Myxomycele plasmodium. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 154:507-19
75. Heck MMS, Pereira A, Pesavento P, Yannoni Y, Spradling AC, Goldstein LSB. 1993. The kinesin-like protein KLP61F is essential for mitosis in Drosophila. J. Cell Biol. 123:665-79
76. Henry GD, Winstanley MA, Dalgarno DC, Marcus G, Scott M, et al. 1985. Characterization of the actin-binding site on the alkali light chain of myosin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 830:233-43
77. Hicks JL, Williams DS. 1992. Distribution of the myosin I-like ninaC proteins in the Drosophila retina and ultrastructural analysis of mutant phenotypes. J. Cell Sci. 101:247-54
78. Hirokawa N, Pfister KK, Yorifuji H, Wagner MC, Brady ST, Bloom GS. 1989. Submolecular domains of bovine brain kinesin identified by electron microscopy and monoclonal antibody decoration. Cell 56:867-78
79. Hirokawa N, Sato-Yoshitake R, Yoshida T, Kawashima T. 1990. Brain dynein (MAP1C) localizes on both anterogradely and retrogradely transported membranous organelles in vivo. J. Cell Biol. 111:1027-37
80. Ho G, Chen T-L, Chisholm RL. 1995. Both the amino and carboxyl termini of Dictyostelium myosin essential light chain are required for binding to myosin heavy chain. J. Biol. Chem. In press
81. Hodge TP, Cross R, Kendrick-Jones J. 1992. Role of the COOH-terminal non-helical tailpiece in the assembly of a vertebrate nonmuscle myosin rod. J. Cell Biol 118:1085-95
82. Holzbaur ELF, Hammarback JA, Paschal BM, Kravit NG, Pfister KK, Vallee RB. 1991. Homology of a 150 K cytoplasmic dynein-associated polypeptide with the Drosophila gene Glued. Nature 351:579-83
83. Holzbaur ELF, Vallee RB. 1994. Dyneins: molecular structure and cellular function. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 10:339-72
84. Hoyt MA. 1994. Cellular roles of kinesin and related proteins. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 6:63-68
85. Hoyt MA, He L, Loo KK, Saunders WS. 1992. Two Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinesin-related gene products required for mitotic spindle assembly. J. Cell Biol. 118:109-20
86. Hoyt MA, He L, Totis L, Saunders WS. 1993. Loss of function of Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinesin-related CIN8 and KIP1 is suppressed by KAR3 motor domain mutations. Genetics 135:35-44
87. Huang B, Ramanis Z, Luck DJL. 1982. Suppressor mutations in Chlamydomonas reveal a regulatory mechanism for flagellar function. Cell 28:115-24
88. Huang TG, Suhan J, Hackney DD. 1994. Drosophila kinesin motor domain extended to amino acid position 392 is dimeric when expressed in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 269:16502-7
89. Ikebe M, Hinkins S, Hartshorne DJ. 1983. Correlation of enzymatic properties and conformation of smooth muscle myosin. Biochemistry 22:4580-87
90. 2-terminal domain of the regulatory light chain on the regulation of smooth muscle myosin. J. Biol. Chem. 269:28173-80
91. Ikebe M, Monta J. 1991. Identification of the sequence of the regulatory light chain required for the phosphorylation-dependent regulation of actomyosin. J. Biol. Chem. 266:21339-42
92. Ikebe M, Reardon S, Mitani Y, Kamisoyama H, Matsuura M, Ikebe R. 1994. Involvement of the C-terminal residues of the 20,000-dalton light chain of myosin on the regulation of smooth muscle actomyosin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:9096-100
93. Itakura S, Yamakawa H, Toyoshima YY, Ishijima A, Kojima T, et al. 1993. Force-generating domain of myosin motor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 196:1504-10
94. Jansco A, Szent-Gyorgyi AG. 1994. Regulation of scallop myosin by the regulatory light chain depends on a single glycine residue. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:8762-66
95. Jay PY, Elson EL. 1992. Surface particle transport mechanism independent of myosin II in Dictyostelium. Nature 356: 438-40
96. Jay PY, Pham PA, Wong SA, Elson EL. 1995. A mechanical function of myosin II in cell motilily. J. Cell Sci. 108:387-93
97. Johnson KA. 1983. The pathway of ATP hydrolysis by dynein. J. Biol. Chem. 258:13825-32
98. Johnson KA, Wall JS. 1983. Structure and molecular weight of the dynein ATPase. J. Cell Biol. 96:669-78
99. Johnston GC Prendergast JA, Singer RA. 1991. The Saccharomyces cervisiae MYO2 gene encodes an essential myosin for vectorial transport of vesicles. J. Cell Biol. 113:539-51
100. Jung G, Hammer JA III. 1990. Generation and characterization of Dictyostelium cells deficient in a myosin I heavy chain isoform. J. Cell Biol. 110: 1955-64
101. Jung G, Korn ED, Hammer JA III. 1987. The heavy chain of Acanthamoeba myosin IB is a fusion of myosin-like and non-myosin-like sequences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:6720-24
102. Kagami O, Kamiya R. 1992. Translocation and rotation of microtubules caused by multiple species of Chlamydomonas inner-arm dynein. J. Cell Sci. 103:653-64
103. Karrusoyama H, Araki Y, Ikebe M. 1994. Mutagenesis of the phosphorylation site (serine 19) of smooth muscle myosin regulatory light chain and its effects on the properties of myosin. Biochemistry 33:840-47
104. Kamiya R. 1988. Mutations at twelve independent loci result in absence of outer dynein arms in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J. Cell Biol. 107:2253-58
105. Karess RE, Chang X, Edwards KA, Kulkarni S, Aguilera I, Kiehart DP. 1991. The regulatory light chain of nonmuscle myosin is encoded by spaghetti-squash, a gene required for cytokinesis in Drosophila. Cell 65:1177-89
106. Karki S, Holzbaur ELF. 1995. Affinity chromatography demonstrates a direct binding between cytoplasmic dynein and the dynactin complex. J. Biol. Chem. 270:28806-11
107. Kendrick-Jones J, Lehman W, Szent-Gyorgyi AG. 1970. Regulation in molluscan muscles. J. Mol. Biol. 54:313-26
108. r 78,000 intermediate chain of Chlamydomonas outer arm dynein interacts with α-tubulin in situ. J. Biol. Chem. 266:8401-7
109. King SM, Witman GB. 1990. Localization of an intermediate chain of outer arm dynein by immunoelectron microscopy. J. Biol. Chem. 265:19807-11
110. Komma DJ, Horne AS, Endow SA. 1991. Separation of meiotic and mitotic effects of claret non-disjunctional on chromosome segregation in Drosophila. EMBO J. 10:419-24
111. Kronen WA, O'Donnell PT, Bernstein SI. 1994. A charge change in an evolutionarily-conserved region of the myosin globular head prevents myosin and thick filament accumulation in Drosophila. J. Mol. Biol. 236:697-702
112. Kubalek EW, Uyeda TQP, Spudich JA. 1992. A Dictyostelium myosin II lacking a proximal 58-KDa portion of the tail is functional in vivo and in vitro. Mol. Cell Biol. 3:1455-62
113. Labbé J-P, Audemard E, Bertrand R, Kassab R. 1986. Specific interactions of the alkali light chain 1 in skeletal myosin heads probed by chemical cross-linking. Biochemistry 25:8325-30
114. Lankford E, Epstein N, Fananapazir L, Sweeney HL. 1995. Abnormal contractile properties of muscle fibers expressing beta-myosin heavy chain gene mutations in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Clin. Invest. 95: 1409-14
115. LeBlanc-Straceski JM, Fukui Y, Sohn RL, Spudich JA, Leinwand LA. 1994. Functional analysis of a cardiac myosin rod in Dictyostelium discoideum. Cell Motil. Cytoskelet. 27:313-26
116. Lee RJ, Egelhoff TT, Spudich JA. 1994. Molecular genetic truncation analysis of filament assembly and phosphorylation domains of Dictyostelium myosin heavy chain. J. Cell Sci. 107:2875-86
117. Lees-Miller JP, Helfman DM, Schroer TA. 1992. A vertebrate actin-related protein is a component of a multisubunit complex involved in microtubule-based vesicle motility. Nature 359:244-46
118. LeGuellec R, Paris J, Couturier A, Roghi C, Philippe M. 1991. Cloning by differential screening of a Xenopus cDNA that encodes a kinesin-related protein. Mol Cell Biol. 11:3395-98
119. Levine BA, Griffiths HS, Patchell VB, Perry SV. 1988. Study of the phosphorylatable light chains of skeletal and gizzard myosins by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biochem. J. 254:277-86
120. Levine RJ, Chantler PD, Kensler RW, Woodhead JL. 1991. Effects of phosphorylation by myosin light chain kinase on the structure of Limulus thick filaments. J Cell Biol. 113:563-72
121. L'heureux K, Forne T, Chaussepied P. 1993. Interaction and polymerization of the G-actin - myosin head complex: effect of DNase I. Biochemistry 32: 10005-14
122. Li YY, Yeh E, Hays T, Bloom K. 1993. Disruption of mitotic spindle orientation in a yeast dynein mutant Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:10096-100
123. Liao H, Li G, Yen TJ. 1994. Mitotic regulation of microtubule cross-linking activity of CENP-E kinetochore protein. Science 265:394-98
124. Lillie SH, Brown SS. 1992. Suppression of a myosin defect by a kinesin-related gene. Nature 356:358-61
125. Lillie SH, Brown SS. 1994. Immunofluorescence localization of the unconventional myosin, Myo2p, and the putative kinesin-related protein, Smy1p, to the same regions of polarized growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 125:825-42
126. Lin SXH, Collins CA. 1992. Immunolocalization of cytoplasmic dynein to lysosomes in cultured cells. J. Cell Sci. 101:125-37
127. Lin SXH, Ferro KL, Collins CA. 1994. Cytoplasmic dynein undergoes intracellular redistribution concomitant with phosphorylation of the heavy chain in response to serum starvation and okadaic acid. J. Cell Biol. 127:1009-19
128. Lowey S, Waller GS, Trybus KM. 1993. Skeletal muscle myosin light chains are essential for physiological speeds of shortening. Nature 365:454-56
129. Luck DJL, Piperno G. 1989. Dynein arm mutants of Chlamydomonas. Cell Mov. 1:49-60
130. Lye RJ, Porter ME, Scholey JM, McIntosh JR. 1987. Identification of a microtubule-based cytoplasmic motor in the nematode C. elegans. Cell 51:309-18
131. MacLeod AR, Waterston RH, Brenner S. 1977. An internal deletion mutant of a myosin heavy chain in C. elegans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:5336-40
132. Manstein DJ, Titus MA, De Lozanne A, Spudich JA. 1989. Gene replacement in Dictyostelium: generation of myosin null mutants. EMBO J. 8:923-32
133. Marian AJ, Kelly D, Mares A Jr, Fitzgibbons J, Caira T, et al. 1994. A missense mutation in the β myosin heavy chain gene is a predictor of premature sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 34:1-10
134. Marian AJ, Yu Q-T, Mares A Jr, Hill R, Roberts R, Perryman MB. 1992. Detection of a new mutation in the beta-myosin heavy chain gene in an individual with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Clin. Invest. 90: 2156-65
135. Mastronarde DN, O'Toole ET, McDonald KL, McIntosh JR, Porter ME. 1992. Arrangement of inner dynein arms in wild-type and mutant flagella of Chlamydomonas. J. Cell Biol. 118: 1145-62
136. Matsuura M, Ikebe M. 1995. Requirement of the two-headed structure for the phosphorylation-dependent regulation of smooth muscle myosin. FEBS Lett. 363:246-50
137. Mazumdar M, Mikami A, Gee M, Vallee RB. 1994. In vitro expression of cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain and its functional characterization. Mol. Biol. Cell 5:131 (Abstr.)
138. McDonald HB, Goldstein LSB. 1990. Identification and characterization of a gene encoding a kinesin-like protein in Drosophila. Cell 61:991-1000
139. McDonald HB, Stewart RJ, Goldstein LS. 1990. The kinesin-like ncd protein of Drosophila is a minus end-directed microtubule motor. Cell 63:1159-65
140. McGrail M, Gepner J, Silvanovich A, Lidmann S, Serr M, Hays TS. 1995. Regulation of cytoplasmic dynein function in vivo by the Drosophila Glued complex. J. Cell Biol 131:411-25
141. Meluh PB, Rose MD. 1990. KAK3, a kinesin-related gene required for yeast nuclear fusion. Cell 60:1029-41
142. Mercer JA, Seperack PK, Strobel MC, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA. 1991. Novel myosin heavy chain encoded by murine dilute coat colour locus. Nature 349: 709-13
143. Metzger JM, Greaser ML, Moss RL. 1989. Variations in cross-bridge attachment rate and tension with phosphorylation of myosin in mammalian skinned skeletal muscle fibers: implications for twitch potentiation in intact muscle. J. Gen. Physiol. 93:855-83
144. Milligan RA, Whittaker M, Safer D. 1990. Molecular structure of F-actin and location of surface binding sites. Nature 348:217-21
145. Mitchell DR, Brown KS. 1994. Sequence analysis of the Chlamydomonas alpha and beta dynein heavy chain genes. J. Cell Sci. 107:635-44
146. Mitchell DR, Kang Y. 1991. Identification of oda6 as a Chlamydomonas dynein mutant by rescue with the wild-type gene. J. Cell Biol. 113:835-42
147. Mocz G, Gibbons IR. 1993. ATP-insensitive interaction of the amino-terminal region of the β heavy chain of dynein with microtubules. Biochemistry 32: 3456-60
148. Moerman DG, Plurad S, Waterston RH, Baillie DL. 1982. Mutations in the unc-54 myosin heavy chain gene of Caenorhabditis elegans that alter contractility but not muscle structure. Cell 29:773-81
149. Montell C, Rubin GM. 1988. The Drosophila ninaC locus encodes two photoreceptor cell specific proteins with domains homologous to protein kinases and the myosin heavy chain head. Cell 52:757-72
150. Muhua L, Karpova TS, Cooper JA. 1994. A yeast actin-related protein homologous to that in vertebrate dynactin complex is important for spindle orientalion and nuclear migration. Cell 78: 669-79
151. Nangaku M, Sato-Yoshitake R, Okada Y, Noda Y, Takemura R, et al. 1994. KIF1B, a novel microtubule plus end-directed monomeric motor protein for transport of mitochondria. Cell 79: 1209-20
152. Nishi H, Kimura A, Harada H, Adachi K, Koga Y, et al. 1994. Possible gene dose effect of a mutant cardiac β-myosin heavy chain gene on the clinical expression of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 200:549-56
153. Nishi H, Kimura A, Harada H, Toshima H, Sasazuki T. 1992. Novel missense mutation in cardiac β myosin heavy chain gene found in a Japanese patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 188:379-87
154. O'Connell MJ, Meluh PB, Rose MD, Morris NR. 1993. Suppression of the bimC4 mitotic spindle defect by deletion of KlpA, a gene encoding a KAR3-related kinesin-like protein in Aspergillus nidulans. J. Cell Biol. 120:153-62
155. Ogawa K. 1991. Four ATP binding sites in the midregion of the β heavy chain of dynein. Nature 352:643-45
156. Onishi H, Wakabayashi T. 1982. Electron microscopic studies of myosin molecules from chicken gizzard muscle I: the formation of the intramolecular loop in the myosin tail. J. Biochem. 92:871-79
157. Ostrow BD, Chen P, Chisholm RL. 1994. Expression of a myosin regulatory light chain phospborylation site mutant complements the cytokinesis and developmental defects of Dictyostelium RMLC null cells. J. Cell Biol. 127: 1945-55
158. Page BD, Satterwhite LL, Rose MD, Snyder M. 1994. Localization of the Kar3 kinesin heavy chain-related protein requires the CIK1 interacting protein. J. Cell Biol. 124:507-19
159. Page BD, Snyder M. 1992. CIK1: a developmentally regulated spindle pole body-associated protein important for microtubule functions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes Dev. 6:1414-29
160. Glued and a novel actin. J. Biol. Chem. 268:15318-23
161. Paschal BM, Mikami A, Pfister KK, Vallee RB. 1992. Homology of the 74-kD cytoplasmic dynein subunit with a flagella dynein polypeptide suggests an intracellular targeting function. J. Cell Biol. 118:1133-43
162. Paschal BM, Shpetner HS, Vallee RB. 1987. MAP 1C is a microtubule-activated ATPase which translocates microtubules in vitro and has dynein-like properties. J. Cell Biol 105:1273-82
163. Paschal BM, Vallee RB. 1987. Retrograde transport by the microtubule-associated protein MAP 1C. Nature 330: 181-83
164. Patel N, Thierry-Mieg D, Mancillas JR. 1993. Cloning by insertional mutagenesis of a cDNA encoding Caenorhabditis elegans kinesin heavy chain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:9181-85
165. Perryman MB, Yu Q-T, Marian AJ, Mares A Jr, Czernuszewicz G, et al. 1992. Expression of a missense mutation in the messenger RNA for β-myosin heavy chain in myocardial tissue in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Clin. Invest. 90:271-77
166. Piperno G, Mead K, LeDizet M, Moscatelli A. 1994. Mutations in the "dynein regulatory complex" alter the ATP-in-sensitive binding sites for inner arm dyneins in Chlamydomonas axonemes. J. Cell Biol. 125:1109-17
167. Piperno G, Ramanis Z, Smith EF, Sale WS. 1990. Three distinct inner dynein arms in Chlamydomonas flagella: molecular composition and location in the axoneme. J. Cell Biol. 110:379-89
168. Plamman M, Minke PF, Tinsley JH, Bruno KS. 1994. Cytoplasmic dynein and actin-related protein Arp1 are required for normal nuclear distribution in filamentous fungi. J. Cell Biol. 127: 139-49
169. Plough HH, Ives PT. 1935. Induction of mutations by high temperature in Drosophila. Genetics 20:42-69
170. Pollard TD, Korn ED. 1973. Acanthamoeba myosin I: isolation from Acanthamoeba castellanii of an enzyme similar to muscle myosin. J. Biol. Chem. 248:4682-90
171. Pollenz RS, Chen T-LL, Trivinos-Lagos L, Chisholm R. 1992. The Dictyostelium essential light chain is required for myosin function. Cell 69:951-62
172. Porter JA, Hicks JL, Williams DS, Montell C. 1992. Differential localizations of and requirements for the two Drosophila ninaC kinase/myosins in photoreceptor cells. J. Cell Biol. 116:683-93
173. Porter JA, Montell C. 1993. Distinct roles of the Drosophila ninaC kinase and myosin domains revealed by systematic mutagenesis. J. Cell Biol. 122: 601-12
174. Porter JA, Mujun Y, Doberstein SK, Pollard TD, Montell C. 1993. Dependence of calmodulin localization in the retina on the ninaC unconventional myosin. Nature 262:1038-42
175. Porter ME, Knott JA, Gardner LC, Mitchell DR, Dutcher SK. 1994. Mutations in the SUP-PF-1 focus of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii identify a regulatory domain in the β-dynein heavy chain. J. Cell Biol. 126:1495-507
176. Prince HP, Trayer HR, Henry GD, Trayer IP, Dalgarno DC, et al. 1981. Proton nuclear-magnetic resonance spectroscopy of myosin subfragment 1 isoenzymes. Eur. J. Biochem. 121:213-19
177. Rajasekharan KN, Morita J-I, Mayadevi M, Ikebe M, Burke M. 1991. Formation and properties of smooth-muscle myosin 20-kDa light chain skeletal-muscle myosin hybrids and photo-cross-linking from the maleimidylbenzophenone-labeled light chain to the heavy chain. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 288:584-90
178. Rasmusson K, Serr M, Gepner J, Gibbons I, Hays TS. 1994. A family of dynein genes in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol. Biol. Cell 5:45-55
179. cs mutation of Drosophila melanogaster is a dominant antimorphic allele of nod and is associated with a single base change in the putative ATP-binding domain. Genetics 129:409-22
180. Rasooly RS, Zhang P, Tibolla AK, Hawley RS. 1994. A structure-function analysis of NOD, a kinesin-like protein from Drosophila melanogaster. Mol. Gen. Genet. 242:145-51
181. Rayment I, Holden HM, Sellers JR, Fananapazir L, Epstein ND. 1995. Structural interpretation of the mutations in the β-cardiac myosin that have been implicated in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:3864-68
182. Rayment I, Holden HM, Whittaker M, Yohn CB, Lorenz M, et al. 1993. Structure of the actin-myosin complex and its implications for muscle contraction. Science 261:58-65
183. Rayment I, Rypniewski WR, Schmidt-Bäde K, Smith R, Tomchick DR, et al. 1993. Three-dimensional structure of myosin subfragment-1: a molecular motor. Science 261:50-58
184. +2 binding sites and its role in hybrid myosins. Nature 322:80-83
185. Reinhard J, Scheel AA, Diekmann D, Hall A, Ruppert C, Bähler M. 1995. A novel type of myosin implicated in signalling by rho family GTPases. EMBO J. 14:697-704
186. Reiser PJ, Moss RL, Giulian GG, Greaser ML. 1985. Shortening velocity in single fibers from adult rabbit soleus muscles is correlated with myosin heavy chain composition. J. Biol. Chem. 260: 9077-80
187. Rindt H, Bauer BJ, Robbins J. 1993. In vitro production of enzymatically active myosin heavy chain. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil 14:26-34
188. Roof DM, Meluh PB, Rose MD. 1992. Kinesin-related proteins required for assembly of the mitotic spindle. J. Cell Biol. 118:95-108
189. Rovner AS, Freyzon Y, Trybus KM. 1995. Chimeric substitutions of the actin-binding loop disrupt regulation of smooth muscle heavy meromyosin. J. Biol. Chem. In press
190. Rowe T, Kendrick-Jones J. 1993. The C-terminal helix in subdomain 4 of the regulatory light chain is essential for myosin regulation. EMBO J. 12:4877-84
191. Ruppel KM, Uyeda TQ, Spudich JA. 1994. Role of highly conserved lysine 130 of myosin motor domain. J. Biol. Chem. 269:18773-80
192. Sakakibara H, Mitchell DR, Kamiya R. 1991. A Chlamydomonas outer arm dynein mutant missing the α-heavy chain. J. Cell Biol. 113:615-22
193. Sakakibara H, Takada S, King SSM, Witman GB, Kamiya R. 1993. A Chlamydomonas outer arm dynein mutant with a truncated β-heavy chain. J. Cell Biol. 122:653-61
194. Saunders WS, Hoyt MA. 1992. Kinesin-related proteins required for structural integrity of the mitotic spindle. Cell 70:451-58
195. Saunders WS, Koshland D, Eshel D, Gibbons IR, Hoyt MA. 1995. Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinesin- and dynein-related proteins required for anaphase chromosome segregation. J. Cell Biol. 128:617-24
196. Saxton WM, Hicks J, Goldstein LSB, Raff EC. 1991. Kinesin heavy chain is essential for viability and neuromuscular functions in Drosophila, but mutants show no defects in mitosis. Cell 64: 1093-102
197. Schafer DA, Gill SR, Cooper JA, Heuser JE, Schroer TA. 1994. Ultrastructural analysis of the dynactin complex: an actin-related protein is a component of a filament that resembles F-actin. J Cell Biol. 126.403-12
198. Schnapp BJ, Reese TS. 1989. Dynein is the motor for retrograde axonal transport of organlles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:1548-52
199. 2-and COOH-terminal deletions. J. Cell Biol. 111:2417-26
200. Smith CA, Rayment I. 1995. X-ray structure of the magnesium(II)-pyrophosphate complex of the truncated head of Dictyostelium discoideum myosin to 2.7A resolution. Biochemistry 34:8973-81
201. Smith EF, Sale WS. 1991 Regulation of dynein-driven microtubule sliding by the radial spokes in flagella. Science 257:1557-59
202. Solomon SD, Simonetta W, Watkins H, Ridker PM, Come P, et al. 1993. Left ventricular hypertrophy and morphology in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with mutations of the beta-myosin heavy chain gene. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 22:498-505
203. Sprang SR, Acharya KR, Goldsmith EJ, Stuart DI, Varvill K, et al. 1988. Structural changes in glycogen phosphorylase induced by phosphorylation. Nature 336: 215-21
204. Springer ML, Patterson B, Spudich JA. 1994. Stage-specific requirement for myosin II during Dictyostelium development Development 120:2651-60
205. Stewart RJ, Thaler JP, Goldstein LSB. 1993. Direction of microtubule movement is an intrinsic property of the motor domains of kinesin heavy chain and Drosophila ncd protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5209-13
206. Straceski AJ, Geisterfer-Lowrance A, Seidman CE, Seidman JG, Leinwand LA. 1994. Functional analysis of myosin missense mutations in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:589-93
207. Sutoh K. 1982. Identification of myosin-binding sites on the actin sequence. Biochemistry 21:3654-61
208. Sweeney HL. 1995. Function of the N-terminus of the myosin essential light chain of vertebrate striated muscle. Biophys. J. 68:S112-19
209. Sweeney HL, Bowman BF, Stull JT. 1993. Myosin light chain phosphorylation in vertebrate striated muscle: regulation and function. Am. J. Physiol. 264: C1085-95
210. Sweeney HL, Kushmerick MJ, Mabuchi K, Sreter FA, Gergeley J. 1988. Myosin alkali light chain and heavy chain variations correlate with altered shortening velocity of isolated skeletal muscle fibers. J. Biol. Chem. 263:9034-39
211. Sweeney HL, Straceski A, Leinwand L, Tikunov B, Faust L. 1994. Heterologous expression and characterization of a cardiac myosin mutant that causes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1603-5
212. Sweeney HL, Yang Z, Zhi G, Stull JT, Trybus KM. 1994. Charge replacement near the phosphorylatable serine of the myosin regulatory light chain mimics aspects of phosphorylation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:1490-94
213. Theurkauf WE, Hawley RS. 1992. Meiotic spindle assembly in Drosophila females: behavior of nonexchange chromosomes and the effects of mutations in the ncd kinesin-like protein. J. Cell Biol. 116:1167-80
214. Thierfelder L, Watkins H, MacRae C, Lamas R, McKenna W, et al. 1994. Alpha-tropomyosin and cardiac troponin T mutations cause familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a disease of the sarcomere. Cell 77:701-12
215. Titus MA, Wessels D, Spudich JA, Soll DR. 1993. The unconventional myosin encoded by the myo A gene plays a role in Dictyostelium motility. Mol. Biol. Cell 4:233-46
216. Tohtong R, Yamashita H, Graham M, Haeberle J, Simcox A, Maghan D. 1995. Impairment of muscle function caused by mutations of phosphorylation sites in myosin regulatory light chain. Nature 374:650-53
217. Trayer IP, Trayer HR, Levine BA. 1987. Evidence that the N-terminal region of A1-light chain of myosin interacts directly with the C-terminal region of actin. Eur. J. Biochem. 164: 259-66
218. Trybus KM. 1989. Filamentous smooth muscle myosin is regulated by phosphorylation. J. Cell Biol. 109:2887-94
219. Trybus KM. 1991. Regulation of smooth muscle myosin. Cell Motil. Cytoskelet. 18:81-85
220. Trybus KM. 1994. Regulation of expressed truncated smooth muscle myosins. J. Biol. Chem. 269:20819-22
221. Trybus KM, Chatman TA. 1993. Chimeric regulatory light chains as probes of smooth muscle myosin function. J. Biol. Chem. 168:4412-19
222. Trybus KM, Waller GS, Chatman TA. 1994. Coupling of ATPase activity and motility in smooth muscle myosin is mediated by the regulatory light chain. J. Cell Biol. 124:963-69
223. Uyeda TQP, Ruppel KM, Spudich JA. 1994. Enzymatic activities correlate with chimaeric substitutions at the actin-binding face of myosin. Nature 368: 567-69
224. Uyeda TQP, Spudich JA. 1993. A functional recombinant myosin II lacking a regulatory light chain binding site. Science 262:1867-70
225. Vaisberg EA, Koonce MP, McIntosh JR. 1993. Cytoplasmic dynein plays a role in mammalian mitotic spindle formation. J. Cell Biol. 123:849-58
226. Vale RD, Reese TS, Sheetz MP. 1985. Identification of a novel force-generating protein, kinesin, involved in microtubule-based motility. Cell 42:39-50
227. Vallee RB, Wall JS, Paschal BM, Shpetner HS. 1988. Microtubule-associated protein 1C from brain is a two-headed cystolic dynein. Nature 332:561-63
228. VanBuren P, Waller GS, Harris DE, Trybus KM, Warshaw DM, Lowey S. 1994. The essential light chain is required for full force production in skeletal muscle myosin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:12403-7
229. Glued. J. Cell Biol. In press
230. Vybiral T, Deitiker PR, Roberts R, Epstein HF. 1992. Accumulation and assembly of myosin in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with the 403 Arg to Gln β-myosin heavy chain mutation. Circulation 71:1404-9
231. Walczak CE, Nelson DL. 1994. Regulation of dynein-driven motility in cilia and flagella. Cell Motil Cytoskelet. 27: 101-7
232. Walker JE, Saraste M, Runswick MJ, Gay NJ. 1982. Distantly related sequences in the α- and β-subunits of ATP synthase, myosin, kinases and other ATP-requiring enzymes and a common nucleotide binding fold. EMBO J. 1: 945-51
233. Walker RA, Salmon ED, Endow SA. 1990. The Drosophila claret segregation protein is a minus-end directed motor molecule. Nature 347:780-82
234. Walther Z, Vashishta M, Hall JL. 1994. The Chlamydomonas FLA10 gene encodes a novel kinesin-homologous protein. J. Cell Biol. 126:175-88
235. Warmke J, Yamakawa M, Molloy J, Falkenthal S, Maughan D. 1992. Myosin light chain-2 mutation affects flight, wing beat frequency, and indirect flight muscle contraction kinetics in Drosophila. J. Cell Biol. 119:1523-39
236. Glued. J. Biol. Chem. In press
237. Glued binds directly to both microtubules and centractin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 1634-38
238. Watkins H, Rosenzweig A, Hwang DS, Levi T, McKenna W, et al. 1992. Characteristics and prognostic implications of myosin missense mutations in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 326:1108-14
239. Well D, Blanchard S, Kaplan J, Guilford P, Gibson F, et al. 1995. Defective myosin VIIA gene responsible for Usher syndrome type 1B. Nature 374:60-61
240. Wessels D, Murray J, Jung G, Hammer JA III, Soll DR. 1991. Myosin IB null mutants of Dictyostelium exhibit abnormalities in motility. Cell Motil. Cytoskelet. 20:301-15
241. Whitaker M, Faust L, Smith J, Milligan RA, Sweeney HL. 1995. A 35 Å movement of smooth muscle myosin upon ADP release. Nature. In press
242. Wordeman L, Mitchison TJ. 1995. Identification and partial characterization of mitotic centromere-associated kinesin, a kinesin-related protein that associates with centromeres during mitosis. J. Cell Biol. 128:95-104
243. Xiang X, Beckwith SM, Morris NR. 1994. Cytoplasmic dynein is involved in nuclear migration in Aspergillus nidulans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 2100-4
244. Xie X, Harrison DH, Schlichting I, Sweet RM, Kalabokis VN, et al. 1994. Structure of the regulatory domain of scallop myosin at 2.8 Å resolution. Nature 368:306-12
245. Yang JT, Laymon RA, Goldstein LSB. 1989. A three domain structure of kinesin heavy chain revealed by DNA sequence and microtubule binding analyses. Cell 56:879-89
246. Yang JT, Saxton WM, Stewart RJ, Raff EC, Goldstein LSB. 1990. Evidence that the head of kinesin is sufficient for force generation and motility in vitro. Science 249:42-47
247. Yang Z, Sweeney HL. 1995. Restoration of phosphorylation-dependent regulation to the skeletal muscle myosin regulatory light chain. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 24646-49
248. Yen TJ, Li G, Schaar BT, Szilak I, Cleveland DW. 1992. CENP-E is a putative kinetochore motor that accumulates just before mitosis. Nature 359: 536-39
249. Young PE, Richman AM, Ketchum AS, Kiehart DP. 1993. Morphogenesis in Drosophila requires nonmuscle myosin heavy chain function. Genes Dev. 7:29-41
250. Yu Q-T, Ifegwu J, Marlan AJ, Mares A Jr, Hill R, et al. 1993. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutation is expressed in messenger RNA of skeletal as well as cardiac muscle. Circulation 87:406-12
251. Zhang P, Knowles BA, Goldstein LSB, Hawley RS. 1990. A kinesin-like protein required for distributive chromosome segregation in Drosophila. Cell 62: 1053-62