Antioxidants, atherosclerosis and thrombosis

Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids

Volumn 54, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 155-166

  Rao, Gundu H R ^a   Parthasarathy, Sampath ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIOXIDANT; BUTYLCRESOL; CAROTENE; GALLIC ACID PROPYL ESTER; HYDROQUINONE; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; PROBUCOL;

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ARACHIDONIC ACID METABOLISM; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIET; ENDOTHELIUM; HUMAN; LIPID METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SMOKING; THROMBOSIS;

EID: 0029915149     PISSN: 09523278     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0952-3278(96)90011-3     Document Type: Review

References (156)

1. Ross R., Glomset J. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 1976; 295: pt 1, 369-377; pt 2, 420-425.
2. Ross R., Glomset J. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 1976; 295: pt 1, 369-377; pt 2, 420-425.
3. Harker L. A., Ross R. Pathogenesis of arterial vascular disease. Semin Hemost 1979; 5: 274-292.
4. Ross R. George Lyman Duff Memorial Lecture. Atherosclerosis: a problem of the biology of arterial wall cells and their interactions with blood components. Atherosclerosis 1981; 1: 293-311.
5. Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis- an update. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 488-500.
6. Packham M. A., Mustard J. F. The role of platelets in the development and complications of atherosclerosis. Semin Hemost 1986; 23: 8-26.
7. White J. G. Platelets and atherosclerosis. Europ J Clin Invest 1994; 24: 25-29.
8. Nachman R. L. Thrombosis and atherosclerosis. Molecular connections. Blood 1992; 79: 1897-1906.
9. Dugrid J. B. Thrombosis as a factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. J Pathol Bacteriol 1948; 60: 57-61.
10. Kwan H. C., Bowie E. J. W. Thrombosis, Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders, 1982: 331.
11. Fuster V. Lewis A. Conner Memorial Lecture. Mechanisms leading to myocardial infarction: Insights from studies of vascular biology. Circ 1994; 90: 2126-2146.
12. Fuster V., Israel D., Badimon L., Badimon J. J., Stein B., Cheesebro J. H. The role of platelets, thrombin and hyperplasia in restenosis after coronary angioplasty. J Am Cardiol 1991; 17: 77B-88B.
13. Cheesebro J. H., Zoldhelyi P., Badimon L., Fuster V. Role of thrombin in arterial thrombosis: Implications for therapy. Thromb Haemost 1991; 66: 1-5.
14. Stamler J. Primary prevention of coronary artery disease. The last 20 years. The Am J Cardiol 1981; 47: 722-735.
15. Goldman L., Cook E. F. The decline of Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality Rates. An analysis of the comparitive effects of medical interventions and changes in lifestyles. Ann Int Med 1984; 101: 825-836.
16. Rao G. H. R, White J. G. Coronary artery disease. An overview of risk factors. Ind Heart J 1993; 45: 143-153.
17. Esterbauer H., Gebicki J., Puhl H., Jurgens G. The role of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in oxidative modification of LDL. Free Rad Biol Med 1992; 13: 341-390.
18. Harris W. S. The prevention of atherosclerosis with antioxidants. Clin Cardiol 1992; 15: 636-640.
19. Bankson D. D., Kestin M., Rifai N. Role of free radical in cancer and atherosclerosis. Clin Lab Med 1993; 13: 463-480.
20. Jurgens G., Chen Q., Ledinski G., Kager G., Hammer A., Esterbauer H. Oxidized lipoproteins and atherogenesis. Act Med Austriaca 1993; 20: 85-89.
21. Hensrud D. D., Heimburger D. C. Antioxidant status, fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Nutr 1994; 10: 170-175.
22. Holovet P., Collen D. Oxidized lipoproteins in atherosclerosis and thrombosis. FASEB J 1994; 8: 1279-1284.
23. Mohr D., Stocker R. Radical-mediated oxidation of isolated human very-low density lipoprotein. Arteroscl Thromb 1994; 14: 1186-1192.
24. Steinberg D., Parfhasarathy S., Carew T. E., Khoo J. C., Witztum J. L. Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity [see comments]. N Engl J Med. 1989; 320: 915-924.
25. Steinberg D., Carew T. E., Fielding C., Fogelman A. M., Mahley R. W., Sniderman A. D., Zilversmit D. B. Lipoproteins and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Circ 1989; 80: 719-723.
26. Parthasarathy, S. Modified lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. CRC Press Austin Texas (R G Landers) 1994, pp 1-125.
27. Parthasarathy S. Rankin S. M. Role of oxidized low density lipoprotein in atherogenesis. Prog. Lipid Res 1992; 31: 127-143.
28. Noguchi N., Gotoh N., Niki E. Dynamics of the oxidation of low density lipoprotein induced by free radicals. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993; 1168: 348-357.
29. Esterbauer H., Waeg G., Puhl H., Dieber-Rotheneder M., Tatzber F. Inhibition of LDL oxidation by antioxidants. Experientia 1992; 62: 145-157
30. Lucchesi B. R., Mullard K. H. Leukocyte and ischemia induced myocardial injury Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1986; 26: 201-224.
31. McCord J. M. Oxygen-derived free radicals in postischemic tissue injury. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 159-163.
32. Gaudel Y., Duvelleroy M. A. Role of oxygen radicals in cardiac injury due to reoxygenation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1984; 16: 459-470.
33. Stewart J. R., Blackwell W. H., Cute S., Loughlin V., Hess M. L., Greenfield L. J. Prevention of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury with oxygen free-radical scavengers. Surg Forum 1982; 33: 317-320.
34. van Jaarsveld H., Kuyl J. M., Wild N. M. Ischemia/reperfusion injury is aggravated by an iron supplemented diet and is partially prevented by simultaneous anitoxidant supplementation. Res Comm Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1994; 86: 273-285.
35. Kirschner R. E., Fabtini G. A. Role of iron and oxygen-derived free radicals in ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Am Coll Surg. 1994; 179: 103-117.
36. Halliwell B. Free radicals and antioxidants: A personal view. Nutr Rev. 1994; 52: 253-265.
37. Buettner G. R. The pecking order of free radicals and antioxidants: Lipid peroxidation, a-tocopherol, and ascorbate. Arch Biochem Biophys 1993; 300: 535-543.
38. Greenwald R. A. Superoxide dismutase and catalase as therapeutic agents for human diseases. A critical review. Free Rad Biol Med 1990; 8: 201-209. Nordman R. Alcohol and antioxidant systems. Alcohol Alcoholism 1994; 29: 515-522.
39. Greenwald R. A. Superoxide dismutase and catalase as therapeutic agents for human diseases. A critical review. Free Rad Biol Med 1990; 8: 201-209. Nordman R. Alcohol and antioxidant systems. Alcohol Alcoholism 1994; 29: 515-522.
40. Aruoma O. I. Free radicals and antioxidants strategies in sports. Review. J Nutr Biochem 1994; 5: 370-381.
41. Massaeli H., Pierce G. N. Involvement of lipoproteins, free radicals, and calcium in cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovasc Res 1995; 29: 597-603.
42. Halliwell B. Drug antioxidant effects: A basis for drug selection? Drugs 1991; 42: 569-605.
43. Riemersma R. A. Wood D. A. Macintyre C. C. A., Elton R. A., Gey K. F., Oliver M. F. Risk of angina pectoris and plasma concentrations of vitamin A, C, and E and carotene. Lancet 1991; 337: 1-5.
44. Stampler M. J., Hennekens C. H., Manson J. E., Golditz G. A., Rosner B., Willet W. C. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1444-1449.
45. Rimm E. B., Stampler M. J., Ascherio A., Giovannucci E., Golditz G. A., Willet W. C. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary artery disease in men. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1450-1456.
46. Steinberg D. Antioxidant vitamins and coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1487-1489.
47. Salonen J. T. Dietary fats, antioxidants and blood pressure. Ann Med 1991; 23: 295-298.
48. Trout D. L. Vitamin C and cardiovascular risk factors. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 322s-325s.
49. Herbert V. The antioxidant myth. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 60: 157-158.
50. Herbert V. Does mega C do more good than harm, or harm than good? Nutr Today 1993; 28: 28-32.
51. Herbert V. Misleading nutrition claims and their gurus. Nutr Today 1994; 29: 28-35.
52. Gey K. F. Ten-year retrospective on the antioxidant hypothesis of arteriosclerosis: Threshold plasma levels of antioxidant micronutrients related to minimum cardiovascular risk. Nutr Biochem 1995; 6: 206-236.
53. Gey K. F. On the antioxidant hypothesis with regard to arteriosclerosis. Bibl Nutr Diet 1986; 37: 53-91.
54. Gey K. F. The antioxidant hypothesis of cardiovascular disease: Epidemiology and mechanisms. Biochem Soc Trans 1990; 18: 1041-1045.
55. Sies H. Strategies of antioxidative defense. Eur J Biochem 1993; 215: 213-219.
56. Gey K. F., Stahelin H. B., Puska P., Evans A. Relationship of plasma vitamin C to mortality from ischemic heart disease Ann NY Acad Sci 1987; 498: 110-123.
57. Gey K. F., Puska P., Jordan P., Moser UK. Inverse correlation between plasma vitamin E and mortality from ischemic heart disease in cross-cultural epidemiology Am J Clin Nutr 53(suppl) 326s-334s.
58. Gey K. F., Puska P. Plasma vitamin E and A inversely related to mortality from ischemic heart disease in cross cultural epidemiology Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989; 570: 268-282.
59. Gey K. F. Inverse correlation of vitamin E and ischemic heart disease Int. J Nutr Res 1989; 30 (suppl): 224-231. 888
60. Palozza P., Krinsky N. I. Antioxidant effects of carotenoids in vitro and in vivo: An overview. Methods Enzymol 1992; 213: 403-420.
61. Burton G. W., Ingold K. U. Vitamin E as in vitro and in vivo antioxidant. Ann NY Acad Sci 1989; 570: 7-22.
62. Weglicki W. B., Mak I. T., Simic M. G. Mechanisms of cardiovascular drugs as antioxidants. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1990; 22: 1199-1208.
63. Simon J. A. Vitamin C and cardiovascular disease: a review. J Am Coll Nutr 1992; 11: 107-125.
64. Kok F. J., vanPoppel G., Melse J., Verheul E., Schouten E. G., Kruysen D. H., Hofman A. Do antioxidants and polyunsaturated fatty acids have a combined association with coronary atherosclerosis? Atherosclerosis 1991; 86: 85-90.
65. Janero D. R. Therapeutic potential of Vitamin E in the pathogenesis of spontaneous atherosclerosis. Free Rad Biol Med 1991; 11: 129-144.
66. Bunker V. W. Free radicals, antioxidants and ageing. Med Lab Sci 1992; 49: 299-312.
67. Davidson M. H. Antioxidants and lipid metabolism. Implications for the present and direction for the future. Am J Cardiol 1993; 71: 32B-36B.
68. Hansen J. C., Pedersen H. S., Mulvad G. Fatty acids and antioxidants in the inuit diet. Their role in ischemic heart disease (IHD) and possible interactions with other dietary factors. Arct Med Res 1994; 53: 4-17.
69. Kubow S. Lipid oxidation products in food and atherogenesis. Nutr Rev 1993; 51: 33-64.
70. Fuller C. J., Jialal I. Effects of antioxidants on low density lipoprotein oxidation. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 60: 1010s-1013s.
71. Hensrud D. D., Heimburger D. C., Chen J., Parpia B. Antioxidant status, erythrocyte fatty acids, and mortality from cardiovascular disease and Keshan disease in China. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994; 48: 455-464.
72. Sigal E., Laughton C. W., Mulkins M. A. Oxidation, Lipoxygenase and Atherogenesis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1994; 714: 211-224.
73. Goldstein J. L., Brown M. S. Atherosclerosis: The low density lipoprotein receptor hypothesis. Metabolism. 1977; 26: 1251-1275.
74. Goldstein J. L., Brown M. S. The low density lipoprotein pathway and its relation to atherosclerosis. Ann Rev Biochem 1977; 46: 897-930.
75. Brown M. S., Basu S. K., Falck J. R., Ho Y. K., Goldstein. The scavenger cell pathway for lipoprotein degradation: specificity of the binding site that mediates the uptake of negatively-charged LDL by macrophages. J Supra Struct 1980; 13: 67-81.
76. Henriksen T., Mahoney E. M., Steinberg D. Enhanced macrophage degradation of low density lipoprotein previously incubated with cultured endothelial cells: recognition by receptors for acetylated low density lipoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78: 6499-6503.
77. Steinbrecher U. P., Parthasarathy S., Leake D. S., Witztum J. L., Steinberg D. Modification of low density lipoprotein by endothelial cells involves lipid peroxidation and degradation of low density lipoprotein phospholipids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984; 81: 3883-3887.
78. Esterbauer H., Striegl G., Puhl H., Dieber-Rotheneder M. Continuous monitoring of in vitro oxidation of human low density lipoprotein. Free Radical Res Comm 1989; 6: 67-75.
79. Esterbauer H., Dieber-Rotheneder M., Waeg G., Striegl G., Jurgens G. Biochemical, structural, and functional properties of oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Chem Res Toxicol 1990; 3: 77-92.
80. Fong L. G., Parthasarathy S., Witztum J. L., Steinberg D. Nonenzymatic oxidative cleavage of peptide bonds in apoprotein B-100. J Lipid Res 1987; 28: 1466-1477
81. Quinn M. T., Parthasarathy S., Steinberg D. Endothelial cell-derived chemotactic activity for mouse peritoneal macrophages and the effects of modified forms of low density lipoprotein. Proc Natl. Acad. Sci USA 1985; 82: 5949-5953.
82. Quinn M. T., Parthasarathy S., Fong L. G., Steinberg D. Oxidatively modified low density lipoproteins: a potential role in recruitment and retention of monocyte/macrophages during atherogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 2995-2998.
83. Quinn M. T., Parthasarathy S., Steinberg D. Lysophosphatidylcholine: a chemotactic factor for human monocytes and its potential role in atherogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 2805-2809.
84. Murohara T., Kugiyama K., Ohgushi M., Sugiyama S., Ohta Y., Yasue H. LPC in oxidized LDL elicits vasocontraction and inhibits endothelium- dependent relaxation. Am J Physiol 1994; 267: H2441-H2449.
85. Liu S. Y., Lu X., Choy S., Dembinski T. C., Hatch G. M., Mymin D., Shen X., Angel A., Choy P. C., Man R. Y. Alteration of lysophosphatidylcholine content in low density lipoprotein after oxidative modification: relationship to endothelium dependent relaxation. Cardiovasc Res 1994; 28: 1476-1481.
86. Kume N., Cybulsky M. I., Gimbrone M.A. Jr. Lysophosphatidylcholine, a component of atherogenic lipoproteins, induces mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecules in cultured human and rabbit arterial endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 1992, 90: 1138-1144.
87. Murugesan G., Chisolm G. M., Fox P. L. Oxidized low density lipoprotein inhibits the migration of aortic endothelial cells in vitro. J Cell Biol 1993; 120: 1011-1019.
88. Cushing S. D., Berliner J. A., Valente A. J., Territo M. C., Navab M., Parhami F., Gerrity R., Schwartz C. J., Fogelman A. M. Minimally modified low density lipoprotein induces monocyte chemotactic protein 1 in human endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990; 87: 5134-5138.
89. Liao F., Berliner J. A., Mehrabian M., Navab M., Demer L. L., Lusis A. J., Fogelman A. M. Minimally modified low density lipoprotein is biologically active in vivo in mice [published erratum appears in J Clin Invest 1991 Aug; 88(2):721]. J Clin Invest 1991; 87: 2253-2257.
90. Parhami F., Fang Z. T., Fogelman A. M., Andalibi A., Territo M. C., Berliner J. A. Minimally modified low density lipoprotein-induced inflammatory responses in endothelial cells are mediated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 471-478.
91. Khan B. V., Parthasarathy S., Alexander R. W., Medford R. M. Modified Low Density Lipoprotein and its Constituents Augment Cytokine-activated VCAM-1 Gene Expression in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells. J Clin Invest 1995 (In Press)
92. Carew T. E., Schwenke D. C., Steinberg D. Antiatherogenic effect of probucol unrelated to its hypocholesterolemic effect: evidence that antioxidants in vivo can selectively inhibit low density lipoprotein degradation in macrophage-rich fatty streaks and slow the progression of atherosclerosis in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 7725-7729.
93. Yla Herttuala S., Palinski W., Rosenfeld M. E., Parthasarathy S., Carew T. E., Butler S., Witztum J. L., Steinberg D. Evidence for the presence of oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein in atherosclerotic lesions of rabbit and man. J Clin Invest 1989; 84: 1086-1095.
94. Parthasarathy S., Khoo J. C., Miller E., Barnett J., Witztum J. L., Steinberg D. Low density lipoprotein rich in oleic acid is protected against oxidative modification: implications for dietary prevention of atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 3894-3898.
95. Fruebis J., Steinberg D., Dresel H. A., Carew T. E. A comparison of the antiatherogenic effects of probucol and of a structural analogue of probucol in low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient rabbits. J Clin Invest 1994; 94: 392-398.
96. Santanam N., Parthasarathy S. Paradoxical actions of antioxidants in the oxidation of low density lipoprotein by peroxidases. J Clin Invest 1995, 95: 2594-2600.
97. Rao G. H. R. Physiology of blood platelet activation. Ind J Physiol Pharmacol 1994; 37: 263-275.
98. Rao G. H. R., Rao A. T. Pharmacology of platelet activation inhibitory drugs. Ind J Physiol Pharmacol 1994; 38: 69-84.
99. Seiss W. Molecular mechanisms of platelet activation. Physiol Rev 1989; 69: 58-178.
100. Rao G. H. R. Signal transduction, second messengers and platelet pharmacology. Pharmacol (Life Sci) 1994; 13: 39-44.
101. Rao G. H. R. Effect of exercise on platelet physiology and pharmacology. In: Pharmacology in exercise and sports 1995 (Somani SM, ed) CRC press, Boca Raton, 209-232
102. Samuelsson B. Biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Prog Biochem Pharmacol 1969; 5: 109-128.
103. Smith W. L., Marnett L. J. Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase: structure and catalysis. Biochem Biophys Acta 1991; 1083: 1-7.
104. Moncada S., Vane J. R. Arachidonic acid metabolites and the interactions between platelets and vessel walls. N Engl J Med 1979; 300: 1142-1147.
105. Gryglewski R. J. Prostaglandins, platelets and atherosclerosis. CRC Crit Rev Biochem 1980; 7: 291-338.
106. Lands W. E. M., Lee R., Smith W. Factors regulating the biosynthesis of various prostaglandins. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1971; 180: 107-122.
107. Carpenter M. P. Antioxidants and prostaglandin synthesis in vivo and in vitro effects. Prog Lipid Res 1981; 20: 143-149.
108. Ogino N., Ohki S., Yamamoto S., Hayaishi O. Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase from bovine vesicular gland microsomes. Inactivation and activation by heme and other metalloporphyrins. J Biol Chem 1978; 253: 5061-5068.
109. Panganamala R. V., Brownlee N. R., Sprecher H., Cornwell D. G. Evaluation of superoxide anion and singlet oxygen in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins from eicosa 8,11,14-trienoic acid. Prostaglandins 1974; 7: 21-29.
110. Panganamala R. V., Sharma H. R., Heikkila R. E., Geer J. C., Cornwell D. G. Role of hydroxyl radical scavengers dimethylsulfoxide, alcohols and methional in the inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis. Prostaglandins 1976; 11: 599-608.
111. Mason R. P., Kalyanaraman B., Tainer B., Eling T. E. A carbon centered free radical intermediate in the prostaglandin synthetase oxidation of arachidonic acid. Spin trapping and oxygen uptake studies. J Biol Chem 1980; 255: 5019-5022.
112. White J. G., Rao G. H. R., Gerrard J. M. Effects of nitroblue tetrazolium and vitamin E on platelet ultrastructure, aggregation and function. Am J Pathol 1977; 8: 387-402.
113. Rao G. H. R., Burris S. M., Gerrard J. M., White J. G. Inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in sheep vesicular gland microsomes (SVGM) by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and vitamin E (VE). Prostagl Med 1979; 2: 111-121.
114. Rao G. H. R., Gerrard J. M., Eaton J. W., White J. G. The role of iron in prostaglandin synthesis. Ferrous iron mediated oxidation of arachidonic acid. Prostagl Med 1978; 1: 55-70.
115. Peterson D. A., Gerrard J. M., Rao G. H. R., Krick R. P., White J. G. Ferrous iron mediated oxidation of arachidonic acid studies employing nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT). Prostagl Med 1978; 1: 304-317.
116. Peterson D. A., Gerrard J. M., Rao G. H. R., White J. G. Inhibition of iron induced oxidation of arachidonic acid by indomethacin. Prostagl Med 1979; 2: 97-108.
117. Peterson D. A., Gerrard J. M., Rao G. H. R., White J. G. Reduction of ferric herne to ferrous by lipid peroxides: possible relevance to the role of peroxide tone in the regulation of prostaglandin synthesis. Prostagl Med 1980; 4: 73-79.
118. Peterson D. A., Gerrard J. M., Rao G. H. R., White J. G. Epinephrine and other activators of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase can reduce Fe+ + + + heme to Fe+ +heme. Prostagl Med 1980; 5: 357-365.
119. Peterson D. A., Gerrard J. M., Rao G. H. R., Mills E. L., White J. G. Interaction of arachidonic acid and heme iron in the synthesis of prostaglandins. Adv Prost Thrombox Res 1980; 6: 157-161.
120. Rao G. H. R., Cox C. A., Gerrard J. M., White J. G. Effects of 2,2′ dipyrydil and related compounds on platelet prostaglandin synthesis and platelet function. Biochem Biophys Acta 1980; 628: 468-479.
121. Rao G. H. R., Gerrard J. M., Eaton J. W., White J. G. Arachidonic acid peroxidation, prostaglandin synthesis and platelet function. Photochem photobiol 1978; 28: 845-850.
122. Cox C. A., Rao G. H. R., Gerrard J. M., White J. G. The influence of vitamin E quinone on platelet structure and biochemistry. Blood 1980; 55: 907-916.
123. Rao G. H. R., Cox C. A., Gerrard J. M., White J. G. Alpha tocopherol quinone (TQ): A potent inhibitor of platelet function. Progr Lipid Res 1981; 20: 549-552.
124. Butler A. M., Gerrard J. M., Peller J. D., Stoddard S. F., Rao G. H. R., White J. G. Vitamin E inhibits the release of calcium from a platelet membrane fraction in vitro. Prostagl Med 1979; 2: 207-216.
125. Rao G. H. R., White J. G. Heme-polyenoic acid interaction and prostaglandin synthesis. In: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Lipoxins (Bailey J M ed) New York, Plenum 1985, pp 357-371.
126. Rao G. H. R., Mahadevappa V. G., Hill T. D., White J. G. Arachidonic acid oxidation and platelet function In: Biological oxidation systems (Reddy C. C., Hamilton G. A. and Madyasta, K. M. eds) New York, Academic Press 1990, pp 779-790.
127. Rao G. H. R., Tate M. R., Murthy M., Hebbel R. P., White J. G. Influence of antioxidants on arachidonic acid metabolism and platelet function. Biochem Med Met Biol 1994; 51: 74-79
128. 2- responses in stimulated human neutrophils. Identification of platelet factor as adenine nucleotide. Lab Invest 1988; 58: 37-47.
129. DelMaschio A., Dejana E., Bazzoni G. Bidirectional modulation of platelet and polymorphonuclear leukocyte activities. Ann Hematol 1993; 67: 23-31.
130. Brieland J. K., Clarke S. J., Karmid S., Phan S. H., Fantone J. C. Transferrin: A potential source of iron for oxygen free radical-mediated endothelial cell injury. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 294: 265-270.
131. Brieland J. K., Vissers M. C. M., Phan S. H., Fantone J. C. Human platelets mediate iron release from transferrin by adenine nucleotide-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Biochem Biophys Acta 1989; 978: 191-196.
132. Lewis M. S., Whatley R. E., Cain P., Mcintyre T. M., Prescott S. M., Zimmerman G. A. Hydrogen peroxide stimulates the synthesis of platelet-activating factor by endothelium and induces cell-dependent neutrophil adhesion. J Clin Invest 1988; 82: 2045-2055.
133. Kita T., Nagano Y, Yokode M., Ishii K., Kume N., Narumiya S., Kawai C. Prevention of atherosclerotic progression in Watanabe rabbits by probucol. Am J Cardiol 1988; 62: 13B-19B.
134. Kita T., Nagano Y., Yokode M., Ishii K., Kume N., Ooshima A., Yoshida H., Kawai C. 1987. Probucol prevents the progression of atherosclerosis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit, an animal model for familial hypercholesterolemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 5928-5931.
135. Bjorkhem I., Henriksson-Freyschuss A., Breuer O., Diczfalusy U., Berglund L., Henriksson P. The antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene protects against atherosclerosis. Arter Thromb 1991 11: 15-22.
136. Sparrow C. P., Doebber T. W., Olszewski J., Wu M. S., Ventre J., Stevens K. A., Chao Y. S. Low-density lipoprotein is protected from oxidation and progression of atherosclerosis is slowed in cholesterol-fed rabbits by the antioxidant N,N-diphenylphenylenediamine. J Clin Invest 1992; 89: 1885-1891.
137. Verlangieri A. J., Bush M. J. Effects of d-alpha-tocopherol supplementation on experimentally induced primate atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Nutr 1992; 11: 131-138.
138. Gey K. F. 1989. Inverse correlation of vitamin E and ischemic heart disease. Int J Vit And Nutr Res Supp. 1989; 30: 224-231.
139. Hennekens C. H. Gaziano J. M. Antioxidants and heart disease: epidemiology and clinical evidence. Clin. Cardiol. 1993; 16:(Suppl 1)1.10-1.15.
140. Gaziano J. M., Manson J. E., Buring J. E., Hennekens C. H. Dietary antioxidants and cardiovascular disease. [Review]. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992; 669: 249-58; discussion 258-9.
141. Gaziano J. M., Manson J. E., Buring J. E., Hennekens C. H. Dietary antioxidants and cardiovascular disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992; 669: 249-58; discussion 258-9.
142. McMurray J., Chopra M., Abdullah I, Smith E. W, Dargie H. J. Evidence for oxidative stress in unstable angina. Brit Heart J 1992; 68: 454-455.
143. Young S. G., Parthsarathy S. Why are low-density lipoproteins atherogenic? West J Med 1994; 160: 153-164.
144. Rao G. H. R., White J. G. Epinephrine-induced platelet membrane modulation. In: The platelet amine storage granule 1992 (Myers KM, Barnes CD eds) CRC Press, Boca Raton PP: 117-141.
145. Gerrard J. M., Stuart M. J., Rao G. H. R., Steffes M. M., Mauer S. M., Brown D. M., White J. G. Alterations in the balance of prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis in diabetes. J Lab Clin Med 1980; 95: 950-957.
146. Takeda H., Maeda H., Fukushima H., Nakamura N., Uzawa H. Increased platelet phospholipase activity in diabetic subjects. Thromb Res 1981; 24: 131-141.
147. Thomas G., Skrinska V., Lucas F. V., Schumacher O. P., Platelet glutathione and thromboxane synthesis in diabetes. Diabetes 1985; 34: 951-954.
148. Bastyr E. J., Kadrofske R., Dershimer C., Vinik A. I. Decreased platelet phosphoinositide turnover and enhanced platelet activation in IDDM. Diabetes 1989; 38: 1097-1102.
149. Peng S., Hu B., Peng A. Y., Morin R. J. Effect of cholesterol oxides on prostacyclin production and platelet adhesion. Artery 1993; 20: 122-124.
150. Chittar H. S., Nihalani K. D., Varthakari P. K., Udipi S. A. Lipid peroxide levels in diabetes micro- and macro- angiopathies. J Nutr Biochem 1994; 5: 442-445.
151. Karpen C. W., Pritchard, Jr. K. A., Cornwell D. G., Panganamala R. V. Restoration of prostacyclin/thromboxane A2 balance in the diabetic rat. Influence of dietary vitamin E. Diabetes 1982; 31: 947-951.
152. Gisinger C., Jeremy J., Speiser P., Mikhailidis D. P., Dandona P., Schernthaner G. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on platelet thromboxane A2 production in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1260-1264.
153. Collette C., Pares-Herbute N, Monnier L., Cartney E. Platelet function in type 1 diabetes: Effects of supplementation with large doses of vitamin E. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 47: 256-261.
154. Ruf J. C., Ciavetti M., Gustafsson T., Renaud S. Effects of PP-56 and vitamin E on platelet hyperaggregability, fatty acid abnormalities, and clinical manifestations in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes 1991; 40: 233-239.
155. Paolisso G., D'Amore A., Guigliano D., Ceriello A., Varricho M., D'Onofrio F. Pharmacological doses of vitamin E improve insulin action in healthy subjects and non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 57: 650-656.
156. Thompson K. H., Godin D. V. Micronutrients and antioxidants in the prevention of diabetes. Nutr Res 1995; 15: 1377-1410.