Pathobiology of hepatic stellate cells

Hepato-Gastroenterology

Volumn 43, Issue 7, 1996, Pages 72-91

  Mathew, J ^a   Geerts, A ^b   Burt, A D ^a  

^a ROYAL VICTORIA INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

^b VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Hepatic stellate cells; Liver; Liver fibrosis,; Phenotypic modulation; Retinoid metabolism; Sinusoidal blood flow

Indexed keywords

3 AMINOPROPIONITRILE; ALPHA CAROTENE; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIOXIDANT; ARABINOSIDE; CAROTENOID; CHELATING AGENT; COLCHICINE; COLLAGEN; CYCLOSPORIN; CYTOKINE; GAMMA INTERFERON; GLYCOPROTEIN; LIVER PROTECTIVE AGENT; MALOTILATE; METHOTREXATE; METHYLXANTHINE; PENICILLAMINE; PENTOXIFYLLINE; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; PRAZIQUANTEL; RETINOIC ACID; RETINOID; RETINOL; VINCA ALKALOID;

ANIMAL CELL; CELL ISOLATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL ULTRASTRUCTURE; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; LIVER BLOOD FLOW; LIVER CELL; LIVER CELL CULTURE; LIVER FIBROSIS; LIVER PROTECTION; LIVER SINUSOID; NONHUMAN; PATHOLOGY; PHENOTYPE; PORTAL VEIN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STELLATE CELL;

ADIPOCYTES; ANIMALS; HUMANS; LIVER; LIVER DISEASES; RETINOIDS;

EID: 0029913803     PISSN: 01726390     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (201)

1. Aterman K: The parasinusoidal cells of the liver: a historical account. Histochem. J. 1986; 18: 279-305.
2. Kupffer C: Ueber Sternzellen der Leber. Briefliche Mitteilung an Prof. Waldeyer. Arch. Mikrosk. Anat. Entwcklgesch 1876; 12: 353-358.
3. Ito T, Nemoto J: Uber die Kupfferschen Sternzellen und die "Fettspeicherungszellen" (fat-storing cells) in der Blutkapillarenwand der menschlichen Leber. Okajima's Folia Anat. Jpn. 1952; 24: 243-258.
4. Yamagishi M: Electron microscopic studies on the fine structure of the sinusoidal wall and fat-storing cells of rabbit livers. Arch. Histol. Jpn. 1959; 18: 679-692.
5. Enzan H, Hara E, Yamashita Y, Ohkita T, Yamane T: Fine structure of the hepatic sinusoids and their development in human embryos and fetuses. Acta Pathol. Jpn. 1983; 33: 447-466.
6. Wake K, Motomatsu K, Ekataksin W: Postnatal development of the perisinusoidal stellate cells in the rat liver. In: Wisse, E., D.L. Knook, R.S. McCuskey (Eds.): Cells of the Hepatic Sinusoid (vol 3), pp. 269-275. Kupffer Cell Foundation, Leiden, The Netherlands (1991)
7. Giampieri MP, Jiziquel AM, Orlandi F: The lipocytes in normal human liver. A quantitative study. Digestion 1981; 22: 165-169 .
8. Blouin A, Bolender RP, Weibel ER: Distribution of organelles and membranes between hepatocytes and nonhepatocytes in the rat liver parenchyma. A stereological study. J. Cell Biol. 1977; 72: 441-455 .
9. Ballardini G, Degli Esposti S, Bianchi FB, de Giorgi LB, Faccani A, Biolchini L, Busachi CA, Pisi E: Correlation between Ito cells and fibrogenesis in an experimental model of hepatic fibrosis. A sequential stereological study. Liver 1983; 3: 58-63.
10. Bronfenmajer S, Schaffner F, Popper H: Fat-storing lipocytes cells in human liver. Arch. Pathol. 82 (1966) 447-452.
11. Hautekeete ML, Geerts A, Seynaeve C., Lazou JM, Kloppel G, Wisse E: Contributions of light and transmission electron microscopy to the study of the human fat-storing cell. Eur. J. Morphol. 1993; 31: 72-76 .
12. Mak KM, Leiber CS: Lipocytes and transitional cells in alcoholic liver disease: a morphometric study. Hepatology 1988; 8: 1027-1033.
13. Wake K, Sato T: Intralobular heterogeneity of perisinusoidal stellate cells in the porcine liver. Cell Tissue Res. 1993; 273: 227-237.
14. Ballardini G, Fallani M, Biagini C, Bianchi FB, Pisi E: Desmin and actin in the identification of Ito cells and in monitoring their evolution to myofibroblasts in experimental liver fibrosis. Virchows Arch. B Cell Pathol. Incl. Mol. Pathol. 1988; 56: 45-49.
15. Horn T, Junge J, Neilsen O, Christoffersen P: Light microscopical demonstration and zonal distribution of parasinusoidal cells (Ito cells) in normal human liver. Virchows Arch. A Pathol. Anat. Histopathol. 1988; 413: 147-149.
16. Wake K: Perisinusoidal stellate fat-storing cells, interstitial cells, lipocytes), their related structure in and around the liver sinusoids and vitamin A-storing cells in extrahepatic organs. Int. Rev. Cytol. 1980; 66: 303-353.
17. Tozuka S, Hasumura Y, Takeuchi J: Histochemical characteristics of fat-storing cells in alcoholic liver disease: a study by the gold chloride method using needle biopsy specimens of the liver. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1985; 83: 47-52.
18. Matsuura T, Nagamori S, Fujise K, Hasumura S, Homma S, Sujino H, Shimizu K, Niiya M, Kameda H, Hirosawa K: Retinol transport in culture fat-storing cells of rat liver. Quantitative analysis by anchored cell analysis and sorting system. Lab. Invest. 1989; 61: 107-115.
19. Zhang JX, W. Jr Pegoli, Clemens MG: Endothelin-1 induces direct constriction of hepatic sinusoids. Am. J. Physiol. 266 (1994) G624-632.
20. Yokoi Y, Namihisa T, Kuroda H, Komatsu I, Miyazaki A, Watanabe S, Usui K: Immunocytochemical detection of desmin in fat-storing Ito cells. Hepatology 1984; 4: 709-714.
21. Ogawa K, Suzuki J, Mukai H, Mori M: Sequential changes of extracellular matrix and proliferation of Ito cells with enhanced expression of desmin and actin in focal hepatic injury. Am. J. Pathol. 1986; 125: 611-619.
22. Burt AD, Robertson JL, Heir J, MacSween RNM: Desmin-containing stellate cells in rat liver; distribution in normal animals and response to experimental acute liver injury. J. Pathol. 1986; 150: 29-35.
23. Schmitt-Gräff A, Krv̈ger S, Bochard F, Gabbiani G, Denk H: Modulation of alpha smooth muscle actin and desmin expression in perisinusoidal cells of normal and diseased human livers. Am. J. Pathol. 1991; 138: 1233-1242.
24. Geerts A, Lazou J-M, de Bleser P, Wisse E: Tissue distribution, quantitation and proliferation kinetics of fat-storing cells in carbon tetrachloride-injured rat liver. Hepatology 1991; 13: 1193-1202.
25. Johnson SJ, Hines JE, Burt AD: Immunolocalization of proliferating perisinusoidal cells in rat liver. Histochem. J. 1992; 24: 67-72.
26. Johnson SJ, Hines JE, Burt AD: Phenotypic modulation of perisinusoidal cells following acute liver injury: a quantitative analysis. Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 1992; 73: 765-772.
27. Johnson SJ, Hines JE, Burt AD: Macrophage and perisinusoidal cell kinetics in acute liver injury. J. Pathol. 1992; 166: 351-358.
28. Burt AD: Cellular and molecular aspects of hepatic fibrosis. CL Oakley Lecture. J. Pathol. 1993; 170: 105-114.
29. Vassy J, Rigaut JP, Briane D, Kraemer M: Confocal microscopy immunofluorescence localization of desmin and other intermediate filament proteins in fetal rat livers. Hepatology 1993; 17: 293-300.
30. Mathew J, Burt AD: Cellular mechanisms of fibrogenesis in genetic haemochromatosis. In: Knook, D.L., E. Wisse (Eds.): Cells of the Hepatic Sinusoid (vol 4), pp. 274-276. The Kupffer Cell Foundation, Netherlands (1993).
31. Mathew J, Hines JE, James OFW, Burt AD: Non-parenchymal cell responses in paracetamol (acetaminophen)-induced liver injury. J. Hepatol. 1994; 20: 536-541 .
32. Mathew J, Hines JE, Toole K, Johnson SJ, James OFW, Burt AD: Quantitative analysis of macrophages and perisinusoidal cells in primary biliary cirrhosis Histopathology 1994; 25: 65-70.
33. Tsutsumi M, Takada A, Takase S: Characterisation of desmin-positive rat sinusoidal cells. Hepatology 1987; 7: 277-284.
34. Ballardini G, Groff P, Badiali de Giorgi LB, Schuppan D, Bianchi FB: Ito cell heterogeneity: desmin-negative Ito cells in normal rat liver. Hepatology 1994; 19: 440-446.
35. Ramadori G, Veit T, Schwwgler S, Dienes HP, Knittel T, Rieder H, Meyer zum Bv̈schenfelde K-H: Expression of the gene of the α-smooth muscle-actin isoform in rat liver and in rat fat-storing (Ito) cells. Virchows Arch. B Cell Pathol. Incl. Mol. Pathol. 1990; 59: 349-357.
36. Gard AL, White FP, Dutton GR: Extra-neural glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity in perisinusoidal stellate cells of rat liver. J. Neuroimmunol. 1985; 8: 359-375.
37. Gondo K, Ueno T, Sakamoto M, Sakisaka S, Sata M, Tanikawa K: The endothelin-1 binding site in rat liver tissue: light and electron-microscopic autoradiographic studies. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 1745-1749.
38. Schmid TC, Loffing J, le Hir M, Kaissling B: Distribution of ecto-5′-nucleotidase in the rat liver: effect of anaemia. Histochem. 1994; 101: 439-447.
39. Vaubourdolle M, Chazouilleres O, Poupon R, Ballet F, Braunwald J, Legendre C, Boudin B, Kirn A, Giboudeau J: Creatine kinase-BB: a marker of liver sinusoidal damage in ischemia-reperfusion. Hepatology 1993; 17: 423-428.
40. Kassner G, Scheibe R, Wenzel KW, Hofmann E: Isoenzyme patterns of pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase in isolated fat-storing cells of rat liver. Biomed. Biochim. Acta 1988; 47: 551-556.
41. Lee SJ, Friedman SL, Whalen R, Boyer TD: Cellular sources of glutathione S-transferase P in primary cultured rat hepatocytes: localization by in situ hybridization. Biochem. J. 1994; 299: 79-83.
42. Fahimi HD, Gray BA, Herzog VK: Cytochemical localization of catalase and peroxidase in sinusoidal cells of rat liver. Lab. Invest. 1976; 34: 192-201.
43. Bjorneboe A, Nenseter MS, Hagen BF, Bjorneboe GE, Prydz K, Drevon CA: Effect of dietary deficiency and supplementation with all-rac-alpha-tocopherol on hepatic content in rats. J. Nutr. 1991; 121: 1208-1213.
44. Tsuchiya T, Tobe K, Nagashima N: Scanning electron microscopy and the study of Fc and C3b receptors of cultured fat-storing cells from rat liver. Cell Struct. Funct. 1985; 10: 361-372.
45. Tatsumi H, Takaoki E, Omura K, Fujita H: A new method for three-dimensional reconstruction from serial sections by computer graphics using "meta-balls" reconstruction of "hepatoskeletal system" formed by Ito cells in the cod liver. Comput. Biomed. Res. 1990; 23: 37-45.
46. Geerts A, Bouwens L, Wisse E: Ultrastructure and function of hepatic fat-storing and pit cells. J. Electron Microsc. Tech. 1990; 14: 247-256.
47. Yamamoto K, Ito T, Koike H, Ogawa K: Examination of vitamin A distribution in the rat liver using cathodoluminescence electron microscopy. In: Kirn, A., D.L. Knook, E. Wisse (Eds.): Cells of the Hepatic Sinusoid (vol 1), pp. 193-198. Kupffer Cell Foundation, Rijswijk, The Netherlands (1986).
48. Takase S, Leo MA, Nouchi T, Leiber CS: Desmin distinguishes cultured fat-storing cells from myofibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts in the rat. J. Hepatol. 1988; 6: 267-276.
49. Enzan H, Himeno H, Iwamura S, Saibara T, Onishi S, Yamamoto Y, Hara H: Immunohistochemical identification of Ito cells and their myofibroblastic transformation in adult human liver. Virchows Archiv. 1994; 424: 249-256.
50. de Leeuw AM, McCarthy SP, Geerts A, Knook KL: Purified rat liver fat-storing cells in culture divide and contain collagen. Hepatology 1984; 4: 392-403 .
51. Ogata I, Saez CG, Greenwel P, d Me L Ponce, Geerts A, Leinwand LA, Rojkind M: Rat liver fat-storing cell lines express sarcomeric myosin heavy chain mRNA and protein. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 1993; 26: 125-132.
52. Moriwaki H, Blaner WS, Piantedosi R, Goodman DS: Effects of dietary retinoid and triglyceride on the lipid composition of rat liver stellate cells and stellate cell lipid droplets. J. Lipid Res. 1988; 29: 1523-1534.
53. Troen G, Nilson A, Norum KR, Blomhoff ' R: Characterisation of liver stellate cell retinyl ester storage. Biochem. J. 1994; 300: 793-798.
54. Wake K: Development of vitamin A-rich lipid droplets in multivesicular bodies of rat liver stellate cells. J. Cell. Biol. 1974; 63: 683-691.
55. Yamamoto K, Ogawa K: Fine structure and cytochemistry of lysosomes in the Ito cells of the rat liver. Cell Tissue Res. 1983; 233: 45-57.
56. Matsuura T, Nagamori S, Hasumura S, Sujino H, Shimizu K, Niiya M, Hirosawa K: Retinol transport in cultured stellate cells of rat liver: studies by light and electron microscopic autoradiography. Exp. Cell Res. 1993; 206: 111-118.
57. Ramadori G, Rieder H, Theiss F, Meyer zum Buschenfelde K-H: Fat-storing (Ito) cells of rat liver synthesize and secrete apolipoproteins: comparison with hepatocytes. Gastroenterology 1989; 97: 163-172.
58. Friedman G, Liu LM, Friedman SL, Boyles JK: Apolipoprotein E is secreted by cultured lipocytes of rat liver. J. Lipid Res. 1991; 32: 107-114.
59. Hines JE, Johnson SJ, Burt AD: In vivo responses of macrophages and perisinusoidal cells to cholestatic liver injury. Am. J. Pathol. 1993; 142: 511-518 .
60. Connolly KM, Bogdanffy MS: Evaluation of proliferating cell nuclear PCNA; antigen: as an endogenous marker of cell proliferation in rat liver: a dual stain comparison with 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1993; 41: 1-6.
61. Bachem MG, Riess T, Gressnei AM: Liver fat storing cell proliferation is stimulated by epidermal growth factor/transforming growth factor alpha and inhibited by transforming growth factor beta. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1989; 162: 708-714 .
62. Bachem MG, Meyer D, Schafer W, Riess C, Melchior R, Sell KM, Gressner AM: The response of rat perisinusoidal lipocytes to polypeptide growth regulator changes with their transdifferentiation into myofibroblast-like cells in culture. J. Hepatol. 1993; 18: 40-52.
63. Rockey DC, Boyles JK, Gabbiani G, Friedman SL: Rat hepatic lipocytes express smooth muscle actin upon activation in vivo and in culture. J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol. 1992; 24: 193-203.
64. Rockey DC, Friedman SL: Cytoskeleton of liver perisinusoidal cells (lipocytes) in normal and pathological conditions. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 1993; 22: 227-234.
65. Hruban Z, Russell R, Boyer J, Glagov S, Bagheri S: Ultrastructural changes in livers of two patients with hypervitaminosis A. Am. J. Pathol. 76 (1974) 452-462
66. Kent G, Gay S, Inouye T, Bahu R, Minick OT, Popper H: Vitamin A-containing lipocytes and formation of type III collagen in liver injury. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1976; 73: 3719-3722.
67. Rockey DC, Maher JJ, Jarnagin WR, Gabbiani G, Friedman SL: Inhibition of rat hepatic lipocyte activation in culture by interferon-gamma. Hepatology 1992; 16: 776-784.
68. Mallat A, Preux A-M, Blazejewski S, Rosenbaum J, Dhumeaux D, Mavier P: Interferon alpha and gamma inhibit proliferation and collagen synthesis of human Ito cells in culture. Hepatology 1995; 21: 1003-1010.
69. Margis R, Pinheiro-Margis M, da Silva LC, Borojevic R: Effects of retinol on proliferation, cell adherence and extracellular matrix synthesis in a liver fibroblast or lipocyte cell line (GRX). Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 1992; 73: 125-135.
70. Davis BH, Kramer RT, Davidson NO: Retinoic acid modulates rat Ito cell proliferation, collagen, and transforming growth factor beta production. J. Clin. Invest. 1990; 86: 2062-2070.
71. 4-induced hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in rats. Liver 1995; 15: 1-8.
72. Kohn HD, Ramm GA, Britton RS, O'Neill R, Bacon BR: α-tocopherol inhibits the expression of α-smooth muscle actin in cultured rat lipocytes. Hepatology 1994; 20: 177A, 323.
73. Ramm GA, Britton RS, O'Neill R, Kohn HD, Bacon BR: The role of protein kinase C in lipocyte activation. Hepatology 1994; 20: 287A, 761.
74. Mallat A, Preux A-M, Blazejewski S, Dhumeaux D, Rosenbaum J, Mavier P: Effect of simvastin, an inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, on the growth of human Ito cells. Hepatology 1994; 20: 1589-1594.
75. Yasuda H, Mine T, Shibata H, Eto Y, Hasegawa Y, Takeushi T, Asano S, Kolima I: Activin A: an autocrine inhibitor of initiation of DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 1993; 92: 1491-1496.
76. Bhunchet E, Wake K: Role of mesenchymal cell populations in porcine serum-induced rat liver fibrosis. Hepatology 1992; 16: 1452-1473.
77. Korner T, Rath FW: Cytogenetic relationship between portal fibroblasts and Ito cells of the liver. Zentralbl. Allg. Pathol. 1989; 135: 277-280.
78. Friedman S, Roll F: Isolation and culture of hepatic lipocytes, Kupffer cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells by density gradient centrifugation with Stracan. Anal. Biochem. 1987; 161: 207-218.
79. Van Bossuyt K, Bouwens L, Wisse E: Isolation and purification of sinusoidal liver cells. In: Bioulac Sage, P., C. Balabaud (Eds.): Sinusoids in Human Liver: Health and Disease, pp. 1-16. Kupffer Cell Foundation, Rijswijk, The Netherlands (1988).
80. Blomhoff R, Berg T: Isolation and cultivation of rat liver stellate cells. Methods Enzymol. 1990; 190: 58-71.
81. Friedman SL, Rockey DC, McGuire RF, Maher JJ, Boyles JK, Yamasaki G: Isolated hepatic lipocytes and Kupffer cells from normal human liver: morphological and functional characteristics in primary culture. Hepatology 1992; 15: 234-243.
82. Tanaka Y, Hirata R, Minato Y, Hasumura Y, Takeuchi J: Isolation and higher purification of fat-storing cells from rat liver with flow cytometry. In: Kirn, A., D.L. Knook, E. Wisse (Eds.): pp. 473-474 Kupffer Cell Foundation, Rijswijk, The Netherlands (1986).
83. Zerbe O, Gressner AM: Proliferation of fat storing cells is stimulated by secretion of Kupffer cells from normal and injured liver. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 1988; 49: 87-101.
84. Geerts A, Vrijsen R, Rauterberg J, Burt AD, Schellinck P, Wisse E: In vitro differentiation of fat-storing cells parallels marked increase of collagen synthesis and secretion. J. Hepatol. 1989; 9: 59-68.
85. Schwogler S, Odenthal M, Meyer zum Buschenfelde K-H, Ramadori G: Alternative splicing products of the tenascin gene distinguish rat liver fat storing cells from arterial smooth muscle cells and skin fibroblasts. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1992; 185: 768-775.
86. Loreal O, Levavasseur F, Fromaget C, Gros D, Guillouzo A, Clement B: Cooperation of Ito cells and hepatocytes in the deposition of an extracellular matrix in vitro. Am. J. Pathol. 1993; 143: 538-544.
87. Friedman SL, Roll FJ, Boyles J, Arenson DM, Bissell DM: Maintenance of differentiated phenotype of cultured rat hepatic lipocytes by basement membrane matrix. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 10756-10762.
88. Greenwel P, Rubin J, Schwartz M, Hertzberg EL, Rojkind M: Liver fat-storing cell clones obtained from a CC14-cirrhotic rat are heterogeneous with regard to proliferation, expression of extracellular matrix components, interleukin-6, and connexin 43. Lab. Invest. 1993; 69: 210-216.
89. Goodman DS: Overview of current knowledge of metabolism of vitamin A and carotenoids. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1984; 73: 1375-1379.
90. Blomhoff R, Green M, Green H, Berg T, Norum KR: Vitamin A metabolism new perspectives on absorption, transport and storage. Physiol. Rev. 1991; 71: 952-982.
91. de Luca LM: Retinoids and their receptors in differentiation, embryogenesis, and neoplasia. FASEB J. 1991; 5: 2924-2933.
92. Williams JB, Pramanik BC, Napoli JL: Vitamin A metabolism. Analysis of steady state metabolites in rat tissues. J. Lipid Res. 1984; 25: 638-645.
93. Blaner WS, Hendriks HFJ, Brower A, de Leeuw AM, Knook DL, Goodman DS: Retinoids, retinoid-binding proteins, and retinyl palmitate hydrolase distribution in different types of rat liver cells. J. Lipid Res. 1985; 26: 1241-1251.
94. Hendriks HFJ, Verhoofstad WAMM, Brouwer A, de Leeuw AM, Knook DL: Perisinusoidal fat-storing cells are the main vitamin A storage sites in rat liver. Exp. Cell Res. 1985; 160: 138-149.
95. Blomhoff R, Rasmussen M, Nilsson A, Norum KR, Berg T, Blaner WS, Kato M, Mertz JR, Goodman DS, Eriksson U, et al: Hepatic retinol metabolism Distribution of retinoids, enzymes, and binding proteins in isolated rat liver cells J Biol Chem 1985; 260: 13560-13565.
96. Leo M, Leiber CS: Hypervitaminosis A: a liver lover's lament. Hepatology 1988; 8: 412-417.
97. Lakshman MR, Sundaresan PR, Chambers LL, Shoff PK: Cellular retinyl esters and retinol among parenchymal and stellate cells in normal rat liver. Lipids 1988; 23: 144-147.
98. Blomhoff R, Berg T, Norum KR: Transfer of retinol from parenchymal to stellate cells in liver is mediated by retinol-binding protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1988; 85: 3455-3458.
99. Blomhoff R, Wake K: Perisinusoidal stellate cells of the liver important roles in retinol metabolism and fibrosis. FASEB J. 1991; 5: 271-277.
100. Norum KR, Blomhoff R: McCollum Award Lecture, 1992: Vitamin A absorption, transport, cellular uptake and storage. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1992; 56: 735-744.
101. Hendriks HFJ, Brouwer A, Knook DL: The role of hepatic fat-storing: (stellate) cells in retinoid metabolism. Hepatology 1987; 7: 1368-1371.
102. Lakshman MR, Asher KA, Attlesey MG, Satchithanandam S, Mychkovsky I, Coutlakis PJ: Absorption, storage, and distribution of beta-carotene in normal and beta-carotene-fed rats: roles of parenchymal and stellate cells. J. Lipid Res. 1989; 30: 1545-1550.
103. Green MH, Green JB, Berg T, Norum KR, Blomhoff R: Vitamin A metabolism in rat liver: a kinetic model. Am. J. Physiol. 1993; 264: G509-521.
104. Ong DE, Kakkad B, MacDonald PN: Acyl-CoA-independent esterification of retinol bound to cellular retinol-binding protein (type II) by microsomes from rat small intestine. J. Biol. Chem. 1987; 262: 2729-2736.
105. Levin MS, Li E, Ong DE, Gordon JI: Comparison of tissue-specific expression and developmental regulation of two closely linked rodent genes encoding cytosolic retinol-binding proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 1987; 262: 7118-7124.
106. Rigtrup KM, Ong DE: A retinyl ester hydrolase activity intrinsic to brush border membrane of rat small intestine. Biochemistry 1992; 31: 2920-2926.
107. Blaner WS, Dixon JL, Moriwaki H, Martino RA, Stein O, Stein Y, Goodman DS: Studies on the in vivo transfer of retinoids from parenchymal to stellate cells in rat liver. Eur. J. Biochem. 1987; 164: 301-307.
108. Senoo H, Smeland S, Malaba L, Bjerknes T, Stang E, Roos N, Berg T, Norum KR, Blomhoff R: Transfer of retinol-binding protein from HepG2 human hepatoma cells to co-cultured rat stellate cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993; 90: 3616-3620.
109. Matsura T, Nagamori S, Hasumura S, Sujino H, Niiya M, Shimizu K: Regulation of vitamin A transport into cultured stellate cells of rat liver: studies by anchored cell analysis and sorting system. Exp. Cell Res. 1993; 209: 33-37.
110. Yamada M, Blaner WS, Soprano DR, Dixon JL, Kjeldbye HM, Goodman DS: Biochemical characteristics of isolated rat liver stellate cells. Hepatology 1987; 7: 1224-1229.
111. Andersen KB, Nilsson A, Blomhoff HK, Oyen TB, Gabrielsen OS, Norum KR, Blomhoff R: Direct mobilization of retinol from hepatic perisinusoidal stellate cells to plasma. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267:1340-1344.
112. Senoo H, Stang E, Nilsson A, Kindberg GM, Berg T, Roos N, Norum KR, Blomhoff R: Internalization of retinol-binding protein in parenchymal and stellate cells of rat liver. J. Lipid Res. 1990; 31: 1229-1239.
113. Burt AD, Tiniakos D, MacSween RNM, Griffiths MR, Wisse E, Polak JM: Localization of adrenergic and neuropeptide tyrosine-containing nerves in the mammalian liver. Hepatology 1989; 9: 839-845.
114. Ueno T, Inuzuka S, Torimura T, Sakata R, Sakamoto M, Gondo K, Aoki T, Tanikawa K, Tsutsumi V: Distribution of substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide in the human liver: light and electron immunoperoxidase methods of observation. Am. J. Castroenterol. 1991; 86: 1633-1637.
115. Bioulac-Sage P, Lafon ME, Saric J, Balabaud C.: Nerves and perisinusoidal cells in human liver. J. Hepatol. 1990; 10: 105-112.
116. Sakamoto M, Ueno T, Kin M, Ohira H, Torimura T, Inuzuka S, Sata M, Tanikawa K: Ito cell contraction in response to endothelin-1 and substance P. Hepatology 1993; 18: 978-983.
117. Kawada N, Klein H, Decker K: Eicosanoid-mediated contractility of hepatic stellate cells. Biochem. J. 1992; 285: 367-371.
118. Kawada N, Tran-Thi TA, Klein H, Decker K: The contraction of hepatic stellate (Ito) cells stimulated with vasoactive substances. Possible involvement of endothelin 1 and nitric oxide in the regulation of the sinusoidal tonus. Eur. J. Biochem. 1993; 213: 815-823.
119. Kawada N, Inoue M: Effect of adrenomedullin on hepatic pericytes (stellate cells) of the rat. FEBS Lett 356 (1994) 109-113.
120. Pinzani M, Failli P, Ruocco C, Casini A, Milani S, Baldi E, Giotti A, Gentilini P: Fat-storing cells as liver-specific pericytes. Spatial dynamics of agonist-stimulated intracellular calcium transients. J. Clin. Invest. 1992; 90: 642-646.
121. Takemura S, Kawada N, Hirohashi K, Kinoshita H, Inoue M: Nucleotide receptors in hepatic stellate cells of the rat. FEBS Lett 1994; 354: 54-56.
122. Rockey DC: Characterisation of endothelin receptors mediating rat hepatic stellate cell contraction. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1995; 205: 725-731.
123. Housset C, Rockey DC, Bissell DM: Endothelin receptors in rat liver lipocytes as a contractile target for endothelin 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993; 90: 9266-9270.
124. Rockey DC, Chung JJ: Inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat hepatic lipocytes and the effect of nitric oxide on lipocyte contractility. J. Clin. Invest. 1995; 95: 1995.
125. Rockey DC, Housset CN, Freidman SL: Activation-dependant contractility of rat hepatic lipocytes in culture and in vivo. J. Clin. Invest. 1993; 92: 1795-1804.
126. Abdel-Aziz G, Rescan PY, Clement B, Lebeau G, Rissel M, Grimand JA, Campion JP, Guillouzo A: Cellular sources of matrix proteins in experimentally-induced cholestatic rat liver. J. Pathol. 1991; 164: 167-174.
127. Milani S, Herbst H, Schuppan D, Hahn E, Stein H: In situ hybridisation for procollagen types I, III and IV mRNA in normal and fibrotic rat liver evidence for predominant expression in nonparenchymal liver cells. Hepatology 1989; 10: 84-92.
128. Ghojkier M: Hepatocyte collagen production in vivo in normal rats. J. Clin. Invest. 1986; 78: 333-339.
129. Cerbon-Ambriz J, Cerbon-Solorzano J, Rojkind M: Regulation of collagen production in freshly isolated cell populations from normal and cirrhotic rat liver effect of lactate. Hepatology 1991; 13: 551-556.
130. Milani S, Herbst H, Schuppan D, Kim KY, Riecken EO, Stein H: Procollagen expression by non-parenchymal rat liver cells in experimental biliary fibrosis. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 175-184.
131. Milani S, Herbst H, Schuppan D, Surrenti C, Reicken EO, Stein H: Cellular localization of type I, III and IV procollagen gene transcripts in normal and fibrotic human liver. Am. J. Pathol. 1990; 137: 59-70.
132. Nakatsukasa H, Nagy P, Evarts RP, Hsia CC, Marsden E, Thorgeirsson SS: Cellular distribution of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and procollagen types I, III, and IV transcripts in carbon tetrachloride-induced rat liver fibrosis. J. Clin. Invest. 1990; 85: 1833-1843.
133. Nakatsukasa H, Evarts RP, Hsia CC, Thorgeirsson SS: Transforming growth factor-beta 1 and type I procollagen transcripts during regeneration and early fibrosis of rat liver. Lab. Invest. 1990; 63: 171-180.
134. Gressner AM: Perisinusoidal lipocytes and fibrogenesis. Gut 1994; 35: 1331-1334.
135. Maher JJ, Bissell DM, Friedman SL, Roll FJ: Collagen measured in primary cultures of normal rat hepatocytes derive from lipocytes within the monolayer. J. Clin. Invest. 1988; 82: 450-459.
136. Takahara T, Kojima T, Miyabayashi C, Inoue K, Sasaki H, Muragaki Y, Ooshima A: Collagen production in fat-storing cells after carbon tetrachloride intoxication in the rat. Immunoelectron microscopic observation of type I, type III collagens and prolyl hydroxylase. Lab. Invest. 1988; 59: 509-521.
137. Takahara T, Nakayama Y, Itoh H, Miyabayashi C, Watanabe A, Sasaki H, Inoue K, Muragaki Y, Ooshima A: Extracellular matrix formation in piecemeal necrosis: immunoelectron microscopic study. Liver 1992; 12: 368-380.
138. Maher JJ, McGuire R: Extracellular matrix gene expression increases preferentially in rat lipocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells during hepatic fibrosis in vivo. J. Clin. Invest. 1990; 86: 1641-1648.
139. Knittel T, Schuppan D, Meyer zum Buschenfelde K-H, Ramadori G: Differential expression of collagen types I, III, and IV by fat-storing (Ito) cells in vitro. Gastroenterology 102 (1992) 1724-1735.
140. Geerts A, Greenwel P, Cunningham M, d Pe Bleser, Rogiers V, Wisse E, Rojkind M: Identification of connective tissue gene transcripts in freshly isolated parenchymal, endothelial, Kupffer and fat-storing cells by northern hybridization analysis. J. Hepatol. 1993; 19: 148-158.
141. Weiner FR, Giambrone MA, Czaja MJ, Shah A, Annoni G, Takahashi S, Eghbali M, Zern MA: Ito-cell gene expression and collagen regulation. Hepatology 1990; 11:111-117.
142. Matsuoka M, Pham N-T, Tsukamoto H: Differential effects of interleukin-1a and transforming growth factor β1 on cell proliferation and collagen formation by cultured fat-storing cells. Liver 1989; 9: 71-78.
143. Friedman SL: Cellular sources of collagen and regulation of collagen production in liver. Semin. Liver Dis. 1990; 10: 20-29.
144. Maher JJ, Tzagarkis C, Gimenez A: Malondialdehyde stimulates collagen production by hepatic lipocytes only upon activation in primary culture. Alcohol Alcohol. 1994; 29: 605-610.
145. Pietrangelo A, Gualdi R, Casalgrandi G, Geerts A, de Bleser P, Montosi G, Ventura E: Enhanced hepatic collagen type I mRNA expression into fat-storing cells in a rodent model of hemochromatosis. Hepatology 1994;19:714-721.
146. Masuda H, Fukumoto M, Hirayoshi K, Nagata K: Coexpression of collagen-binding stress protein HSP47 gene and the alpha 1(I) and alpha 1(III) collagen genes in carbon tetrachloride-induced rat liver fibrosis. J. Clin. Invest. 1994; 94: 2481-2488.
147. Loreal O, Clement B, Schuppan D, Rescan P-Y, Rissel M, Guillouzo A: Distribution and cellular origin of collagen VI during development and in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 980-987.
148. Griffiths MR, Shepard M, Ferrier R, Schuppan D, James OFW, Burt AD: Light microscopic and ultrastructural distribution of type VI collagen in human liver: alterations in chronic biliary disease. Histopathology 1992; 21: 335-344.
149. Clement B, Grimaud JA, Campion JP, Deugnier Y, Guillouzo A: Cell types involved in collagen and fibronectin production in normal and fibrotic human liver. Hepatology 1986; 6: 225-234.
150. Nakayama Y, Takahara T, Miyabayashi CR, Itoh H, Watanabe A, Sasaki H, Muragaki Y, Ooshima A, Inoue K: Ultrastructural localization of type IV collagen and laminin in the Disse space of rat liver with carbon tetrachloride-induced fibrosis. Liver 1991; 11: 260-271.
151. Milani S, Grappone C, Pellegrini G, Schuppan D, Herbst H, Calabro A, Casini A, Pinzani M, Surrenti C: Undulin RNA and protein expression in normal and fibrotic human liver. Hepatology 1994; 20: 908-916.
152. Knittel T, Odenthal M, Schuppan D, Schwogler S, Just M, Meyer zum Bv̈schenfelde K-H, Ramadori G: Synthesis of undulin by rat liver fat-storing cells comparison with fibronectin and tenascin. Exp. Cell Res. 1992;203:312-320.
153. Maher JJ, Freidman SL, Roll FJ, Bissell DM: Immunolocalisation of laminin in normal rat liver and biosynthesis of laminin by hepatic lipocytes in primary culture. Gastroenterology 1988; 94: 1053-1062.
154. Maher JJ, Tzagarkis C: Partial cloning of the M subunit of laminin from adult rat hepatocytes: expression of the M subunit by cells isolated from normal and injured liver. Hepatology 1994; 19: 764-770.
155. Loreal O, Levavasseur F, Rescan P-Y, Yamada Y, Guillouzo A, Clement B: Differential expression of laminin chains in hepatic lipocytes. FEBS Lett 1991; 290: 9-12.
156. Milani S, Herbst H, Schuppan D, Reicken EO, Stein H: Cellular localization of laminin gene transcripts in normal and fibrotic human liver. Am. J. Pathol. 1989; 134: 1175-1182.
157. Ramadori G, Schwogler S, Veit T, Rieder H, Chiquet-Ehrismann R, Markie EJ, Meyer zum Bv̈schenfelde K-H: Tenascin gene expression in rat liver and in rat liver cells. In vivo and in vitro studies. Virchows Arch. B Cell Pathol. Incl. Mol. Pathol. 1991; 60: 145-153.
158. Van Eyken P, Geerts A, de Bleser P, Lazou JM, Vrijsen R, Sciot R, Wisse E, Desmet VJ: Localization and cellular source of the extracellular matrix protein tenascin in normal and fibrotic rat liver. Hepatology 1992; 15: 909-916.
159. Schwogler S, Neubauer K, Knittel T, Chung AE, Ramadori G: Entactin gene expression in normal and fibrotic rat liver and in rat liver cells. Lab. Invest. 1994; 70: 525-536.
160. Ramadori G, Knittel T, Odenthal M, Schwogler S, Neubauer K, Meyer zum Buschenfelde K-H: Synthesis of cellular fibronectin by rat liver fat-storing (Ito) cells regulation by cytokines. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 1313-1321.
161. Jarnagin WR, Rockey DC, Koteliansky VE, Wang SS, Bissell DM: Expression of variant fibronectins in wound healing: cellular source and biological activity of the EIIIA segment in rat hepatic fibrogenesis. J. Cell. Biol. 1994; 127: 2037-2048.
162. Casini A, Ceni E, Salzano R, Schuppan D, Milani S, Pellegrini G, Surrenti C: Regulation of undulin synthesis and gene expression in human fat-storing cells by acetaldehyde and transforming growth factor-beta comparison with fibronectin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1994; 199: 1019-1026.
163. Arenson DM, Freidman SL, Bissell DM: Formation of extracellular matrix in normal rat liver lipocytes as a major source of proteoglycan. Gastroenterology 1988; 95: 441-447.
164. Schafer S, Zerbe O, Gressner AM: The synthesis of proteoglycans in fat-storing cells of rat liver. Hepatology 1987; 7: 680-687.
165. Gressner AM, Haarmann R: Hyaluronic acid synthesis and secretion by rat liver fat storing cells (perisinusoidal lipocytes) in culture. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1988; 151: 222-229.
166. Gressner AM: Time-related distribution profiles of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in cells, cell surfaces, and media of cultured rat liver fat-storing cells. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1991: 196: 307-315.
167. Gressner AM, Schafer S: Comparison of sulphated glycosaminoglycan and hyaluronate synthesis and secretion in cultured hepatocytes, fat storing cells, and Kupffer cells. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 1989; 27: 141-149.
168. Casini A, Galli G, Salzano R, Santicioli P, Maggi CA, Rotella CM, Surrenti C: Calcitonin gene-related peptide increases the production of glycosaminoglycans but not of collagen type I and III in cultures of rat fat-storing cells. Life Sci. 1991; 49: 163-168.
169. Kovalszky H, Gallai M, Armbrust T, Ramadori G: Syndecan-1 gene expression in isolated rat liver cells (hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, endothelial and Ito cells). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1994; 204: 944-949.
170. Roskams T, Moshage H, De Vos R, Guido D, Yap P, Desmet V: Heparan sulphate proteoglycan expression in normal human liver. Hepatology 1995; 21: 950-958.
171. Auch D, Gressner AM: Syndecan proteoglycan core protein gene transcription in rat liver fat storing cells and hepatocytes. In: Knook D.L., E. Wisse (Eds.): Cells of the Hepatic Sinusoid (vol.4), pp. 252-255. Kupffer Cell Foundation, Rijswijk, The Netherlands (1993).
172. Meyer DH, Krull N, Dreher KL, Gressner AM: Biglycan and decorin gene expression in normal and fibrotic rat liver cellular localization and regulatory factors. Hepatology 1992; 16: 204-216.
173. Krull NB, Zimmermann T, Gressner AM: Spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression for the proteoglycans biglycan and decorin and for transforming growth factor-beta 1 revealed by in situ hybridization during experimentally-induced liver librosis in the rat. Hepatology 1993; 18: 581-589.
174. Chojkier M, Brenner D: Therapeutic strategies for hepatic fibrosis. Hepatology 1988; 8: 176-182.
175. Brenner D, Alcorn J: Therapy for hepatic fibrosis. Semin. Liver Dis. 1990; 10: 75-83.
176. Mezey E: Approaches to treatment of fibrogenesis in alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol .Alcohol. Suppl. 1991; 1: 363-367.
177. Rojkind M: Fibrogenesis in cirrhosis. Potential for therapeutic intervention. Pharmacol. Ther. 1992; 53: 81-104.
178. Friedman S: The cellular basis of hepatic fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1993; 25: 1828-1835.
179. Jonker AM, Dijkhuis FWJ, Boes A, Hardonk MJ, Grond J: Immunohistochemical study of extracellular matrix in acute galactosamine hepatitis in rats. Hepatology 1992; 15: 423-431.
180. Mancini R, Jiziquel AM, Benedetti A, Paolucci F, Trozzi L, Orlandi F: Quantitative analysis of proliferating sinusoidal cells in dimethylnitrosamine-induced cirrhiosis. An immunohistochemical study. J. Hepatol. 1992; 15: 361-366.
181. Geerts A, Schellnck P, Bouwens L, Wisse E: Cell population kinetics of Kupffer cells during the onset of fibrosis in rat liver by chronic carbon tetrachloride administration. J. Hepatol. 1988; 6: 50-56.
182. Hendriks HFJ, Bosma A, Brouwer A: Fat-storing cells, hyper- and hypovitaminosis A and the relationships with liver fibrosis. Semin. Liver Dis. 1993; 13: 72-80.
183. Geubel A, de Galoscy C, Alves N, Rahier J, Dive C: Liver damage caused by therapeutic vitamin A administration estimation of dose-related toxicity in 41 cases. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 1701-1709.
184. Senoo H, Wake K: Suppression of experimental hepatic fibrosis by administration of vitamin A. Lab Invest 1985; 52: 182-194.
185. Minato Y, Hasumura Y, Takeuchi J: The role of fat-storing cells in Disse space fibrogenesis in alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 1983; 3: 559-566.
186. Le Bail B, Bioulac-Sage P, Senuita R, Quinton A, Saric J, Balabaud C: Fine structure of the hepatic sinusoids and sinusoidal cells in disease. J. Electron Microsc. Tech. 1990; 14: 257-282.
187. Latry P, Bioulac-Sage P, Echinard E, Gin H, Boussarie L, Grimaud JA, Balabaud C: Perisinusoidal fibrosis and basement membrane-like material in the livers of diabetic patients. Hum. Pathol. 1987; 18: 775-780.
188. Dupon M, Kosaifi T, le Bail B, Lacut Y, Balabaud C, Bioulac-Sage P: Lipid-laden perisinusoidal cells in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Liver 1991; 11: 211-219.
189. Popper H, Thomas L, Schaffner F, Maltoni C, Selikoff I: Interaction between sinusoidal cells and hepatocytes in human and experimental angiosarcoma induced by environmental factors. In: Wisse, E., D.L. Knook (Eds): Kupffer Cells and Other Liver Sinusoidal Cells, pp. 173-181. Amsterdam Elsevier, North Holland (1977).
190. Hopwood D, Nyfors A: Effect of methotrexate therapy in psoriatics on the Ito cells in liver biopsies, assessed by point-counting. J. Clin. Pathol. 1976; 29: 698-703.
191. Van Parys G, Evenepoel C, van Damme B, Desmet VJ: Ketoconazole-induced hepatitis a case with a definite cause-effect relationship. Liver 1987; 7: 27-30.
192. Balazs M: Sinusoidal dilatation of the liver in patients on oral contraceptives. Electron microscopical study of 14 cases. Exp. Pathol. 1988; 35: 231-237.
193. Roux D, Merlio JP, Quinton A, Lamouliatte H, Balabaud C, Bioulac-Sage P: Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia, portal hypertension, and sinusoidal abnormalities. Gastroenterology 1987; 92: 1067-1072.
194. Lafon ME, Bioulac-Sage P, Grimaud JA, Boussarie L, Merlio JP, Reiffers J, Balabaud C: Perisinusoidal fibrosis of the liver in patients with thrombocytopenic purpura. Virchows Arch. A Pathol. Anat. Histopathol. 1987; 411: 553-559.
195. Poynard T, Bedossa P, Naveau S, Lemaigre G, Martin ED, Chaput JC: Perisinusoidal cells (Ito ells) enlargement in a family with myotonic dystrophy. Liver 9 (1989) 276-278.
196. Callea F, Mebis J, Desmet VJ: Myofibroblasts in focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver. Virchows Arch. A Pathol. Anat. Histopathol. 1982; 396: 155-66.
197. Torimura T, Ueno T, Inuzuka S, Tanaka M, Abe H, Tanikawa K: Mechanism of fibrous capsule formation surrounding hepatocellular carcinoma. Immunohistochemical study. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 1991; 115: 365-371.
198. Enzan H, Himeno H, Iwamura S, Onishi S, Saibara T, Yamamoto T, Hara H: Alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive perisinusoidal stromal cells in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 1994; 19: 895-903.
199. A.
200. Barbosa Junior A de A, Pfeifer U, Andrade ZA: Role of fat-storing cells in schistosomal hepatic fibrosis of mice. Virchows Arch. B Cell Pathol. Incl. Mol. Pathol., 1993; 64: 91-96.
201. Johnson SJ, Mathew J, MacSween RNM, Bennett MK, Burt AD: Post-infantile giant cell hepatitis: a histological and immunohistochemical study. J. Clin. Pathol. 1994; 47: 1022-1027.