Radiographic imaging modalities for the patient in the emergency department with abdominal complaints

Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 789-850

  Billittier, A J ^a   Abrams, B J ^a   Brunetto, A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABDOMINAL AORTA ANEURYSM; ABDOMINAL DISEASE; ABDOMINAL INJURY; ABDOMINAL RADIOGRAPHY; BILIARY TRACT RADIOGRAPHY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; ECHOGRAPHY; EMERGENCY WARD; ENTEROPATHY; HUMAN; LIVER INJURY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PANCREAS INJURY; PANCREATITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPLEEN INJURY;

EID: 0029912678     PISSN: 07338627     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0733-8627(05)70279-0     Document Type: Article

References (254)

1. S.G. Abramson W.E. Berdon R.A. Kaufman Hepatic parenchymal and subcapsular gas after hepatic laceration caused by blunt abdominal trauma AJR Am J Roentgenol 153 1989 1031 1032
2. M. Alpert S. Brody The detection of massive colonic hemorrhage by selective coeliac angiography Br J Radiol 60 1987 190 192
3. E.S. Amis J.J. Cronan R.C. Pfister Ultrasonic inaccuracies in diagnosing renal obstruction Urology 19 1982 101 105
4. E.S. Amis D.S. Hartman Renal ultrasonography 1984: A practical overview Radiol Clin North Am 22 1984 315 332
5. A. Andersson L. Bergdahl W. Van Der Linden Volvulus of the cecum Ann Surg 181 1975 876 879
6. T.E. Andreoli C.C.J. Carpenter Cecil Cecil Essentials of Medicine 1990 WB Saunders Philadelphia 276 280
7. N.H. Baker O.H. Beahrs Pneumogastrograms in the diagnosis of acute abdominal disease Ann Surg 153 1961 587 588
8. S.R. Baker The abdominal plain film 1990 Appleton & Lange Norwalk, CT 155 241
9. S.R. Baker The abdominal plain film: What will be its role in the future? Radiol Clin North Am 31 1993 1335 1344
10. E.J. Balthazar L.S. Schechter Gallstone ileus: The importance of contrast examinations in the roentgenographic diagnosis AJR Am J Roentgenol 125 1975 374 379
11. B.J. Barrett P.S. Parfrey J.R. McDonald Nonionic low-osmolality versus ionic high-osmolality contrast material for intravenous use in patients perceived to be at high risk: Randomized trial Radiology 183 1992 105 110
12. S.D. Beede D.J. Ballard E.M. James Positive predictive value of clinical suspicion of abdominal aortic aneurysm: Implications for efficient use of abdominal ultrasonography Arch Intern Med 150 1990 549 551
13. R.N. Berk The plain abdominal radiograph R.N. Berk A.R. Clemett Radiology of the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts 1977 WB Saunders Philadelphia 1 40
14. P. Bower J. Paul S.A. Brosman Urinary tract abnormalities presenting as a result of blunt abdominal trauma J Trauma 18 1978 719 722
15. D.J. Brascho T.N. Reynolds P. Zanca The radiographic “colon cut-off sign” in acute pancreatitis Radiology 79 1962 763 766
16. R.J. Brewer G.T. Golden D.C. Hitch Abdominal pain: An analysis of 1,000 consecutive cases in a university hospital emergency room Am J Surg 131 1976 219 223
17. H. Brinkmann M. Gunther Frequent occurrence of contrast medium reactions in urograms following accidents in childhood Klin Pediatr 96 1984 100 102
18. L.A. Brunsting J.H. Morton Gastric rupture from blunt abdominal trauma J Trauma 27 1987 887 890
19. D. Bryk Functional evaluation of small bowel obstruction by successive abdominal roentgenograms AJR Am J Roentgenol 116 1972 262 275
20. D. Bryk B.S. Wolf A radiological evaluation of small bowel activity in the acute abdomen Crit Rev Diagn Imaging 10 1977 99 128
21. T.J. Bundrick S.R. Cho W.H. Brewer Ascites: Comparison of plain film radiographs with ultrasonograms Radiology 152 1984 503 506
22. D.W. Burks S.E. Mirvis K. Shanmuganathank Acute adrenal injury after blunt abdominal trauma: CT findings AJR Am J Roentgenol 158 1992 503 505
23. R.P. Burns J.L. Cochran W.L. Russell Appendicitis in mature patients Ann Surg 201 1985 695 704
24. M. Burrell R. Toffler R. Lowman Blunt trauma to the abdomen and gastrointestinal tract Radiol Clin North Am 115 1973 561 578
25. W.H. Bush M.F. Mullarkey D.R. Webb Adverse reactions to radiographic contrast material West J Med 132 1980 95 98
26. J.P. Campbell A.A. Gunn Plain abdominal radiographs and acute abdominal pain Br J Surg 75 1988 554 556
27. A.S. Cass Immediate radiological evaluation and early surgical management of genitourinary injuries from external trauma J Urol 122 1979 772 774
28. A.S. Cass Immediate radiologic and surgical management of renal injuries J Trauma 22 1982 361 363
29. A.S. Cass M. Luxenberg Conservative or immediated surgical management of blunt renal injuries J Urol 130 1983 11 15
30. A.S. Cass M. Luxenberg P. Gleich Clinical indications for radiographic evaluation of blunt renal trauma J Urol 136 1986 370 371
31. A.S. Cass J. Vieira Comparison of IVP and CT findings in patients with suspected severe renal injury Urology 29 1987 484 487
32. T.S. Chang L. Lepanto Ultrasonography in the emergency setting Emerg Med Clin North Am 10 1992 1 25
33. K.C. Cho S.R. Baker Air in the fissure for the ligamentum teres: A new plain film sign of intraperitoneal air Radiology 178 1991 489 492
34. E.E. Christensen M.J. Landay Visible muscle of the diaphragm: Sign of extraperitoneal air AJR Am J Roentgenol 135 1980 521 523
35. R.H. Cohan B.S. Mahony J.D. Bowie Striated intramural gallbladder lucencies on US studies: Predictors of acute cholecystitis Radiology 164 1987 31 35
36. J.A. Coleman M.J. Denham Perforation of the peptic ulceration in the elderly Age Aging 9 1980 257 261
37. D.E. Cook J.W. Walsh C.W. Vick Upper abdominal trauma: Pitfalls in CT diagnosis Radiology 159 1986 65 69
38. M. Craig Kidneys, adrenal glands and spleen Pocket Guide to Ultrasound Measurements 1988 JB Lippincott Philadelphia 53 66
39. B. Cramer G. deLacey Procedures in practice—intravenous urography BMJ 281 1980 661 663
40. N.S. Curry R.P. Gobien S.I. Schabel Minimal-dilatation obstructive nephropathy Radiology 143 1982 531 535
41. J.J. Darlak M. Moskowitz K.R. Kattan Calcifications in the liver Radiol Clin North Am 18 1980 209 219
42. S. Davis S.P. Parbhoo M.J. Gibson The plain abdominal radiograph in acute pancreatitis Clin Radiol 31 1980 87 93
43. M. DeBakey Acute perforated gastroduodenal ulceration: A statistical analysis and review of the literature Surgery 8 1940 852 884
44. G. deLacey T. Bloomberg O.K. Wignall Pneumoperitoneum: The misleading double wall sign Clin Radiol 28 1977 445 448
45. D. Demetriades B. Rabinowitz C. Sofianos Hematuria after blunt trauma: The role of pyelography Br J Surg 72 1985 745 747
46. F.H. Doyle J.M. Penncock L.M. Banks Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the liver: Initial experience AJR Am J Roentgenol 138 1982 193 200
47. J.A. Eastham T.G. Wilson T.E. Ahlering Radiographic assessment of blunt renal trauma J Trauma 31 1991 1527 1528
48. R.L. Eisenberg P. Heineken M.W. Hedgcock Evaluation of plain abdominal radiographs in the diagnosis of abdominal pain Ann Surg 197 1983 464 469
49. P.H. Ellenbogen F.W. Scheible L.B. Talner Sensitivity of gray scale ultrasound in detecting urinary tract obstruction AJR Am J Roentgenol 130 1978 731 736
50. F.B. Epstein Acute abdominal pain in pregnancy Emerg Med Clin North Am 12 1994 151 165
51. A.S. Ericksen M.J. Krasna B.A. Mast Use of gastrointestinal contrast studies in obstruction of the small and large bowel Dis Colon Rectum 33 1990 56 64
52. E. Erturk J. Sheinfeld P.L. Dimarco Renal trauma: Evaluation by computerized tomography J Urol 133 1985 946 949
53. B.C. Erwin B.A. Carroll F.G. Sommer Renal colic: The role of ultrasound in initial evaluation Radiology 152 1984 147 150
54. M.P. Federle The role of computed tomography in renal trauma Radiology 141 1981 455 460
55. M.P. Federle R.B. Jeffrey Hemoperitoneum studied by computed tomography Radiology 148 1983 187 192
56. H.J. Fee P.C. Jones B. Kadell Radiologic diagnosis of appendicitis Arch Surg 112 1977 742 744
57. A.J. Feldman Thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms J.E. Tintinalli R.L. Krome E. Ruiz Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide ed 3 1992 McGraw-Hill New York 247 249
58. S. Field P.J. Guy S.M. Upsdell The erect abdominal radiograph in the acute abdomen: Should its routine use be abandoned? BMJ 290 1985 1934 1936
59. R.G. Fisher K. Foucar R. Estrada Splenic rupture in blunt trauma: Correlation of angiographic and pathologic records Radiol Clin North Am 19 1981 141 165
60. G. Fleisher S. Ludwig M. McSorley Interpretation of pediatric x-ray films by emergency department pediatricians Ann Emerg Med 12 1983 153 158
61. T.B. Fletcher H. Setiawan R.S. Harrell Posterior abdominal stab wounds: Role of CT evaluation Radiology 173 1989 621 625
62. M.J. Foley G.G. Ghahremani L.F. Rogers Reappraisal of contrast media used to detect upper gastrointestinal perforations: Comparison of ionic water-soluble media with barium sulfate Radiology 144 1982 231 237
63. J.B. Fortune J. Brahme M. Mulligan Emergency intravenous pyelography in the trauma patient: A reexamination of the indications Arch Surg 120 1985 1056 1059
64. E.A. Franken S.C. Kao W.L. Smith Imaging of the acute abdomen in infants and children AJR Am J Roentgenol 153 1989 921 927
65. J. Frimann-Dahl General pathological findings Roentgen Examinations in Acute Abdominal Diseases ed 3 1974 Charles C Thomas Springfield, IL 40 77
66. J. Frimann-Dahl Special pathological findings Roentgen Examinations in Acute Abdominal Diseases ed 3 1974 Charles C Thomas Springfield, IL 88 131
67. S.L. Gammill C.M. Nice Air fluid levels: Their occurrence in normal patients and their role in the analysis of ileus Surgery 71 1972 771 780
68. S.B. Gay C.L. Sistrom Computed tomographic evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma Radiol Clin North Am 30 1992 367 388
69. R. Gelman S.E. Mirvis D. Gens Diaphragmatic rupture due to blunt trauma: Sensitivity of plain chest radiographs AJR Am J Roentgenol 156 1991 51 57
70. J.L. Glover Cholecystitis J.E. Tintinalli R.L. Krome E. Ruiz Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide 1992 McGraw-Hill New York 353 355
71. B.B. Goldberg Ultrasonic evaluation of intraperitoneal fluid JAMA 235 1976 2427 2430
72. B.B. Goldberg H.R. Clearfield G.A. Goodman Ultrasonic determination of ascites Arch Intern Med 131 1973 217 220
73. B.B. Goldberg G.A. Goodman H.R. Clearfield Evaluation of ascites by ultrasound Radiology 96 1970 15 22
74. O. Goletti G. Ghiselli P.V. Lippolis The role of ultrasonography in blunt abdominal trauma: Results in 250 consecutive cases J Trauma 36 1994 178 181
75. G.A. Gooding Vascular Evaluation C.A. Mittelstaedt General Ultrasound 1992 Churchill Livingstone New York 705 723
76. M.C. Gratton J.A. Salomone W.A. Watson Clinically significant radiograph misinterpretations at an emergency medicine residency program Ann Emerg Med 19 1990 497 502
77. S.J. Grossman J.M. Joyce Hepatobiliary imaging Emerg Med Clin North Am 9 1991 853 874
78. R. Gruessner B. Mentges C. Duber Sonography versus peritoneal lavage in blunt abdominal trauma J Trauma 29 1989 242 244
79. W.G. Guerriero C.E. Carlton R. Scott Renal pedicle injuries J Trauma 11 1971 53 62
80. K. Guice K. Oldham B. Eide Hematuria after blunt trauma: When is pyelography useful? J Trauma 23 1983 305 311
81. V.V. Gumaste B.D. Pradyuman Ingestion of corrosive substances by adults Am J Gastroenterol 87 1992 1 5
82. M.C. Haddad H.S. Sharif M.S. Shahed Renal colic: Diagnosis and outcome 184 1992 83 88
83. A. Hagiwara T. Yukioka M. Satou Early diagnosis of small intestine rupture from blunt abdominal trauma using computed tomography: Significance of the streaky density within the mesentery J Trauma 38 1995 630 633
84. S.Y. Han D.M. Witten H.S. Prim Plain film findings in massive gastrointestinal bleeding AJR Am J Roentgenol 128 1977 437 439
85. S.W. Hardeman D.A. Husmann H.K. Chinn Blunt urinary tract trauma: Identifying those patients who require radiological diagnostic studies J Urol 138 1987 99 101
86. D.C. Hardy J.K. Lee P.J. Weyman Measurement of the abdominal aortic aneurysm Radiology 141 1981 821 823
87. C.L. Harlow R.L. Stears B.E. Zeligman Diagnosis of bowel obstruction on plain abdominal radiographs: Significance of air-fluid levels at different heights in the same loop of bowel AJR Am J Roentgenol 161 1993 291 295
88. K.G. Harris T.P. Smith A.H. Cragg Nephrotoxicity from contrast material in renal insufficiency: Ionic versus nonionic agents Radiology 179 1991 849 852
89. G.W. Hartman Mortality during excretory urography AJR Am J Roentgenol 139 1982 919 922
90. E. Hatfield H. MacMahon M. Hatfield Efficacy of plain abdominal radiography in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding Ann Emerg Med 17 1988 903 905
91. C.W. Hayes W.F. Conway J.W. Walsh Seat belt injuries: Radiologic findings and clinical correlation Radiographics 11 1991 23 26
92. M.W. Hayward C. Hayward W.P. Ennis A pilot evaluation of radiography of the acute abdomen Clin Radiol 35 1984 289 291
93. E. Heiberg M.K. Wolverson R.N. Hurd CT recognition of traumatic rupture of the diaphragm AJR Am J Roentgenol 135 1980 369 372
94. M. Heller D. Jehle Ultrasound in Emergency Medicine 1995 WB Saunders Philadelphia 1 165
95. M.B. Heller V.P. Verdile Ultrasonography in emergency medicine Emerg Med Clin North Am 10 1992 27 45
96. E.R. Henelt S.E. Smith M.E. Dodds Pneumogastrography in perforated gastroduodenal ulcers Am J Surg 106 1963 491 493
97. P.L. Henneman J.A. Marx E.E. Moore Diagnostic peritoneal lavage: Accuracy in predicting necessary laparotomy following blunt and penetrating trauma J Trauma 30 1990 1345 1355
98. Y. Higashi A. Mizushima H. Matsumoto Introduction to Abdominal Ultrasonography 1991 Springer-Verlag New York 92 166
99. M.C. Hill J.I. Rich J.G. Mardiat Sonography vs. excretory urography in acute flank pain AJR Am J Roentgenol 144 1985 1235 1238
100. A.K. Hodgdon A.B. Wolfson Pancreatitis Emerg Med Clin North Am 8 1990 873 885
101. J.R. Hoffman R.R. Simon M. Smith Use of intravenous pyelography in blunt trauma—A reappraisal West J Med 146 1987 576 579
102. R. Hoffman M. Nerlich M. Muggia-Sullam Blunt abdominal trauma in cases of multiple trauma evaluated by ultrasonography: A prospective analysis of 291 patients J Trauma 32 1992 452 455
103. J.J. Hollerman Computed tomography J.E. Tintinalli R.L. Krome E. Ruiz Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide ed 3 1978 McGraw-Hill New York 1126 1136
104. M.C. Horattas D.P. Guyton D. Wu A reappraisal of appendicitis in the elderly Am J Surg 160 1990 291 293
105. H. Hricak L. Crooks P. Sheldon Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the kidney Radiology 146 1983 425 432
106. H. Hricak R. Filly A.R. Margulis Work in progress: Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the gallbladder Radiology 147 1983 481 484
107. S.G. Hubbard B.A. Bivins C.R. Sachatello Diagnostic errors with peritoneal lavage in patients with pelvic fractures Arch Surg 114 1979 844 846
108. D.O. Jacobs R.G. Settle J.R. Clarke Identification of human appendicitis by in vitro nuclear magnetic resonance J Surg Res 48 1990 107 110
109. Jarowenko DG, Hess RM, Herr MS, et al: Use of ultrasonography in the evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma. Presented at the 49th Annual Session of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma 1989, pp 1031–1033
110. R.B. Jeffrey J.D. Cardoza E.W. Olcott Detection of active intra-abdominal arterial hemorrhage: Value of dynamic contrast-enhanced CT AJR Am J Roentgenol 156 1991 725 729
111. R.B. Jeffrey F.C. Laing R.R. Townsend Acute appendicitis: Sonographic criteria based on 250 cases Radiology 167 1988 327 330
112. R.B. Jeffrey F.C. Laing V.W. Wing Sensitivity of sonography in pyonephrosis: A revaluation AJR Am J Roentgenol 144 1985 71
113. D. Jehle J. Guarino H. Karamanoukian Emergency department ultrasound in the evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma Am J Emerg Med 11 1993 342 346
114. D.V. Jelasco E.H. Schultz The urachus—an aid to the diagnosis of pneumoperitoneum Radiology 92 1969 295 296
115. T.K. Jones J.W. Walsh K.I. Maull Diagnostic imaging in blunt trauma of the abdomen Surg Gynecol Obstet 157 1983 389 398
116. S.C. Jordan M.E. Ament Pancreatitis in children and adolescents J Pediatr 91 1977 211 216
117. E. Kane G. Fried C.K. McSherry Perforated peptic ulcer in the elderly J Am Geriatr Soc 29 1981 224 227
118. N.M. Kane G.S. Dorfman J.J. Cronan Efficacy of CT following peritoneal lavage in abdominal trauma J Comput Assist Tomogr 11 1987 998 1002
119. N.M. Kane I.R. Francis R.E. Burney Traumatic pneumoperitoneum: Implications of computed tomography diagnosis Invest Radiol 26 1991 574 578
120. H. Katayama K. Yamaguchi T. Kozuka Adverse reactions to ionic and nonionic contrast media Radiology 175 1990 621 628
121. K.R. Kattan The effect of changes in liver volume on the adjacent viscera Radiol Clin North Am 18 1980 195 207
122. D.M. Kaulesar Sukul E. Kats E.J. Johannes Sixty-three cases of traumatic injury of the diaphragm Injury 22 1991 303 306
123. D.E. Kester R.J. Andrassy J.B. Aust The value and cost effectiveness of abdominal roentgenograms in the evaluation of stab wounds to the abdomen Surg Gynecol Obstet 162 1986 337 339
124. E. Kisa W.G. Schenk Indications for emergency intravenous pyelography (IVP) in blunt abdominal trauma: A reappraisal J Trauma 26 1986 1086 1089
125. A. Kimura T. Otsuka Emergency center ultrasonography in the evaluation of hemo-peritoneum: A prospective study J Trauma 31 1991 20 23
126. S. Klein S. Johs R. Fujitani Hematuria following blunt abdominal trauma Arch Surg 123 1988 1173 1177
127. M.M. Krausz J. Manny Acute superior mesenteric arterial occlusion: A plea for early diagnosis Surgery 83 1978 482 485
128. F.W. Kremkau Ultrasound Diagnostic Ultrasound: Principles, Instruments and Exercises ed 3 1989 WB Saunders Philadelphia 1 64
129. A.B. Kurtz B.B. Goldberg Gastrointestinal Ultrasonography 1989 Churchill Livingstone New York 75 193
130. R.S. Kurtzman Radiology of blunt abdominal trauma Surg Clin North Am 57 1977 211 226
131. E.K. Lang J. Sullivan G. Frentz Renal trauma: Radiological studies Radiology 154 1985 1 6
132. F.A. Lederle J.M. Walker D.B. Reinke Selective screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms with physical examination and ultrasound Arch Intern Med 148 1988 1753 1756
133. B. Levin Mechanical small bowel obstruction Semin Roentgenol 8 1973 281 297
134. C.D. Levine U.J. Patel R.H. Wachsberg CT in patients with blunt abdominal trauma: Clinical significance of intraperitoneal fluid detected on a scan with otherwise normal findings AJR Am J Roentgenol 164 1995 1381 1385
135. M.S. Levine J.D. Scheiner S.E. Rubesin Diagnosis of pneumoperitoneum on supine abdominal radiographs AJR Am J Roentgenol 156 1991 731 735
136. G.A. Lewin V. Mikity W.A. Wingert Barium enema: An outpatient procedure in the early diagnosis of acute appendicitis J Pediatr 92 1978 451 453
137. H.G. Lewis-Jones G.H. Lamb P.L. Hughes Can ultrasound replace the intravenous urogram in preliminary investigation of renal tract disease? A prospective study Br J Radiol 62 1989 977 980
138. T.A. Lieu G.R. Fleisher S. Mahboubi Hematuria and clinical findings as indications for intravenous pyelography in pediatric blunt renal trauma Pediatrics 82 1988 216 222
139. M. Liu C.H. Lee F.K. P'eng Prospective comparison of diagnostic peritoneal lavage, computed tomographic scanning, and ultrasonography for the diagnosis of blunt abdominal trauma J Trauma 35 1993 267 269
140. N. Loberant C. Rose Imaging considerations in the geriatric emergency department patient Emerg Med Clin North Am 8 1990 361 397
141. L. Love G.B. Greenfield T.W. Braun Arteriography of splenic trauma Radiology 91 1968 96 102
142. R.M. Lowman L. Davis Evaluation of cecal size in impending perforation of the cecum Surg Gynecol Obstet 103 1956 711 718
143. O.J. Ma M.P. Kefer J.R. Mateer Single versus multiple views for rapid trauma ultrasound of the abdomen Ann Emerg Med 25 1995 130 135
144. S.J. Macrander T.L. Lawson W.D. Foley Periportal tracking in hepatic trauma: CT features J Comput Assist Tomogr 13 1989 952 957
145. B.L. Madrazo Emergency applications of abdominal sonography J.E. Tintinalli R.L. Krome E. Ruiz Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide ed 3 1992 McGraw-Hill New York 1120 1122
146. S.R. Malave H.L. Neiman S.M. Spies Diagnosis of hydronephrosis: Comparison of radionuclide scanning and sonography AJR Am J Roentgenol 135 1980 1179 1185
147. R.S. Malek Calculous disease of the genitourinary tract D.M. Witten G.H. Myers D.C. Utz Clinical Urography 1977 WB Saunders Philadelphia 1171 1368
148. J.B. Markus S. Somers E.F. Slobodan Interobserver variation in the interpretation of abdominal radiographs Radiology 171 1989 69 71
149. S.K. Markowitz F.M. Ziter The lateral chest film and pneumoperitoneum Ann Emerg Med 15 1986 425 427
150. K.I. Maull H. Fallazedah E.T. Mays Selective management of post-traumatic obstructing intramural hematoma of the duodenum Surg Gynecol Obstet 146 1978 221 224
151. K.I. Maull D.B. Reath Pneumogastrography in the diagnosis of perforated peptic ulcer Am J Surg 148 1984 340 345
152. F.E. Mayhue D.D. Rust J.C. Aldag Accuracy of interpretations of emergency department radiographs: Effect of confidence levels Ann Emerg Med 18 1989 826 830
153. J.W. McAninch M.P. Federle Evaluation of renal injuries with computerized tomography J Urol 128 1982 456 460
154. E.J. McDonald M. Korobkin R.P. Jacobs The role of emergency excretory urography in evaluation of blunt, abdominal trauma AJR Am J Roentgenol 126 1976 739 742
155. M. McKenney K. Lentz D. Nunez Can ultrasound replace diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the assessment of blunt trauma? J Trauma 37 1994 439 441
156. R. Mendez Renal trauma J Urol 118 1977 698 703
157. L. Menuck P.T. Siemers Pneumoperitoneum: Importance of right upper quadrant features AJR Am J Roentgenol 127 1976 753 756
158. J.W. Meredith J.A. Ditesheim S. Stonehouse Computed tomography and diagnostic peritoneal lavage: Complementary roles in blunt trauma Amer Surg 58 1992 44 48
159. P.F. Middlebrook J.F. Schillinger Hematuria and intravenous pyelography in pediatric blunt renal trauma Can J Surg 36 1993 59 62
160. W.D. Middleton W.J. Dodds T.L. Lawson Renal calculi: Sensitivity for detection with US Radiology 167 1988 239 244
161. J.E. Miller G.J. Whitman R.V. Iozzo Early diagnosis of experimental necrotizing enterocolitis using proton nuclear magnetic resonance J Surg Res 39 1985 322 330
162. R.E. Miller S.W. Nelson The roentgenologic demonstration of tiny amounts of free intraperitoneal gas: Experimental and clinical studies AJR Am J Roentgenol 112 1971 574 585
163. S.F. Millwood E. Breatnach K.C. Simpkins Do plain films of the chest and abdomen have a role in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis? Clin Radiol 34 1983 133 136
164. R.E. Mindelzun J.J. McCort Acute abdomen A.R. Margulis H.J. Burhenne Alimentary Tract Radiology ed 2 1973 Mosby St. Louis 291 361
165. S.E. Mirvis D.R. Gens K. Shanmuganathan Rupture of the bowel after blunt abdominal trauma: Diagnosis with CT AJR Am J Roentgenol 159 1992 1217 1221
166. S.E. Mirvis J.W. Young B. Keramati Plain film evaluation of patients with abdominal pain: Are three radiographs necessary? AJR Am J Roentgenol 147 1986 501 503
167. S.E. Mirvis J.R. Vainright A.W. Nelson The diagnosis of acute acalculias cholecystitis: A comparison of sonography, scintigraphy, and CT AJR Am J Roentgenol 147 1986 1171 1175
168. C.A. Mittelstaedt Biliary system C.A. Mittelstaedt General Ultrasound 1992 Churchill Livingstone New York 249 335
169. C.A. Mittelstaedt Kidney C.A. Mittelstaedt General Ultrasound 1992 Churchill Livingstone New York 833 842
170. C.A. Mittelstaedt Pancreas C.A. Mittelstaedt General Ultrasound 1992 Churchill Livingstone New York 388 413
171. C.A. Mittelstaedt Spleen C.A. Mittelstaedt General Ultrasound 1992 Churchill Livingstone New York 657 689
172. G.W. Molzen The appropriate utilization of abdominal radiographs S.V. Cantrill S. Karas Cost-Effective Diagnostic Testing in Emergency Medicine (Guidelines for Appropriate Utilization of Clinical Laboratory and Radiology Studies) 1994 American College of Emergency Physicians Dallas, TX 125 128
173. K.L. Moon M.P. Federle Computed tomography in hepatic trauma AJR Am J Roentgenol 141 1983 309 314
174. R.D. Moore Frequency and determinants of adverse reactions induced by high-osmolality contrast media Radiology 170 1989 727 732
175. G. Moreno H.H. Rivera Evaluation of the gastrocolic space in 100 cases of acute pancreatitis Radiology 118 1976 535 538
176. B.J. Murphy J. Casillas J.M. Yrizarry Traumatic adrenal hemorrhage: Radiologic findings Radiology 169 1988 701 703
177. A. Mutgi J.W. Williams M. Nettleman Renal colic: Utility of the plain abdominal roentgenogram Arch Intern Med 151 1991 1589 1592
178. A.Z. Najem D.J. Barillo C.R. Spillert Appendicitis versus pelvic inflammatory disease: A diagnostic dilemma Am Surg 51 1985 217 222
179. M.P. Nevitt D.J. Ballard J.W. Hallett Prognosis of abdominal aortic aneurysms: A population-based study N Engl J Med 321 1989 1009 1014
180. E.J. Newton Y.R. Parisky Abdominal trauma P. Rosen P.E. Doris R.M. Barkin Diagnostic Radiology in Emergency Medicine 1992 Mosby-Year Book St. Louis, MO 101 142
181. H.V. Nghiem R.B. Jeffrey R.E. Mindelzun CT of blunt trauma to the bowel and mesentery AJR Am J Roentgenol 160 1993 82 90
182. T.M. Nolan F. Oberklaid D. Boldt Radiological services in a hospital emergency department: An evaluation of service delivery and radiograph interpretation Aust Paediatr J 20 1984 109 112
183. H.G. Norell Traumatic rupture of the spleen diagnosed by abdominal aortography Acta Radiol 48 1957 449 452
184. M.R. O'Leary M. Smith W.W. Olmsted Physician assessments of practice patterns in emergency department radiograph interpretation Ann Emerg Med 17 1988 1019 1923
185. D. Orwig M.P. Federle Localized clotted blood as evidence of visceral trauma on CT: The sentinel clot sign AJR Am J Roentgenol 153 1989 747 749
186. D.T. Overton A quality assurance assessment of radiograph reading accuracy by emergency medicine faculty [abstract] Ann Emerg Med 16 1987 503 506
187. N. Pinkney A Review of the Concepts of Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation ed 4 1990 Sonicor, Inc. 1 21
188. J.F. Platt J.M. Rubin J.H. Ellis Distinction between obstructive and nonobstructive pyelocaliectasis with duplex Doppler sonography AJR Am J Roentgenol 153 1989 997 1000
189. M.C. Plewa Emergency abdominal radiography Emerg Med Clin North Am 9 1991 827 852
190. J.E. Pontes Urologic injuries Surg Clin North Am 57 1977 77 96
191. S.P. Quillin M.J. Siegel Diagnosis of appendiceal abscesses in children with acute appendicitis: Value of color doppler sonography AJR Am J Roentgenol 164 1995 1251 1254
192. D.R. Radin J.M. Halls Emphysematous cholecystitis presenting with pneumoperitoneum AJR Am J Roentgenol 149 1987 1175 1176
193. A.E. Rajagopalan J.H. Mason M. Kennedy The value of barium enema in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis Arch Surg 112 1977 531 533
194. P.W. Ralls P.M. Colletti S.A. Lapin Real-time sonography in suspected acute cholecystitis. Prospective evaluation of primary and secondary signs Radiology 155 1985 767 771
195. V. Raptopoulos Abdominal trauma: Emphasis on computed tomography Radiol Clin North Am 32 1994 969 987
196. A. Ravich Critical study of ureteral calculi J Urol 29 1933 171 185
197. C.R. Rees Blunt splenic trauma and the angiographed: Will we go back to the future? Radiology 181 1991 12 14
198. M.J. Rizzo M.P. Federle B.G. Griffiths Bowel and mesenteric injury following blunt abdominal trauma: Evaluation with CT Radiology 173 1989 143 148
199. J.L. Roberts K. Dalen C.M. Bosanko CT in abdominal and pelvic trauma Radiographics 13 1993 735 738
200. S.L. Robbins R.S. Cotran V. Kumar Pathologic Basis of Disease ed 3 1984 WB Saunders Philadelphia 529 535
201. J.J. Roh J.S. Thompson R.K. Harned Value of pneumoperitoneum in the diagnosis of visceral perforation Am J Surg 146 1983 830 833
202. P. Rosen S.Z. Barkin Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage P. Rosen P.E. Doris R.M. Barkin Diagnostic Radiology in Emergency Medicine 1992 Mosby-Year Book St. Louis, MO 379 387
203. C.S. Roth B.A. Bowyer T.H. Berquist Utility of the plain abdominal radiograph for diagnosing ureteral calculi Ann Emerg Med 14 1985 311 315
204. S.G. Rothrock S.M. Green M. Harding Plain abdominal radiography in the detection of acute medical and surgical disease in children: A retrospective analysis Pediatr Emerg Care 7 1991 281 285
205. S.G. Rothrock S.M. Green C.B. Hummel Plain abdominal radiography in the detection of major disease in children: A prospective analysis Ann Emerg Med 21 1992 1423 1429
206. G.S. Rozycki M.G. Ochsner J.H. Jaffin Prospective evaluation of surgeons' use of ultrasound in the evaluation of trauma patients J Trauma 34 1993 516 522
207. H.D. Safrit P.R. Reed Gastrointestinal complications of pancreatitis Radiol Clin North Am 27 1989 73 79
208. R.P. Sakover R.L. Del Fava Frequency of visualization of the normal appendix with the barium enema examination Am J Roentgenol Radium Nucl Med 121 1974 312 317
209. C.M. Sandler J.M. Phillips J.D. Harris Radiology of the bladder and urethra in blunt pelvic trauma Radiol Clin North Am 19 1981 195 211
210. C.M. Sandler B.D. Toombs Computerized tomographic evaluation of blunt renal injuries Radiology 141 1981 461 466
211. M.R. Sarfati G.C. Hunter D.B. Witzke Impact of adjunctive testing on the diagnosis and clinical course of patients with acute appendicitis Am J Surg 166 1993 660 665
212. S.S. Scartz The differential diagnosis of intestinal obstruction Semin Roentgenol 8 1973 323 338
213. W.G. Schenk V. Lonchyna J.A. Moylan Perforation of the jejunum from blunt abdominal trauma J Trauma 23 1983 54 56
214. W.L. Schey Use of barium in the diagnosis of appendicitis in children Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 118 1973 95 103
215. S. Schwartz J. Nadelhaft Simulation of colonic obstruction at the splenic flexure by pancreatitis: Roentgen features AJR Am J Roentgenol 78 1957 607 609
216. S.S. Schwartz The differential diagnosis of intestinal obstruction Semin Roentgenol 8 1973 323 338
217. S.J. Sclafani The role of angiographic hemostasis in salvage of the injured spleen Radiology 141 1981 645 650
218. S.J. Sclafani A. Weisberg T.M. Scala Blunt splenic injuries: Nonsurgical treatment with CT, arteriography, and transcatheter arterial embolization of the splenic artery Radiology 181 1991 189 196
219. M.I. Shaff R.W. Tarr C.L. Partain Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the acute abdomen Surg Clin North Am 68 1988 233 254
220. H.A. Shaffer Perforation and obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract: Assessment by conventional radiology Radiol Clin North Am 30 1992 405 426
221. H.A. Shaffer R.B. Harrison Gas in the appendix: A sometimes significant but nonspecific diagnostic sign Arch Surg 114 1979 587 589
222. K. Shanmuganathan S.E. Mirvis E.R. Sover Value of contrast-enhanced CT in detecting active hemorrhage in patients with blunt abdominal or pelvic trauma AJR Am J Roentgenol 161 1993 65 69
223. P. Sharma Traumatic diaphragmatic rupture: Not an uncommon entity—personal experience with collective review of the 1980's J Trauma 29 1989 678 680
224. L. Shea A.D. Graham J.C. Fletcher Diaphragmatic injury: A method for early diagnosis J Trauma 22 1982 539 543
225. J.P. Sherck D.D. Oakes Intestinal injuries missed by computed tomography J Trauma 30 1990 1 7
226. W.P. Shuman W.H. Hastrup T.R. Kohler Suspected leaking abdominal aortic aneurysm: Use of sonography in the emergency room Radiology 168 1988 117 119
227. A. Simpson D. Sandiman S.J. Nixon The value of erect abdominal films in the diagnosis of intestinal obstruction Clin Radiol 36 1985 41 42
228. D. Sinclair S. Wilson A. Toi The evaluation of suspected renal colic: Ultrasound scan versus excretory urography Ann Emerg Med 18 1989 556 559
229. M.J. Smerud C.D. Johnson D.H. Stephens Diagnosis of bowel infarction: A comparison of plain films and CT scans in 23 cases AJR Am J Roentgenol 154 1990 99 103
230. R.C. Smith A.T. Rosenfield K.A. Choe Acute flank pain: Comparison of non-contrast-enhanced CT and intravenous urography Radiology 194 1995 789 794
231. W. Smith A. Reid J.M. Hutchinson Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the pancreas Radiology 142 1982 677 680
232. C.S. Soter The use of barium in the diagnosis of acute appendiceal disease: A new radiological sign Clin Radiol 19 1968 410 415
233. D.D. Stark A.A. Moss H.I. Goldberg Magnetic resonance and CT of the normal and diseased pancreas: A comparative study Radiology 150 1984 153 162
234. G.L. Sternbach S.Z. Barkin Acute Abdominal Pain P. Rosen P.E. Doris R.M. Barkin Diagnostic Radiology in Emergency Medicine 1992 Mosby-Year Book St. Louis, MO 359 378
235. J. Stevenson F.D. Battistella The “one-shot” intravenous pyelogram: Is it indicated in unstable trauma patients before celiotomy? J Trauma 36 1994 828 834
236. R.G. Strate J.G. Grieco Blunt injury to the colon and rectum J Trauma 23 1983 384 387
237. G.O. Strauch Clinical findings in abdominal trauma Radiol Clin North Am 11 1973 555 560
238. J.J. Swift Stone and Calculus Disease of the Urinary? 1929 CV Mosby St. Louis, MO
239. G.A. Taylor M.R. Eichelberger B.M. Potter Hematuria: A marker of abdominal injury in children after blunt trauma Ann Surg 208 1988 688 693
240. T. Tiling B. Bouillon A. Schmid Ultrasound in blunt abdomino-thoracic trauma J.R. Border M. Allgoewer S.T. Hansen Blunt Multiple Trauma: Comprehensive Pathophysiology and Care 1990 Marcel Dekker New York 415 433
241. G. Thomson Stones in the ureter with report of a case Mayo Clin 27 1933 405 408
242. B. Throbjarnarson Acute appendicitis in patients over the age of 60 Surg Gynecol Obstet 125 1967 1277 1279
243. P. Tso A. Rodriguez C. Cooper Sonography in blunt abdominal trauma: A preliminary progress report J Trauma 33 1992 39 43
244. J. Weigelt Diagnosis of appendicitis R.N. McClellan B.L. Gewertz W.J. Fry Selected Readings in General Surgery 7 1980 University of Texas Dallas 1 14
245. C.I. Weiner J.N. Diaconis J.M. Dennis The “inverted V”: A new sign of pneumoperitoneum Radiology 107 1973 47 48
246. J.V. Wening Evaluation of ultrasound, lavage, and computed tomography in blunt abdominal trauma Surg Endosc 3 1989 152 158
247. E.W. Wilkins Emergency Medicine Scientific Foundations and Current Practice 1989 Williams & Wilkins Baltimore 916 925
248. L.F. Williams Mesenteric ischemia Surg Clin North Am 68 1988 331 353
249. M.D. Williams D.H. Young W.R. Schiller Trend toward nonoperative management of splenic injuries Am J Surg 160 1990 588 593
250. R.F. Wilson D.W. Ziegler Diagnostic and treatment problems in renal injuries Am Surg 53 1987 399 402
251. N.T. Wolfman R.E. Bechtold E.S. Scharling Blunt upper abdominal trauma: Evaluation by CT AJR Am J Roentgenol 158 1992 493 501
252. K. Wrenn Fecal impaction N Engl J Med 321 1989 658 662
253. H.C. Yeh B.S. Wolf Ultrasonography in ascites Radiology 124 1977 783 790
254. K.F. Zangerle K.V. Iserson J.C. Bjelland Usefulness of abdominal flat plate radiographs in patients with suspected ureteral calculi Ann Emerg Med 14 1985 316 319