The uptake of mineral particles by pulmonary epithelial cells

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Volumn 154, Issue 4 I, 1996, Pages 1124-1140

  Churg, Andrew ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMOSITE; ASBESTOS; BARIUM SULFATE; CARBON; CHRYSOTILE; IRON OXIDE; KAOLIN; SILICON DIOXIDE; TALC; TITANIUM DIOXIDE; TREMOLITE;

AIR POLLUTION; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; BRONCHUS MUCOSA; CELL TYPE; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CILIATED EPITHELIUM; CYTOSKELETON; HUMAN; INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE; LUNG ALVEOLUS EPITHELIUM; MACROPHAGE FUNCTION; MINERAL DUST; MOUSE; MUCOCILIARY TRANSPORT; NONHUMAN; PARTICULATE MATTER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; REVIEW; TRACHEA MUCOSA;

EID: 0029908521     PISSN: 1073449X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.154.4.8887617     Document Type: Review

References (185)

1. Holtzman, E. 1989. Lysosomes. Plenum Press, New York.
2. Lehnert, B. E. 1993. Defense mechanisms against inhaled particles and associated particle-cell interactions. In G. Guthrie and B. Mossman, editors. Reviews in Mineralogy, Vol 28. Mineralogical Society of America, Blacksburg, VA. 427-470.
3. Adamson, I. Y. R., and D. H. Bowden. 1984. Role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Pathol. 117:37-43.
4. Bowden, D. H., and I. Y. R. Adamson. 1984. The role of cell injury and the continuing inflammatory response in the generation of silicotic pulmonary fibrosis. J. Pathol. 144:149-161.
5. Mossman, B. T., M. S. J. Kessler, B. W. Ley, and J. E. Craighead. 1977. Interaction of crocidolite asbestos with hamster respiratory mucosa in organ culture. Lab. Invest. 36:131-139.
6. Mossman, B. T., K. B. Adler, and J. E. Craighead. 1978. Interaction of carbon particles with tracheal epithelium in organ culture. Environ. Res. 16:110-122.
7. Pezerat, H., R. Zalma, J. Guignard, and M. C. Jaurand. 1989. Production of oxygen radicals by the reduction of oxygen arising from the surface activity of mineral fibers. In J. Bignon, J. Peto, and R. Saracci, editors. Biological Effects of Mineral Fibers in the Nonoccupational Enviornment. IARC, Lyon. 100-111.
8. Hardy, J. A., and A. E. Aust. 1995. Iron in asbestos chemistry and carcinogenicity. Chem. Rev. 95:97-118.
9. Mossman, B. T., and J. P. Marsh. 1989. Evidence supporting a role for active oxygen species in asbestos-induced toxicity and lung disease. Environ. Health Perspect. 81:91-94.
10. Moyer, V. D., A. C. Cistulli, C. A. Vaslet, and A. B. Kane. 1994. Oxygen radicals and asbestos carcinogensis. Environ. Health Perspect. 102(Suppl. 10):131-136.
11. Farber, J. L., M. E. Kyle, and J. B. Coleman. 1990. Mechanisms of cell injury by activated oxygen species. Lab. Invest. 62:670-679.
12. Hart, G. A., L. M. Kathman, and T. W. Hesterberg. 1994. In vitro cytotoxicity of asbestos and man-made vitreous fibers: roles of fiber length, diameter and composition. Carcinogenesis 15:971-977.
13. Jaurand, M. C., I. Bastie-Sigeac, J. Bignon, and P. P. Stoebner. 1983. Effect of chrysotile and crocidolite on the morphology and growth of rat pleural mesothelial cells. Environ. Res. 30:255-269.
14. Jaurand, M. C., M. Yegles, H. Y. Dong, A. Renier, L. Saint-Etienne, L. Kheuang, X. Janson, and J. Bignon. 1994. In vitro DNA and chromosome damage produced by some mineral and man made particles on rat pleural mesothelial cells. In J. M. C. Davis and M. C. Jaurand, editors. Cellular and Molecular Effects of Minerals and Synthetic Dusts and Fibres. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 184-188.
15. Yegles, M., L. Saint-Etienne, A. Renier, X. Janson, and M. C. Jaurand. 1993. Induction of metaphase and anaphase/telophase abnormalities by asbestos fibers in rat pleural mesothelial cells in vitro. Am J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 9:186-191.
16. Donaldson, K., N. Golyasnya, and J. M. G. Davis. 1994. Long and short amosite asbestos samples: comparison of their chromosome-damaging effects to cells in culture with the results of other in vitro and in vivo assays of toxicity. In J. M. C. Davis and M. C. Jaurande, editors. Cellular and Molecular Effects of Minerals and Synthetic Dusts and Fibres. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 221-226.
17. Cole, R. W., J. G. Ault, J. H. Hayden, and C. L. Rieder. 1991. Crocidolite asbestos fibers undergo size-dependent microtubule-mediated transport after endocytosis in vertebrate lung epithelial cells. Cancer Res. 51:4942-4947.
18. Ault, J. G., R. W. Cole, C. G. Jensen, L. C. W. Jensen, L. A. Bachert, and C. L. Rieder. 1995. Behavior of crocidolite asbestos during mitosis in living vertebrate lung epithelial cells. Cancer Res. 55:792-798.
19. Hesterberg, T. W., and C. J. Barrett. 1985. Induction by asbestos fibers of anaphase abnormalities: mechanism for aneuploidy induction and possibly carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 3:473-475.
20. Hesterberg, T. W., C. J. Butterick, M. Oshimura, A. R. Brody, and J. C. Barrett. 1986. Role of phagocytosis in Syrian hamster cell transformation and cytogenetic effects induced by asbestos and short and long glass fibers. Cancer Res. 46:5795-5802.
21. Hei, T. K., C. O. Piao, D. Vannais, and C. A. Waldren. 1992. Chrysotile fiber is a strong mutagen in mammalian cells. Cancer Res. 52: 6305-6309.
22. Perderiset, M., J. P. Marsh, and B. T. Mossman. 1991. Activation of protein kinase C by crocidolite asbestos in hamster tracheal epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis 12:1499-1502.
23. Marsh, J. P., and B. T. Mossman. 1991. Role of asbestos and active oxygen species in activatin and expression of ornithine decarboxylase in hamster tracheal epithelial cells. Cancer Res. 51:167-173.
24. Heintz, N. H., Y. M. Janssen, and B. T. Mossman. 1993. Persistent induction of c-fos and c-jun expression by asbestos. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:3299-3303.
25. Janssen, Y. M. W., A. Barchowsky, M. Treadwell, K. E. Dircoll, and B. T. Mossman. 1995. Asbestos induces nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) DNA-binding activity and NF-kB dependent gene expression in tracheal epithelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92:8458-8462.
26. Brown, R. C., E. A. Sara, A. Hoskins, and C. E. Evans. 1991. Factors affecting the interaction of asbestos fibres with mammalian cells: a study using cells in suspension. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 35:25-34.
27. Brown, R. C., E. A. Sara, J. A. Hoskins, and C. E. Houghton. 1994. Interaction between mineral fibres and cell surface receptors studied with amosite and surface derivatized amosite asbestos. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 38:587-593.
28. Mossman, B. T., A. Eastman, J. M. Landesman, and E. Bresnick. 1983. Effects of crocidolite and chrysotle asbestos on cellular uptake and metabolism of benzoapyrene in hamster tracheal epithelial cells. Enivon. Health Perspect. 51:331-335.
29. Saffiotti, U., S. F. Stinson, K. P. Keenan, and E. M. McDowell. 1985. Tumor enhancement factors and mechanisms in the hamster respiratory tract. In M. J. Mass, et al., editors. Carcinogenesis, Vol. 8. Raven Press, New York. 63-92.
30. Stenback, F., J. Rowland, and A. Sellakumar. 1976. Carcinogenicity of benzo(a)pyrene and dusts in the hamster lung (instilled intratracheally with titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, carbon, and ferric oxide). Oncology 33:29-34.
31. Warshawsky, D., E. Bingham, and R. W. Neimeier. 1983. Influence of airborne particulate on the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene in the isolated perfused lung. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 11:503-517.
32. McDonald, J. C., and A. D. McDonald. 1986. Epidemiology of asbestos-related lung cancer. In K. Antman and J. Aisner, editors. Asbestos-related Malignancy. Grune and Stratton, New York. 57-79.
33. Peterson, M. W., M. E. Walter, and T. J. Gross. 1993. Asbestos directly increases lung epithelial permeability. Am. J. Physiol. 265:L308-L317.
34. Mangum, J. B., J. I. Everitt, J. C. Bonne, L. R. Moore, and A. R. Brody. 1990. Coculture of primary pulmonary cells to model alveolar injury and translocation of proteins. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 26:1135-1143.
35. Welsh, M. J., D. M. Shasby, R. M. Husted, P. Karp, and P. Spory. 1985. Oxidants increase paracellular permeability in a cultured epithelial cell line. J. Clin. Invest. 76:1155-1168.
36. Adamson, I. Y. R., H. L. Letourneau, and D. H. Bowden. 1991. Comparison of avleolar and interstitial macrophages in fibroblast stimulation after silica and long or short asbestos. Lab. Invest. 64:339-344.
37. Mermelstein, R., R. W. Kilpper, P. E. Morrow, and H. Muhle. 1994. Lung overload, dosimetry of lung fibrosis and their implications to the respiratory dust standard. Ann. Occup Hyg 38(Suppl. 1):313-322.
38. Oberdorster, G., J. Ferin, S. Soderholm, R. Gelein, C. Cox, R. Baggs, and P. E. Morrow. 1994. Increased pulmonary toxicity of inhaled ultrafine particles: due to lung overload alone? Ann. Occup. Hyg. 38(Suppl. 1):295-302.
39. Bowden, D. H. 1987. Macrophages, dust, and pulmonary diseases. Experimental Lung Research 12:89-107.
40. Adamson, I. Y. R., H. L. Letourneau, and D. H. Bowden. 1989. Enhanced macrophage-fibroblast interactions in the pulmonary interstitium increases fibrosis after silica injection to monocyte-depleted mice. Am. J. Pathol. 134:411-418.
41. Pinkerton, K. E., P. C. Pratt, A. R. Brody, and J. D. Crapo. 1984. Fiber localization and its relationship to lung reaction in rats after chronic inhalation of chrysotile asbestos. Am. J. Pathol. 117:484-498.
42. Oberdorster, G. 1995. Lung particle overload: implications for occupational exposures to particles. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 27:123-135.
43. Adamson, I. Y. R., and D. H. Bowden. 1990. Pulmonary reaction to long and short asbestos fibers is independent of fibroblast growth factor production by alveolar macrophages. Am. J. Pathol. 137: 523-529.
44. Martell, E. A. 1983. Radiation at bronchial bifurcations of smokers from indoor exposure to radon progeny. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80:1285-1289.
45. Martonen, T. B., W. Hofmann, and J. E. Lowe. 1987. JE: Cigarette smoke and lung cancer. Health Phys. 52:213-217.
46. Oberdorster, G., R. M. Gelein, J. Ferin, and B. Weiss. 1995. Association of particulate air pollution and acute mortality: involvement of ultrafine particles? Inhal. Toxicol. 7:111-124.
47. Ferin, J., G. Oberdorster, and D. P. Penney. 1992. Pulmonary retention of ultrafine and fine particles in rats. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 6:535-542.
48. Seaton, A., W. MacNee, K. Donaldson, and D. Godden. 1995. Particulate air pollution and acute health effects. Lancet 345:176-178.
49. Churg, A., J. Hobson, and J. L. Wright. 1990. Effects of cigarette smoke dose and time after smoke exposure on uptake of asbestos fibers by rat tracheal epithelial cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 3:265-269.
50. Hobson, J., B. Gilks, J. Wright, and A. Churg. 1988. Cigarette smoke directly enhances asbestos fiber penetration and asbestos induced epithelial proliferation in rat tracheal explants. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 80:518-521.
51. Keeling, B., J. Hobson, and A. Churg. 1993. Effects of cigarette smoke on tracheal epithelial uptake of non-asbestos mineral particles in organ culture. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 9:335-340.
52. Mossman, B. T., and J. E. Craighead. 1979. Use of hamster tracheal organ cultures for assessing the cocarcinogenic effects of inorganic particulates on the respiratory epithelium. Prog. Exp. Tumor Res. 24:37-47.
53. Brody, A. R., L. H. Hill, B. Adkins, and R. W. O'Connor. 1981. Chrysotile asbestos inhalation in rats: deposition pattern and reaction of alveolar epithelium and pulmonary macrophages. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 123:670-679.
54. Adamson, I. Y. R., and D. H. Bowden. 1987. Response of mouse lung to crocidolite asbestos. 1. Minimal fibrotic reaction to short fibres. J. Pathol. 152:99-107.
55. Adamson, I. Y. R., and D. H. Bowden. 1987. Response of mouse lung to crocidolite asbestos. 2. Pulmonary fibrosis after long fibres. J. Pathol. 152:109-117.
56. Fasske, E. 1986. Pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis induced by chrysotile asbestos. Virchows Arch. A. Pathol. Anat. Histopathol. 408: 329-346.
57. Suzuki, Y., J. Churg, and T. Ono. 1972. Phagocytic activity of the alveolar epithelial cells in pulmonary asbestosis. Am. J. Pathol. 69: 373-388.
58. Suzuki, Y. 1974. Interaction of asbestos with alveolar cells. Environ. Health Perspect. 9:241-252.
59. McFadden, D., J. L. Wright, B. Wiggs, and A. Churg. 1986. Smoking increases the penetration of asbestos fibres into airway walls. Am. J. Pathol. 123:95-99.
60. Tron, V., J. L. Wright, N. Harrison, B. Wiggs, and A. Churg. 1987. Cigarette smoke makes airway and early parenchymal asbestos-induced lung disease worse in the guinea pig. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 136:271-276.
61. Gore, D. J., and G. Patrick. 1982. A quantitative study of the penetration of insoluble particles into the tissue of the conducting airways. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 26:149-159.
62. Stirling, C., and G. Patrick. 1980. The localization of particles retained in the trachea of the rat. Pathology 131:309-320.
63. Adamson, I. Y. R., and D. H. Bowden. 1981. Dose response of the pulmonary macrophagic system to various particulates and its relationship to transepithelial passage of free particles. Exp. Lung Res. 2:165-175.
64. Adamson, I. Y. R., and D. H. Bowden. 1982. Effects of irradiation on macrophagic response and transport of particles across the alveolar epithelium. Am. J. Pathol. 106:40-46.
65. Adamson, I. Y. R., and D. H. Bowden. 1982. Chemotactic and mitogenic components of the alveolar macrophage response to particles and neutrophil chemoattractant. Am. J. Pathol. 109:71-77.
66. Bowden, D. H., and I. Y. R. Adamson. 1982. Alveolar macrophage response to carbon in monocyte-depleted mice. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 126:708-711.
67. Bowden, D. H., and I. Y. R. Adamson. 1984. Response of pulmonary macrophages to unilateral instillation of carbon. Am. J. Pathol. 115: 151-155.
68. Bowden, D. H., and I. Y. R. Adamson. 1984. Pathways of cellular efflux and particulate clearance after carbon instillation to the lung. J. Pathol. 143:117-125.
69. Sorokin, S. P., and J. D. Brain. 1974. Pathways of clearance in mouse lungs exposed to iron oxide aerosols. Anat. Rec. 181:581-626.
70. Watson, A. Y., and J. D. Brain. 1979. Uptake of iron oxide aerosols by mouse airway epithelium. Lab. Invest. 40:450-459.
71. Warheit, D. B., L. H. Overby, G. George, and A. R. Brody. 1988. Pulmonary macrophages are attracted to inhaled particles through complement activation. Eur. Lung Res. 14:51-66.
72. Haugen, A., P. Q. Schafer, J. F. Lechner, G. D. Stoner, B. F. Trump, and C. C. Harris. 1982. Cellular ingestion, toxic effects and lesions observed in human bronchial epithelial tissue and cells cultured with asbestos and glass fibers. Int. J. Cancer 30:265-272.
73. Gilks, B., J. L. Wright, and A. Churg. 1988. Effects of cigarette smoke on tissue uptake and retention of iron oxide in the guinea pig. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 137:1382-1384.
74. Adamson, I. Y. R., H. Prieditis, and D. H. Bowden. 1992. Instillatin of chemotactic factor to silica-injected lungs lowers interstitial particle content and reduces pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Pathol. 141: 319-326.
75. Bowden, D. H., and I. Y. R. Adamson. 1984. The role of cell injury and the continuing inflammatory response in the generation of silicotic pulmonary fibrosis. J. Pathol. 144:149-161.
76. Brody, A. R., M. W. Roe, J. N. Evans, and G. S. Davis. 1982. Deposition and translocation of inhaled silica in rats. Quantification of particle distribution, macrophage participation and function. Lab. Invest. 47:533-542.
77. Brody, A. R., and L. H. Hill. 1982. Interstitial accumulation of inhaled chrysotile asbestos fibers and consequent formation of microcalcifications. Am. J. Pathol. 109:107-114.
78. Ferin, J., G. Oberdorster, S. C. Soderholm, and R. Gelein. 1991. Pulmonary tissue access of ultrafine particles. J. Aerosol Med. 4:57-68.
79. Ferin, J., G. Oberdorster, S. C. Soderholm, and R. Gelein. 1994. The rate of dose delivery affects pulmonary interstitialization of particles in rats. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 38:289-293.
80. Churg, A., and B. Stevens. 1992. Mineral particles in the human bronchial mucosa. II. Cigarette smokers without emphysema. Exp. Lung Res. 18:687-714.
81. Churg, A., J. L. Wright, and B. Stevens. 1990. Exogenous mineral particles in the human bronchial mucosa and lung parenchyma. I. Nonsmokers in the general population. Exp. Lung Res. 16:169-175.
82. Churg A., and B. Stevens. 1995. Enhanced retention of asbestos fibers in the airways of human smokers. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151:1409-1413.
83. McDonald, J. C., B. W. Case, P. E. Enterline, V. F. Henderson, A. D. McDonald, M. Plourde, and P. Sebastien. 1990. Lung dust analysis in the assessment of past exposure of man-made mineral fibre workers. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 34:427-441.
84. Pickett, J. P., P. Ingram, and J. D. Shelburne. 1980. Identification of inorganic particles in a single histologic section using both light microscopy and x-ray microprobe analysis. J. Histotechnol. 3:155-158.
85. Churg, A., and B. Wiggs. 1987. Types, numbers, sizes, and distribution of mineral particles in the lungs of urban male cigarette smokers. Environ. Res. 42:121-129.
86. Stetter, L. E., D. H. Growth, S. F. Platek, and J. R. Burg. 1989. Particulate concentrations in urban lungs. In P. Ingram, J. D. Shelburne, and V. L. Roggli, editors. Microprobe Analysis in Medicine. Hemisphere Press, New York. 133-146.
87. Kalliomaki, P. L., O. Taikina-aho, and P. Paakko. 1989. Smoking and the pulmonary mineral particle burden. In J. Bignon, J. Peto, and R. Saracci, editors. Non-occupational Exposure to Mineral Fibres. IARC, Lyon. 323-329.
88. Paoletti, L., L. Eibenschutz, and A. M. Cassano. 1989. Mineral fibres and dust in lungs of subjects living in an urban environment. In J. Bignon, J. Peto, and R. Saracci, editors. Non-occupational Exposure to Mineral Fibres. IARC, Lyon. 354-360.
89. Bair, W. J. 1989. Human respiratory tract model for radiological protection: a revison of the ICRP Dosimetric Model for the Respiratory System. Health Phys. 57:249-253.
90. Lippmann, M., D. B. Yeates, and R. E. Albert. 1980. Deposition, retention, and clearance of inhaled particles. Br. J. Ind. Med. 37:337-362.
91. Gerrity, T. R., P. S. Lee, and F. J. Hass. 1979. Calculated deposition of inhaled particles in the airway generations of normal subjects. J. Appl. Physiol. 47:867-873.
92. Sweeney, T. D., and J. D. Brain. 1991. Pulmonary deposition: determinants and measurement techniques. Toxicol Pathol. 4:384-397.
93. Im Hof, V., M. Geiser, S. Schurch, and P. Gehr. 1994. Clearance of particles deposited on tracheal surface in hamsters. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 38(Suppl. 1):203-209.
94. Gehr, P., V. Schurch, V. Im Hof, and M. Geiser. 1994. Inhaled particles deposited in the airways are displaced towards the epithelium. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 38:197-202.
95. Bowden, D. H. 1987. Macrophages, dust, and pulmonary disease. Exp. Lung Res. 12:89-107.
96. Morrow, P. E. 1992. Dust overloading of the lungs: update and appraisal. Toxicol. Appl. Pharrnacol. 113:1-12.
97. Vincent, J. H. 1990. The fate of inhaled aerosols: a review of observed trends and some generalizations. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 34:623-637.
98. Morrow, P. E. 1988. Possible mechanism to explain dust overloading of the lungs. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 10:369-384.
99. Oberdorster, G., J. Ferin, and P. E. Morrow. 1992. Volumetric loading of alveolar macrophages (AM): a possible basis for diminished AM-mediated particle clearance. Exp. Lung Res. 18:87-104.
100. Ferin, J., G. Oberdorster, D. P. Penney, S. C. Soderholm, R. Gelein, and H. C. Piper. 1990. Increased pulmonary toxicity of ultrafine particles. 1. Particle clearance, translocation, morphology. J. Aerosol. Sci. 21:381-384.
101. Brain, J. D. 1980. Macrophage damage in relation to the pathogenesis of lung diseases. Environ. Health Perspect. 35:21-28.
102. Svartengren, M., K. Widtskiold-Olsson, K. Philipson, and P. Camner. 1981. Retention of particles on the first bifurcation and the trachea of rabbits. Bull. Eur. Physiopathol. Respir. 17:87-91.
103. Schelsinger, B., and M. Lippman. 1978. Selective particle depositon and bronchogenic carcinoma. Environ. Res. 15:424-431.
104. Cohen, B. S., N. H. Harley, R. B. Schlesinger, and M. Lippman. 1988. Nonuniform particle deposition on tracheobronchial airways: implications for lung dosimetry. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 32:1045.
105. Henshaw, D. L., A. P. Few, R. Maharaj, and L. Shepherd. 1988. Autopsy studies of the microdistribution of α-active nuclides in lung tissue. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 32(Suppl.):1081-1085.
106. 210 in pulmonary tissues of cigarette smokers. N. Engl. J. Med. 273:1343-1351.
107. Warheit, D. B., M. A. Hartsky, and C. G. Plopper. 1994. Regional alveolar deposition patterns of inhaled particles are dependent upon airway branching patterns. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 38:55-61.
108. Chang, L. Y., L. H. Overby, A. R. Brody, and J. D. Crapo. 1988. Progressive lung cell reactions and extracellular matrix production after a brief exposure to asbestos. Am. J. Pathol. 131:156-170.
109. Wright, J. L., P. Cagle, A. Churg, T. V. Colby, and J. Myers. 1992. Disease of the small airways. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 146:240-262.
110. Churg, A., and J. L. Wright. 1988. Mineral particles in the walls of small airways in long term chrysotile miners. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 32:173-180.
111. Muller, W. J., G. D. Hess, and P. W. Scherer. 1990. A model of cigarette smoke particle deposition. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 51:245-251.
112. Asmundsson, T., and K. H. Kilburn. 1970. Mucociliary clearance rates at various levels in dog lungs. J. Aersole Med. 1:37-50.
113. Morrow, P. E., F. R. Gibb, and K. M. Gazioglu. 1967. A study of particulate clearance from the human lung. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 96:1209-1221.
114. Yeates, D. B., N. Aspin, H. Levison, M. T. Jones, and A. Bryan. 1975. Mucociliary tracheal transport rates in man. J. Appl. Physiol. 39: 487-495.
115. Sleigh, M. A. 1977. The nature and action of respiratory tract cilia. In J. D. Brain, D. F. Proctor, and L. M. Reid, editors. Respiratory Defense Mechanisms. Marcel Dekker, New York. 247-288.
116. van As, A. 1980. Pulmonary airway defense mechanisms. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 61(Suppl. 111):21-24.
117. Gil, J., and E. R. Weibel. 1971. Extracellular lining of bronchioles after perfusion fixation of rat lungs or electron microscopy. Anat. Rec. 169:185-200.
118. Luchtel, D. L. 1982. Mucociliary clearance interactions in rabbit intrapulmonary airways. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 1(Suppl.):77-81.
119. Valasquez, D. J., and P. E. Morrow. 1984. Estimation of guinea pig tracheobronchial transport rate using a compartment model. Exp. Lung Res. 7:163-176.
120. O2) aerosols and lung tumor induction in rats simulated by a physiology-oriented model. Inhal. Toxicol. 7: 1059-1074.
121. Lehnert, B. E., Y. E. Valdez, and C. C. Stewart. 1986. Translocation of particles to the tracheobronchial lymph nodes after lung deposition: kinetics and particle-cell relatinships. Exp. Lung Res. 10: 245-266.
122. Davis, J. M. G., J. Addison, R. E. Bolton, and K. Donaldson. 1986. The pathogenicity of long vs short fibre samples of amosite asbestos administered to rats by inhalation and intraperitoneal injection. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 67:415-430.
123. Davis, J. M. G., and A. D. Jones. 1986. Comparisons of the pathogenicity of long and short fibre chrysotile asbestos in rats. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 69:717-737.
124. Woodworth, C. D., B. T. Mossman, and J. E. Craighead. 1983. Interaction of asbestos with metaplastic squamous epithelium developing in organ cultures of hamster trachea. Environ. Health Perspect. 51:27-33.
125. McFadden, D., J. L. Wright, B. Wiggs, and A. Churg. 1986. Smoking inhibits asbestos clearance. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 133:372-374.
126. Mauderly, J. M., B. T. Chen, F. F. Hahn, D. L. Lundgren, and R. G. Cuddihy. 1989. The effect of chronic cigarette smoke inhalation on the long-term pulmonary clearance of inhaled particles in the rat. In A. P. Wehner, editor. Biological Interactions of Inhaled Mineral Fibers and Cigarette Smoke. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. 223-240.
127. Churg, A., J. L. Wright, J. Hobson, and B. Stevens. 1991. Effects of cigarette smoke on the clearance of long and short asbestos fibers from the lung. Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 73:287-297.
128. Ghio, A. J., T. P. Kennedy, A. R. Whorton, A. L. Crumbliss, G. E. Hatch, and J. R. Hoidal. 1992. Role of surface complexed iron in oxidant generation and lung inflammation induced by silicates. Am. J. Physiol. 263:L511-L518.
129. Vallyathan, V., X. Shi, N. S. Dalal, W. Irr, and V. Castranova. 1988. Generation of free radicals from freshly fractured silica dust. Potential role in acute silica-induced lung injury. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 138: 1213-1218.
130. Hobson, J., J. L. Wright, and A. Churg. 1990. Active oxygen species mediate asbestos fiber uptake by tracheal epithelial cells. F.A.S.E.B. J. 4:3135-3139.
131. Keeling, B., K. Y. Li, and A. Churg. 1994. Iron enhances uptake of mineral particles and increases lipid peroxidation in tracheal epithelial cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 10:683-689.
132. Churg, A., M. Brauer, and B. Keeling. 1996. Ozone enhances the uptake of mineral particles by tracheobronchial epithelial cells in explant culture. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153:1230-1234.
133. Fubini, B., J. Mollo, and E. Giamello. 1995. Free radical generation at the solid/liquid interface in iron containing minerals. Free Radic. Res. 23:593-614.
134. Churg, A., J. Hobson, K. Berean, and J. Wright. 1989. Scavengers of active oxygen species prevent cigarette smoke induced asbestos fiber penetration in rat tracheal explants. Am. J. Pathol. 135:599-603.
135. Pryor, W. A. 1994. Mechanisms of radical formation from reactions of ozone with target molecules in the lung. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 17:451-465.
136. Churg, A., and K. Cherukupalli. 1993. Cigarette smoke causes rapid lipid peroxidation of rat tracheal epithelium. Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 74:127-132.
137. Coetzee, I. H., and A. Lochner. 1993. Free radical effects on myocardial membrane microviscosity. Cardioscience 4:205-215.
138. Hannan, S. E., J. O. Harris, N. P. Sheridan, and J. M. Patel. 1989. Cigarette smoke alters plasma membrane fluidity of rat alveolar macrophages. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 140:1668-1673.
139. Gendek, E. G., and A. R. Brody. 1990. Changes in lipid ordering of model phospholipid membranes treated with chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos. Environ. Res. 53:152-167.
140. Kinnula, V. L., K. B. Adler, N. J. Ackley, and J. D. Crapo. 1992. Release of reactive oxygen species by guinea pig tracheal epithelial cells in vitro. Am J. Physiol. 262:L708-L712.
141. Kinnula, V. L., J. D. Crapo, and K. O. Raivio. 1995. Generation and disposal of reactive oxygen metabolites in the lung. Lab. Invest. 73:3-19.
142. Pinkerton, K. E., A. R. Brody, F. J. Miller, and J. D. Crapo. 1989. Exposure to low levels of ozone results in enhanced pulmonary retention of inhaled asbestos fibers. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 140:1075-1081.
143. Cohen, D., S. F. Arai, and J. D. Brain. 1979. Smoking impairs long-term clearance from the lung. Science 204:514.
144. Freedman, A. P., S. E. Robinson, and M. R. Street. 1988. Magneto-pneumographic study of human alveolar clearance in health and disease. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 32:809-820.
145. Weiss, W. 1984. Cigarette smoke, asbestos, and small irregular opacities. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 130:293-301.
146. Barnhart, S., M. Thornquist, G. S. Omenn, G. Goodman, P. Feigl, and L. Rosenstock. 1990. The degree of roentgenographic parenchymal opacities attributable to smoking among asbestos exposed subjects. Am. Res. Respir. Dis. 141:1102-1106.
147. Jones, R. N., J. E. Diem, J. M. Hughes, Y. Y. Hammad, H. W. Glindmeyer, and H. Weill. 1989. Progression of asbestos effects: a prospective longitudinal study of chest radiographs and lung function. Br. J. Ind. Med. 46:97-105.
148. Jaurand, M. C., L. Magne, and J. Bignon. 1979. Inhibition by phospholipids of haemolytic action of asbestos. Br. J. Ind. Med. 36:113-116.
149. Brody, A. R., G. George, and L. H. Hill. 1983. Interactions of chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos with red blood cell membranes. Lab. Invest. 49:468-475.
150. Gallagher, J. E., G. George, and A. R. Brody. 1987. Sialic acid mediates the initial binding of positively charged inorganic particles to alveolar macrophage membranes. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 135:1345-1352.
151. Light, W. G., and E. T. Wei. 1977. Surface charge and asbestos toxicity. Nature 265:537-539.
152. Harington, J. S., K. Miller, and G. Macnab. 1971. Hemolysis by asbestos. Environ. Res. 4:95-117.
153. Desai, R., and R. J. Richards. 1978. The adsorption of biological macromolecules by mineral dusts. Environ. Res. 16:449-464.
154. Valerio, F., D. Balducci, and L. Scarabelli. 1984. Selective adsorption of serum proteins by chrysotile and crocidolite. Environ. Res. 41: 432-439.
155. Valerio, F., D. Balducci, and A. Lazzarotto. 1987. Adsorption of proteins by chrysotile and crocidolite: role of molecular weight and charge density. Environ. Res. 44:312-320.
156. Kamp, D. W., M. Dunne, J. A. Anderson, S. A. Weitzman, and M. C. Dunn. 1990. Serum promotes asbestos-induced injury to human pulmonary epithelial cells. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 116:289-297.
157. Kuwahara, M., M. Kuwahara, K. E. Bijwaard, D. M. Gersten, C. A. Diglio, and E. Kagan. 1991. Mesothelial cells produce a chemoattractant for lung fibroblasts: role of fibronectin. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 5:256-264.
158. Boylan, A. M., D. A. Sanan, D. Sheppard, and V. C. Broaddus. 1995. Vitronectin enhances internalizatin of crocidolite asbestos by rabbit pleural mesothelial cells via the integrin avb5. J. Clin. Invest. 96: 1987-2001.
159. Donaldson, K., B. G. Miller, E. Sara, J. Slight, and R. C. Brown. 1993. Asbestos fibre length-dependent detachment injury to alveolar epithelial cells in vitro: role of a fibronectin-binding receptor. Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 74:243-250.
160. Axline, S. G., and E. P. Reaven. 1974. Inhibition of phagocytosis and plasma membrane mobility of the cultivated macrophage by cytochalasin B. J. Cell. Biol. 62:647-659.
161. Gottlieb, T. A., I. E. Ivanov, M. Resnik, and D. D. Sabatini. 1993. Actin microfilaments play a critical role in endocytosis at the apical but not the basolateral surface of polarized epithelial cells. J. Cell Biol. 120:695-710.
162. Brody, A. R., L. H. Hill, W. S. Stirewalt, and K. B. Adler. 1983. Actin-containing microfilaments of pulmonary epithelial cells provide a mechanism for translocating asbestos to the interstitium. Chest 5:11-12.
163. Jensen, C. G., L. C. W. Jensen, J. G. Ault, G. Osorio, R. Cole, and C. L. Rieder. 1994. Time-lapse video light microscopic and electron microscopic observations of vertebrate epithelial cells exposed to crocidolite asbestos. In J. M. G. Davis and M. C. Jaurand, editors. Cellular and Molecular Effects of Mineral and Synthetic Dusts and Fibres. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 63-78.
164. Matteoni, R., and T. E. Kreis. 1987. Translocation and clustering of endosomes and lysosomes depends on microtubules. J. Cell Biol. 105:1253-1265.
165. Parton, R. G., C. G. Dotti, R. Bacallao, I. Kurtz, K. Simons, and K. Prydz. 1991. pH-induced microtubule-dependent redistribution of late endosomes in neuronal and epithelial cells. J. Cell Biol. 113: 261-274.
166. Malorni, W., F. Iosi, M. Falchi, and G. Doneli. 1990. On the mechanism of cell internalization of chrysotile fibers: an immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study. Environ. Res. 52:164-177.
167. Somers, A. N. A., E. A. Mason, B. I. Gerwin, C. C. Harris, and J. F. Lechner. 1991. Effects of amosite asbestos fibers on the filaments present in the cytoskeleton of primary human mesothelial cells. In R. C. Brown, et al., editors. Mechanisms in Fibre Carcinogenesis. Plenum Press, New York. 481-504.
168. Gehr, P., J. D. Brain, S. B. Bloom, and P. A. Valberg. 1983. Magnetic particles in the liver: a probe for intracellular movement. Nature 302:336-338.
169. Marugg, R. A., P. Gehr, and M. De Leeuw. 1990. Secondary lysosomes as an intregral part of the cytoskeleton: a morphological study in rat kupffer cells. J. Struct. Biol. 105:146-153.
170. Vogl, A. W., M. Weis, and D. C. Pfeiffer. 1995. The perinuclear centriole-containing centrosome is not the major microlubule organizing center in Sertoli cells. Eur. J. Cell. Biol. 66:165-179.
171. Achler, C., D. Filmer, C. Merte, and D. Drenckhahn. 1989. Role of microtubules in polarized delivery of apical membrane proteins to the brush border of the intestinal epithelium. J. Cell Biol. 109:179-189.
172. Bre, M. H., R. Pepperkok, A. M. Hill, N. Levilliers, W. Ansorge, E. H. K. Stelzer, and E. Karsenti. 1990. Regulation of microtubule dynamics and nucleation during polarization in MDCK II cells. J. Cell. Biol. 111:3013-3021.
173. Brown, V.I., and M.I. Greene. 1991. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of receptor-mediated endocytosis. DNA Cell. Biol. 10:399-409.
174. Aufderheide, M., M. Riebe-Imre, M. Straub, and M. Emura. 1994. A new in vitro approach to study cytotoxicity and carcinogenic effects of mineral fibres. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 38:577-585.
175. Bellomo, G., and F. Mirabelli. 1987. Oxidative stress injury studied in isolated intact cells. Mol. Toxicol. 1:281-293.
176. Bellomo, G., F. Mirabelli, M. Vairetti, F. Iosi, and W. Malorini. 1990. Cytoskeleton as a target in menadione-induced oxidative stress in cultured mammalian cells. I. Biochemical and immunocytochemical features. J. Cell. Physiol. 143:118-128.
177. Thor, H., F. Mirabelli, A. Salis, G. M. Cohen, G. Bellomo, and S. Orrenius. 1988. Alterations in hepatocyte cytoskeleton caused by redox cycling and alkylating quinones. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 266: 397-407.
178. Hinshaw, D. B., L. A. Sklar, B. Bohl, I. U. Schraufstatter, P. A. Hyslop, M. W. Rossi, R. G. Spragg, and C. G. Cochrane. 1986. Cytoskeletal and morphologic impact of cellular oxidant injury. Am. J. Pathol. 123:454-464.
179. Hinshaw, D. B., B. C. Armstrong, J. M. Burger, T. F. Beals, and P. A. Hyslop. 1988. ATP and microfilaments in cellular oxidant injury. Am. J. Pathol. 3:479-488.
180. 3, cytochalasin D, and vinblastine on transepithelial transport and cytoskeleton in rat airways. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 3: 119-129.
181. Mirabelli, F., A. Salis, V. Marinoni, V. M. G. Finardi, G. Bellomo, H. Thor, and S. Orrenius. 1988. Menadione-indueed bleb formation in hepatocytes is associated with the oxidation of thiol groups in actin. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 264:261-269.
182. Corry, D., P. Kulkarni, and M. F. Lipscomb. 1984. The migration of bronchoalveolar macrophages into hilar lymph nodes. Am. J. Pathol. 115:321-328.
183. Harmsen, A. G., B. A. Muggenburg, M. B. Snipes, and D. E. Bice. 1985. The role of macrophages in particle translocation from lungs to lymph nodes. Science 230:1277-1280.
184. Mueller, H. L., B. Robinson, B. A. Muggenburg, N. A. Gillett, and R. A. Giulmette. 1990. Particle distribution in lung and lymph node tissue of rats and
185. Kissler, W., K. Morgenroth, and W. Scherbeck. 1982. Electron microscopic investigations on dust penetration into the pulmonary interstitium in experimental pneumoconioses. Respiration 43:114-126.