Gametic differentiation of Chlamydomonas

International Review of Cytology

Volumn 168, Issue , 1996, Pages 259-302

  Beck, Christoph F ^a   Haring, Michel A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Blue light; Nitrogen starvation; Sexual differentiation; Signaling

Indexed keywords

NITROGEN;

CHLAMYDOMONAS; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GAMETOGENESIS; LIGHT; NONHUMAN; PHOTORECEPTOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENTIATION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; ULTRAVIOLET A RADIATION;

CHLAMYDOMONAS;

EID: 0029908027     PISSN: 00747696     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60886-4     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Actair, W. S., Monk, C. B., Cohen, R., Hwang, C, and Goodenough, U. W. (1982). Sexual agglutinins from the Chlamydomonas flagellar membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 257, 4593-4602.
2. Actair, W. S., Hwang, C., and Goodenough, U. W. (1983). Identification and visualization of the sexual agglutinin from the mating-type plus flagellar membrane of Chlamydomonas. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 33, 183-193.
3. Beck, C. F., and Acker, A. (1992). Gametic differentiation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol. 98, 822-826.
4. Blaauw, O. H., and Blaauw-Jansen, G. (1970). The phototropic responses of Avena coleoptiles. Acta Bot. Neerl. 19, 755-763.
5. Blumer, K. J., and Johnson, G. L. (1994). Diversity in function and regulation of MAP kinase pathways. Trends Biochem. 19, 236-240.
6. Bowler, C., and Chua, N.-H. (1994). Emerging themes of plant signal transduction. Plant Cell 6, 1529-1541.
7. Buchanan, M. J., Imam, S. H., Eskue, W. A., and Snell, W. J. (1989). Activation of the cell wall degrading protease, lysin, during sexual signalling in Chlamydomonas: The enzyme is stored as an inactive, higher relative molecular mass precursor in the periplasm. J. Cell Biol. 108, 199-207.
8. Buchheim, M. A., Turmel, M., Zimmer, E. A., and Chapman, R. L. (1990). Phytogeny of Chlamydomonas (Chlorophyta) based on cladistic analysis of nuclear 18S rRNA sequence data. J. Phycol. 26, 689-699.
9. Buerkle, S., Glöckner, G., and Beck, C. F. (1993). Chlamydomonas mutants affected in the light-dependent step of sexual differentiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei U.S.A. 90,6981-6985.
10. Bulte, L., and Bennoun, P. (1990). Translational accuracy and sexual differentiation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Curr. Genet. 18,155-160.
11. 6/f complex, during gametogenesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Eur. J. Biochem. 204, 327-336.
12. Campbell, A. M., Rayala, H. J., and Goodenough, U. W. (1995). The isol gene of Chlamydomonas is involved in sex determination. Mol. Biol. Cell 6, 87-95.
13. Cavalier-Smith, T. (1975). Electron and light microscopy of gametogenesis and gamete fusion in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Protoplasma 86,1-18.
14. Chiang, K.-S., Kates, J. R., Jones, R. F., and Sueoka, N. (1970). On the formation of a homogeneous zygotic population in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Dev. Biol. 22, 655-669.
15. Claes, H. (1971). Autolyse der Zellwand bei den Garnelen von Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Arch. Mikrobiol. 78, 180-188.
16. 2-tubulin gene after deflagellation and during the cell cycle. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 5165-5174.
17. Detmers, P. A., Goodenough, U. W., and Condeelis, J. (1983). Elongation of the fertilization tubule in Chlamydomonas: New observations on the core microfilaments and the effect of transient intracellular signals on their structural integrity. J. Cell Biol. 97, 522-532.
18. Elion, E. A. (1995). Ste5: A meeting place for MAP kinases and their associates. Trends Cell Biol. 5, 322-327.
19. Ellis, R. J. (1987). Comparison of fluence-response relationships of phototropism in light- and dark-grown buckwheat. Plant Physiol. 85, 689-692.
20. Everett, M. (1974). Dose-response curves for radish seedling phototropism. Plant Physiol. 54, 222-225.
21. Fernández, E., and Cárdenas, J. (1989). Genetics and regulatory aspects of nitrate assimilation in algae. In "Molecular and Genetic Aspects of Nitrate Assimilation" (J. L. Wray and J. R. Kinghorn, eds.), pp. 101-124. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
22. Ferris, P. J., and Goodenough, U. W. (1994). The mating-type locus of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii contains highly rearranged DNA sequences. Cell (Cambridge, Mass) 76, 1135-1145.
23. Florencio, F. J., and Vega, J. M. (1983). Utilization of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Planta 158, 288-293.
24. Forest, C. L. (1983). Specific contact between mating structure membranes observed in conditional fusion-defective Chlamydomonas mutants. Exp. Cell Res. 148, 143-154.
25. Forest, C. L. (1987). Genetic control of plasma membrane adhesion and fusion in Chlamydomonas gametes. J. Cell Sci. 88, 613-621.
26. Forest, C. L., and Togasaki, R. K. (1975). Selection for conditional gametogenesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 3652-3655.
27. Förster, H., and Wiese, L. (1954). Gamonwirkungen bei Chlamydomonas eugametos. Z. Naturforsch. B: Anorg. Chem., Org. Chem., Biochem., Biophys., Biol. 9B, 548-550.
28. Förster, H. and Wiese, L. (1955). Gamonwirkung bei Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Z. Naturforsch. B: Anorg. Chem., Org. Chem., Biochem., Biophys., Biol. 10B, 91-92.
29. Franco, A. R., Cardenas, J., and Fernández, E. (1987). A mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii altered in the transport of ammonium and methylammonium. Mol. Gen. Genet. 206,414-418.
30. Franco, A. R., Cardenas, J., and Fernández, E. (1988). Regulation by ammonium of nitrate and nitrite assimilation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 951,98-103.
31. Friedmann,I., Colwin, A. L., and Colwin, L. H. (1968). Fine-structural aspects of fertilization in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J. Cell Sci. 3, 115-128.
32. Galloway, R. E., and Goodenough, U. W. (1985). Genetic analysis of mating in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Genetics 111, 447-461.
33. Galván, A., Córdoba, F., Cárdenas, J., and Fernández, E. (1991). Regulation of nitrite uptake and nitrite reductase expression in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1074, 6-11.
34. Gloeckner, G., and Beck, C. F. (1995). Genes involved in light control of sexual differentiation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Genetics 141, 937-943.
35. Goodenough, U. W. (1977). Mating interactions in Chlamydomonas. Recept. Recognition, Ser. B 3, 323-350.
36. Goodenough, U. W. (1991). Chlamydomonas mating interactions. In "Microbial Cell-Cell-Interactions" (M. Dworkin, ed.), pp. 71-112. Am. Soc. Microbiol., Washington, DC.
37. Goodenough, U. W., and Ferris, P. J. (1987). Genetic regulation of development in Chlamydomonas. In "Genetic Regulation of Development" (W. Loomis, ed.), pp. 171-189. Alan R. Liss, New York.
38. Goodenough, U. W., and Weiss, R. L. (1975). Gametic differentiation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J. Cell Biol. 67, 623-637.
39. Goodenough, U. W., Hwang, C., and Martin, H. (1976). Isolation and genetic analysis of mutant strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii defective in gametic differentiation. Genetics 82, 169-186.
40. Goodenough, U. W., Hwang, C., and Warren, A. J. (1978). Sex-limited expression of gene loci controlling flagellar membrane agglutination in the Chlamydomonas mating reaction. Genetics 89, 235-243.
41. Goodenough, U. W., Detmers, P. A., and Hwang, C. (1982). Activation for cell fusion in Chlamydomonas: Analysis of wild-type gametes and nonfusing mutants. J. Cell Biol. 92, 378-386.
42. Goodenough, U. W., Armbrust, E. V., Campbell, A. M., and Ferris, P. J. (1995). Molecular genetics of sexuality in Chlamydomonas. Anna. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 46, 21-44. Gowans, C. S. (1960). Some genetic investigations on Chlamydomonas eugametos. Z. Vererbungsl. 91, 63-73. Gowans, C. S. (1963). The conspecificity of Chlamydomonas eugametos und Chlamydomonas moewusii: An experimental approach. Phycologia 3, 37-44.
43. Harris, E. H. (1989). "The Chlamydomonas Sourcebook." Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
44. Hartmann, M. (1956). "Die Sexualität." Fischer, Stuttgart.
45. Hipkin, C. R., Everest, S. A., Rees, T. A. V., and Syrett, P. J. (1982). Ammonium generation by nitrogen-starved cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Planta 134, 587-592.
46. Honeycutt, R. C., and Margulies, M. M. (1972). Control of ribosome content, gamete formation and amino acid uptake in wild-type and ARG-1 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 281, 399-405.
47. Hunnicutt, G. R., and Snell, W. J. (1991). Rapid and slow mechanisms for loss of cell adhesiveness during fertilization in Chlamydomonas. Dev. Biol. 147, 216-224.
48. Hunnicutt, G. R., Kosfiszer, M. G., and Snell, W. J. (1990). Cell body and flagellar agglutinins in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: The cell body plasma membrane is a reservoir for agglutinins whose migration to the flagella is regulated by a functional barrier. J. Cell Biol. 111, 1605-1616.
49. Ishiura, M., and Iwasa, K. (1973). Gametogenesis in Chlamydomonas I, II and III. Plant Cell Physiol. 14,911-939.
50. John, P. C. L. (1987). Control points in the Chlamydomonas cell cycle. In "Algal Development: Molecular and Cellular Aspects" (W. Wiessner, D. G. Robinson, and R. C. Starr, eds.), pp. 9-16. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
51. Jones, R. F. A. (1970). Physiological and biochemical aspects of growth and gametogenesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 175, 648-659.
52. Jones, R. F. A., Kates, J. R., and Keller, S. J. (1968). Protein turnover and macromolecular synthesis during growth and gametic differentiation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 157, 589-598.
53. Kalshoven, H., Musgrave, A., and van den Ende, H. (1990). Mating receptor complex in the flagellar membrane of Chlamydomonas eugametos gametes. Plant Sex. Rep. 3, 77-87.
54. Kates, J. R., and Jones R. F. (1964). The control of gametic differentiation in liquid cultures of Chlamydomonas. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 63, 157-164.
55. Kinoshita, T., Fukuzawa, H., Shimada, T., Saito, R., and Matsuda, Y. (1992). Primary structure and expression of a gamete lytic enzyme in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Similarity of functional domains to matrix metallo-proteases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 4693-4697.
56. Klebs, G. (1896). "Die Bedingungen der Fortpflanzung bei einigen Algen und Pilzen." Fischer, Jena.
57. Kniep, H. (1928). "Die Sexualität der niederen Pflanzen." Fischer, Jena.
58. Kooijman, R. (1988). Signal transduction and the regulation by light of sexual agglutinability in the green alga Chlamydomonas eugametos. Doctoral dissertation, University of Amsterdam.
59. Kooijman, R., Elzenga, T. J. M., de Wildt, P., Musgrave, A., Schuring, F., and van den Ende, H. (1986). Light dependence of sexual agglutinability in Chlamydomonas eugametos. Planta 169, 370-378.
60. Kooijman, R., de Wildt, P., Homan, W., Musgrave, A., Schuring, F., and van den Ende, H. (1988). Light affects flagellar agglutinability in Chlamydomonas eugametos by modification of the agglutinin molecules. Plant Physiol. 86, 216-223.
61. Kropat, J., von Gromoff, E. D., MUller, F. W., and Beck, C. F. (1995). Heat shock and light activation of a Chlamydomonas HSP70 gene are mediated by independent regulatory pathways. Mol. Gen. Genet. 248, 727-734.
62. Larson, A., Kirk, M. M., and Kirk, D. L. (1992). Molecular phylogeny of the Volvocine flagellates. Mol. Biol. Evol 9, 85-105.
63. Lewin, R. A. (1949). Genetics of Chlamydomonas-paving the way. Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole, Mass.) 97, 243-244.
64. Lewin, R. A. (1950). Gamete behavior in Chlamydomonas. Nature (London) 166, 76.
65. Lewin, R. A. (1953). The genetics of Chlamydomonas moewtisii Gerloff. J. Genet. 51, 543-560
66. Lewin, R. A. (1954). Sex in unicellular algae. In "Sex in Microorganisms" (D. H. Wenrich, I. F. Lewis, and J. R. Raper, eds.), pp. 100-133. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sei., Washington, DC.
67. Lewin, R. A. (1956). Control of sexual activity in Chlamydomonas by light. J. Gen. Microbiol. 15, 170-185.
68. Liang, P., and Pardee, A. B. (1992). Differential display of eucaryotic messenger RNA by means of a polymerase chain reaction. Science 257, 967-971.
69. Mandoli, D. F., and Briggs, W. R. (1981). Phytochrome control of two low-irradiance responses in etiolated oat seedlings. Plant Physiol. 67, 733-739.
70. Martin, N. C., and Goodenough, U. W. (1975). Gametic differentiation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J. Cell Biol. 67, 537-605.
71. Martin, N. C., Chiang, K.-S., and Goodenough, U. W. (1976). Turnover of chloroplast and cytoplasmic ribosomes during gametogenesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Dev. Biol. 51, 190-201.
72. Matsuda, Y., Tamaki, S., and Tsubo, Y. (1978). Mating type specific inductions of cell wall lytic factor by agglutination of gametes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Cell Physiol. 19, 1253-1261.
73. Matsuda, Y., Sakamoto, K., Kiuchi, N., Mizuochi, T, Tsubo, Y., and Kobata, A. (1982). Two tunicamycin-sensitive components involved in agglutination and fusion of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii gametes. Arch. Microbiol. 131, 87-90.
74. Matsuda, Y., Saito, T., Yamaguchi, T., Koseki, M., and Hayashi, K. (1987). Topography of cell wall lytic enzyme in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Form and location of the stored enzyme in vegetative cell and gamete. J. Cell Biol. 104, 321-329.
75. Matsuda, Y., Saito, T., Umemoto, T., and Tsubo, Y. (1988). Transmission patterns of chloroplast genes after polyethylene glycol-induced fusion of gametes in non-mating mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Curr. Genet. 14, 53-58.
76. Matsuda, Y., Saito, T., Koseki, M., and Shimada, T. (1990). The Chlamydomonas non-synchronous and synchronous gametogenesis as analyzed by the activities of cell body agglutinin and cell wall lytic enzyme. Plant Physiol. (Life Sci. Adv.) 9, 1-6.
77. Matsuda, Y., Shimada, T., and Sakamoto, Y. (1992). Ammonium ions control gametic differentiation and dedifferentiation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Cell Physiol. 33, 909-914.
78. Molendijk, A. J., van Egmond, P., Haring, M. A., Klis, F. M., and van den Ende, H. (1992). Characterization of the cell cycle in synchronous cultures of Chlamydomonas eugametos in relation to gametogenesis. J. Gen. Microbiol. 138, 1941-1947.
79. Muñoz-Blanco, J., Hidalgo-Martínez, and Cárdenas, J. (1990). Extracellular deamination of L-amino acids by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells. Planta 182, 194-198.
80. Musgrave, A. (1993). Mating in Chlamydomonas. Prog. Phycol. Res. 9, 193-237.
81. Nečas, J. (1982). Regulation of gametogenesis, formation of the zygotes and their maturation and germination by light in Chlamydomonas geitleri Ettl. Arch. Protistenkd. 126,229-239.
82. Pasquale, S. M., and Goodenough, U. W. (1987). Cyclic AMP functions as a primary sexual signal in gametes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J. Cell Biol. 105, 2279-2292.
83. Picard-Bennoun, M., and Bennoun, P. (1985). Change in cytoplasmic ribosome properties during gametogenesis in the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Curr. Genet. 9, 239-243.
84. Pijst, H. L. A., Zilver, R. J., Musgrave, A., and van den Ende, H. (1983). Agglutination factor in the cell body of Chlamydomonas eugametos. Planta 158, 403-409.
85. Presti, D., Hsu, W. J., and Delbrück, M. (1977). Phototropism in Phycomyces mutants lacking β-carotene. Photochem. Photobiol. 26, 403-405.
86. Quarmby, L. M. (1994). Signal transduction in the sexual life of Chlamydomonas. Plant Mol. Biol. 26, 1271-1287.
87. Quesada, A., and Fernández, E. (1994). Expression of nitrate assimilation related genes in Chlamydomonas reinliardtii. Plant Mol. Biol. 24,185-194.
88. Rollins, M. J., Harper, J. D. I., and John, P. C. L. (1983). Synthesis of individual proteins, including tubulins and chloroplast membrane proteins, in synchronous cultures of the eukaryote Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Elimination of periodic changes in protein synthesis and enzyme activity under constant environmental conditions. J. Gen. Microbiol. 129,1899-1919.
89. Sager, R., and Granick, S. (1954). Nutritional control of sexuality in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J. Gen. Physiol. 37, 729-742.
90. Saito, T., and Matsuda, Y. (1991). Isolation and characterization of Chlamydomonas temperature-sensitive mutants affecting gametic differentiation under nitrogen-starved conditions. Curr. Genet. 19, 65-71.
91. Saito, T., Tsubo, Y., and Matsuda, Y. (1985). Synthesis and turnover of cell body-agglutinin as a pool of flagellar surface-agglutinin in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii gamete. Arch. Microbiol. 142, 207-210.
92. Saito, T., Tsubo, Y., and Matsuda, Y. (1988). A new assay system to classify non-mating mutants and to distinguish between vegetative cell and gamete in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Curr. Genet. 14, 59-63.
93. Saito, T., Small, L., and Goodenough, U. W. (1993). Activation of adenylyl cyclase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by adhesion and by heat. J. Cell Biol. 122, 137-147.
94. Sargent, M. L., and Briggs, W. R. (1967). The effects of light on a circadian rythm of conidiation in Neurospora. Plant Physiol. 42, 1504-1510.
95. Schmeisser, R. T., Baumgartel, D. M., and Koweit, S. (1973). Gametic differentiation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Cell cycle dependency and rates in attainment of mating competency. Dev. Biol. 31, 31-37.
96. Schmitt, R., Fabry, S., and Kirk, D. L. (1992). In search of molecular origins of cellular differentiation in Volvox and its relatives. Int. Rev. Cytol. 139, 189-265.
97. Sheen, J. (1993). Protein phophatase activity is required for light-inducible gene expression in maize. EMBO J. 12, 3497-3505.
98. Siersma, P. W., and Chiang, K.-S. (1971). Conservation and degradation of cytoplasmic and chloroplast ribosomes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J. Mol. Biol. 58,167-185.
99. Smith, G. M. (1946). The nature of sexuality in Chlamydomonas. Am. J. Bot. 33, 625-630.
100. Smith, G. M. (1953). Sexuality, zygote formation, and zygote germination in Chlamydomonas. Proc. Int. Bot. Congr., 7th, 1950, pp. 836-837.
101. Smith, G. M., and Regnery, D. C. (1950). Inheritance of sexuality in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. U.S.A. 36, 246-248.
102. Snell, W. J. (1985). Cell-cell interactions in Chlamydomonas. Anna. Rev. Plant Physiol. 36, 287-315.
103. Snell, W. J., Eskue, W. A., and Buchanan, M. J. (1989). Regulated secretion of a serine protease that activates an extracellular matrix-degrading metalloprotease during fertilization in Chlamydomonas. J. Cell Biol. 109, 1689-1694.
104. Snell, W. J. (1993). Signal transduction during fertilization in Chlamydomonas. In "Signal Transduction: Procaryotic and Simple Eucaryotic Systems" (J. Kurjan, ed.), pp. 255-277. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
105. Spudich, J. L., and Sager, R. (1980). Regulation of the Chlamydomonas cell cycle by light and dark. J. Cell Biol. 85, 136-145.
106. Steinitz, B., and Poff, K. L. (1986). A single positive phototropic response induced with pulsed light in hypocotyls of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Planta 168, 305-315.
107. Tam, L.-W., and Lefebvre, P. A. (1993). Cloning of flagellar genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by DNA insertional mutagenesis. Genetics 135, 375-384.
108. Tomson, A. M., Demets, R., Bakker, N. P. M., Stegwee, D., and van den Ende, H. (1985). Gametogenesis in liquid cultures of Chlamydomonas eugametos. J. Gen. Microbiol. 13l, 1553-1560.
109. Trainor, R. F. (1985). Survival of algae in desiccated soil: A 25 year study. Phycologia 24, 79-82.
110. Treier, U., and Beck, C. F. (1991). Changes in gene expression patterns during the sexual life cycle of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Physiol. Plant. 83, 633-639.
111. Treier, U., Fuchs, S., Weber, M., Wakarchuk, W. W., and Beck, C. F. (1989). Gametic differentiation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Light dependence and gene expression patterns. Arch. Microbiol. 152, 572-577.
112. Vallon, O., and Wollman, F.-A. (1995). Mutations affecting O-glycosylation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cause delayed cell wall degradation and sex-limited sterility. Plant Physiol. 108, 703-712.
113. Vallon, O., Bulté, L., Kuras, R., Olive, J., and Wollman, F.-A. (1993). Extensive accumulation of an extracellular L-amino-acid oxidase during gametogenesis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Eur. J. Biochem. 215, 351-360.
114. van den Ende, H. (1985). Sexual agglutination in Chlamydomonas. Adv. Microb. Physiol. 26, 89-123.
115. van den Ende, H. (1994). Vegetative and gametic development in the green alga Chlamydomonas. Adv. Bot. Res. 20, 125-161.
116. van den Ende, H. (1995). Sexual development in the homothallic green alga Chlamydomonas monoica Strehlow. Sex. Plant Reprod. 8, 139-142.
117. von Gromoff, E. D., and Beck, C. F. (1993). Genes expessed during sexual differentiation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mol. Gen. Genet. 241, 415-421.
118. Wegener, D., and Beck, C. F. (1991). Identification of novel genes specifically expressed in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii zygotes. Plant Mol. Biol. 16, 937-946.
119. Weiss, R. L., Goodenough, D. A., and Goodenough, U. W. (1977). Membrane differentiations at sites specialized for cell fusion. J. Cell Biol. 72, 144-160.
120. Weissig, H., and Beck, C. F. (1991). Action spectrum for the light-dependent step in gametic differentiation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol. 97, 118-121.
121. Wiese, L., and Wiese, W. (1978). Sex cell contact in Chlamydomonas, a model for cell recognition. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. 32, 83-105.
122. Zachleder, V., Jakobs, M., and van den Ende, H. (1991). Relationship between gametic differentiation and the cell cycle in the green alga Chlamydomonas eiigametos. J. Gen. Microbiol. 137, 1333-1339.
123. Zhang, Y., and Snell, W. J. (1994). Flagellar adhesion-dependent regulation of Chlamydomonas adenylyl cyclase in vitro: A possible role for protein kinases in sexual signaling. J. Cell Biol. 125, 617-624.
124. Zimmerman, B. K, and Briggs, W. R. (1963). Phototropic dosage-response curves for oat coleoptiles. Plant Physiol. 38, 248-254.