Changing conceptions of security in the Third World

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 289-306

  Pettiford, Lloyd ^a  

^a NOTTINGHAM TRENT UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; SECURITY;

CENTRAL AMERICA;

EID: 0029907460     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436599650035699     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. B Buzan, People, States and Fear-An Agenda for Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991, p 375.
2. W M LeoGrande, 'A splendid little war: drawing the line in El Salvador', International Security, 6(1), 1981, pp 27-52.
3. J Slater, 'The domino theory and international politics: the case of Vietnam', Security Studies, 3(2), 1993, pp 186-224.
4. US Department of State, Communist Interference in El Salvador, Special Report, Number 80, 23 February 1981.
5. LeoGrande, 'A splendid little war'.
6. D Faber, Environment Under Fire: Imperialism and The Ecological Crisis in Central America, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1993.
7. Among other books useful in the context of this section and article, see J Althoff et al. Revolution in Central America, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, R Armstrong & J Shenk, El Salvador - The Face of Revolution, London: Pluto Press, 1982; S L Barraclough & M F Scott, The Rich Have Already Eaten: Roots of Catastrophe in Central America, Amsterdam: Transnational Institute, 1987; C D Brockett, Land Power and Poverty: Agrarian Transformation and Political Conflict in Central America, London: Unwin Hyman, 1988; N Chomsky, Turning the Tide: US Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace, Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1987; J Dunkerley, Power in the Isthmus, London: Verso, 1988; R Feinberg (ed). Central America: International Dimensions of the Crisis, New York: Holmes & Meier, 1982; M E Gettleman et al, El Salvador: Central America and the New Cold War, New York: Grove Press, 1981; W La Feber, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America, New York: W W Norton, 1993, J Pearce, Under The Eagle: US Intervention in Central America, London: Latin America Bureau, 1984; H Perez Brignoli, A Brief History of Central America, Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1989; W Weinburg, War on the Land: Ecology and Politics in Central America, London: Zed Books, 1991; and R Williams, Export Agriculture and the Crisis in Central America, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1986.
8. Among other books useful in the context of this section and article, see J Althoff et al. Revolution in Central America, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, R Armstrong & J Shenk, El Salvador - The Face of Revolution, London: Pluto Press, 1982; S L Barraclough & M F Scott, The Rich Have Already Eaten: Roots of Catastrophe in Central America, Amsterdam: Transnational Institute, 1987; C D Brockett, Land Power and Poverty: Agrarian Transformation and Political Conflict in Central America, London: Unwin Hyman, 1988; N Chomsky, Turning the Tide: US Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace, Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1987; J Dunkerley, Power in the Isthmus, London: Verso, 1988; R Feinberg (ed). Central America: International Dimensions of the Crisis, New York: Holmes & Meier, 1982; M E Gettleman et al, El Salvador: Central America and the New Cold War, New York: Grove Press, 1981; W La Feber, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America, New York: W W Norton, 1993, J Pearce, Under The Eagle: US Intervention in Central America, London: Latin America Bureau, 1984; H Perez Brignoli, A Brief History of Central America, Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1989; W Weinburg, War on the Land: Ecology and Politics in Central America, London: Zed Books, 1991; and R Williams, Export Agriculture and the Crisis in Central America, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1986.
9. Among other books useful in the context of this section and article, see J Althoff et al. Revolution in Central America, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, R Armstrong & J Shenk, El Salvador - The Face of Revolution, London: Pluto Press, 1982; S L Barraclough & M F Scott, The Rich Have Already Eaten: Roots of Catastrophe in Central America, Amsterdam: Transnational Institute, 1987; C D Brockett, Land Power and Poverty: Agrarian Transformation and Political Conflict in Central America, London: Unwin Hyman, 1988; N Chomsky, Turning the Tide: US Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace, Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1987; J Dunkerley, Power in the Isthmus, London: Verso, 1988; R Feinberg (ed). Central America: International Dimensions of the Crisis, New York: Holmes & Meier, 1982; M E Gettleman et al, El Salvador: Central America and the New Cold War, New York: Grove Press, 1981; W La Feber, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America, New York: W W Norton, 1993, J Pearce, Under The Eagle: US Intervention in Central America, London: Latin America Bureau, 1984; H Perez Brignoli, A Brief History of Central America, Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1989; W Weinburg, War on the Land: Ecology and Politics in Central America, London: Zed Books, 1991; and R Williams, Export Agriculture and the Crisis in Central America, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1986.
10. Among other books useful in the context of this section and article, see J Althoff et al. Revolution in Central America, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, R Armstrong & J Shenk, El Salvador - The Face of Revolution, London: Pluto Press, 1982; S L Barraclough & M F Scott, The Rich Have Already Eaten: Roots of Catastrophe in Central America, Amsterdam: Transnational Institute, 1987; C D Brockett, Land Power and Poverty: Agrarian Transformation and Political Conflict in Central America, London: Unwin Hyman, 1988; N Chomsky, Turning the Tide: US Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace, Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1987; J Dunkerley, Power in the Isthmus, London: Verso, 1988; R Feinberg (ed). Central America: International Dimensions of the Crisis, New York: Holmes & Meier, 1982; M E Gettleman et al, El Salvador: Central America and the New Cold War, New York: Grove Press, 1981; W La Feber, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America, New York: W W Norton, 1993, J Pearce, Under The Eagle: US Intervention in Central America, London: Latin America Bureau, 1984; H Perez Brignoli, A Brief History of Central America, Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1989; W Weinburg, War on the Land: Ecology and Politics in Central America, London: Zed Books, 1991; and R Williams, Export Agriculture and the Crisis in Central America, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1986.
11. Among other books useful in the context of this section and article, see J Althoff et al. Revolution in Central America, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, R Armstrong & J Shenk, El Salvador - The Face of Revolution, London: Pluto Press, 1982; S L Barraclough & M F Scott, The Rich Have Already Eaten: Roots of Catastrophe in Central America, Amsterdam: Transnational Institute, 1987; C D Brockett, Land Power and Poverty: Agrarian Transformation and Political Conflict in Central America, London: Unwin Hyman, 1988; N Chomsky, Turning the Tide: US Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace, Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1987; J Dunkerley, Power in the Isthmus, London: Verso, 1988; R Feinberg (ed). Central America: International Dimensions of the Crisis, New York: Holmes & Meier, 1982; M E Gettleman et al, El Salvador: Central America and the New Cold War, New York: Grove Press, 1981; W La Feber, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America, New York: W W Norton, 1993, J Pearce, Under The Eagle: US Intervention in Central America, London: Latin America Bureau, 1984; H Perez Brignoli, A Brief History of Central America, Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1989; W Weinburg, War on the Land: Ecology and Politics in Central America, London: Zed Books, 1991; and R Williams, Export Agriculture and the Crisis in Central America, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1986.
12. Among other books useful in the context of this section and article, see J Althoff et al. Revolution in Central America, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, R Armstrong & J Shenk, El Salvador - The Face of Revolution, London: Pluto Press, 1982; S L Barraclough & M F Scott, The Rich Have Already Eaten: Roots of Catastrophe in Central America, Amsterdam: Transnational Institute, 1987; C D Brockett, Land Power and Poverty: Agrarian Transformation and Political Conflict in Central America, London: Unwin Hyman, 1988; N Chomsky, Turning the Tide: US Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace, Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1987; J Dunkerley, Power in the Isthmus, London: Verso, 1988; R Feinberg (ed). Central America: International Dimensions of the Crisis, New York: Holmes & Meier, 1982; M E Gettleman et al, El Salvador: Central America and the New Cold War, New York: Grove Press, 1981; W La Feber, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America, New York: W W Norton, 1993, J Pearce, Under The Eagle: US Intervention in Central America, London: Latin America Bureau, 1984; H Perez Brignoli, A Brief History of Central America, Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1989; W Weinburg, War on the Land: Ecology and Politics in Central America, London: Zed Books, 1991; and R Williams, Export Agriculture and the Crisis in Central America, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1986.
13. Among other books useful in the context of this section and article, see J Althoff et al. Revolution in Central America, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, R Armstrong & J Shenk, El Salvador - The Face of Revolution, London: Pluto Press, 1982; S L Barraclough & M F Scott, The Rich Have Already Eaten: Roots of Catastrophe in Central America, Amsterdam: Transnational Institute, 1987; C D Brockett, Land Power and Poverty: Agrarian Transformation and Political Conflict in Central America, London: Unwin Hyman, 1988; N Chomsky, Turning the Tide: US Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace, Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1987; J Dunkerley, Power in the Isthmus, London: Verso, 1988; R Feinberg (ed). Central America: International Dimensions of the Crisis, New York: Holmes & Meier, 1982; M E Gettleman et al, El Salvador: Central America and the New Cold War, New York: Grove Press, 1981; W La Feber, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America, New York: W W Norton, 1993, J Pearce, Under The Eagle: US Intervention in Central America, London: Latin America Bureau, 1984; H Perez Brignoli, A Brief History of Central America, Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1989; W Weinburg, War on the Land: Ecology and Politics in Central America, London: Zed Books, 1991; and R Williams, Export Agriculture and the Crisis in Central America, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1986.
14. Among other books useful in the context of this section and article, see J Althoff et al. Revolution in Central America, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, R Armstrong & J Shenk, El Salvador - The Face of Revolution, London: Pluto Press, 1982; S L Barraclough & M F Scott, The Rich Have Already Eaten: Roots of Catastrophe in Central America, Amsterdam: Transnational Institute, 1987; C D Brockett, Land Power and Poverty: Agrarian Transformation and Political Conflict in Central America, London: Unwin Hyman, 1988; N Chomsky, Turning the Tide: US Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace, Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1987; J Dunkerley, Power in the Isthmus, London: Verso, 1988; R Feinberg (ed). Central America: International Dimensions of the Crisis, New York: Holmes & Meier, 1982; M E Gettleman et al, El Salvador: Central America and the New Cold War, New York: Grove Press, 1981; W La Feber, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America, New York: W W Norton, 1993, J Pearce, Under The Eagle: US Intervention in Central America, London: Latin America Bureau, 1984; H Perez Brignoli, A Brief History of Central America, Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1989; W Weinburg, War on the Land: Ecology and Politics in Central America, London: Zed Books, 1991; and R Williams, Export Agriculture and the Crisis in Central America, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1986.
15. Among other books useful in the context of this section and article, see J Althoff et al. Revolution in Central America, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, R Armstrong & J Shenk, El Salvador - The Face of Revolution, London: Pluto Press, 1982; S L Barraclough & M F Scott, The Rich Have Already Eaten: Roots of Catastrophe in Central America, Amsterdam: Transnational Institute, 1987; C D Brockett, Land Power and Poverty: Agrarian Transformation and Political Conflict in Central America, London: Unwin Hyman, 1988; N Chomsky, Turning the Tide: US Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace, Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1987; J Dunkerley, Power in the Isthmus, London: Verso, 1988; R Feinberg (ed). Central America: International Dimensions of the Crisis, New York: Holmes & Meier, 1982; M E Gettleman et al, El Salvador: Central America and the New Cold War, New York: Grove Press, 1981; W La Feber, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America, New York: W W Norton, 1993, J Pearce, Under The Eagle: US Intervention in Central America, London: Latin America Bureau, 1984; H Perez Brignoli, A Brief History of Central America, Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1989; W Weinburg, War on the Land: Ecology and Politics in Central America, London: Zed Books, 1991; and R Williams, Export Agriculture and the Crisis in Central America, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1986.
16. Among other books useful in the context of this section and article, see J Althoff et al. Revolution in Central America, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, R Armstrong & J Shenk, El Salvador - The Face of Revolution, London: Pluto Press, 1982; S L Barraclough & M F Scott, The Rich Have Already Eaten: Roots of Catastrophe in Central America, Amsterdam: Transnational Institute, 1987; C D Brockett, Land Power and Poverty: Agrarian Transformation and Political Conflict in Central America, London: Unwin Hyman, 1988; N Chomsky, Turning the Tide: US Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace, Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1987; J Dunkerley, Power in the Isthmus, London: Verso, 1988; R Feinberg (ed). Central America: International Dimensions of the Crisis, New York: Holmes & Meier, 1982; M E Gettleman et al, El Salvador: Central America and the New Cold War, New York: Grove Press, 1981; W La Feber, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America, New York: W W Norton, 1993, J Pearce, Under The Eagle: US Intervention in Central America, London: Latin America Bureau, 1984; H Perez Brignoli, A Brief History of Central America, Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1989; W Weinburg, War on the Land: Ecology and Politics in Central America, London: Zed Books, 1991; and R Williams, Export Agriculture and the Crisis in Central America, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1986.
17. Among other books useful in the context of this section and article, see J Althoff et al. Revolution in Central America, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, R Armstrong & J Shenk, El Salvador - The Face of Revolution, London: Pluto Press, 1982; S L Barraclough & M F Scott, The Rich Have Already Eaten: Roots of Catastrophe in Central America, Amsterdam: Transnational Institute, 1987; C D Brockett, Land Power and Poverty: Agrarian Transformation and Political Conflict in Central America, London: Unwin Hyman, 1988; N Chomsky, Turning the Tide: US Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace, Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1987; J Dunkerley, Power in the Isthmus, London: Verso, 1988; R Feinberg (ed). Central America: International Dimensions of the Crisis, New York: Holmes & Meier, 1982; M E Gettleman et al, El Salvador: Central America and the New Cold War, New York: Grove Press, 1981; W La Feber, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America, New York: W W Norton, 1993, J Pearce, Under The Eagle: US Intervention in Central America, London: Latin America Bureau, 1984; H Perez Brignoli, A Brief History of Central America, Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1989; W Weinburg, War on the Land: Ecology and Politics in Central America, London: Zed Books, 1991; and R Williams, Export Agriculture and the Crisis in Central America, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1986.
18. Among other books useful in the context of this section and article, see J Althoff et al. Revolution in Central America, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, R Armstrong & J Shenk, El Salvador - The Face of Revolution, London: Pluto Press, 1982; S L Barraclough & M F Scott, The Rich Have Already Eaten: Roots of Catastrophe in Central America, Amsterdam: Transnational Institute, 1987; C D Brockett, Land Power and Poverty: Agrarian Transformation and Political Conflict in Central America, London: Unwin Hyman, 1988; N Chomsky, Turning the Tide: US Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace, Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1987; J Dunkerley, Power in the Isthmus, London: Verso, 1988; R Feinberg (ed). Central America: International Dimensions of the Crisis, New York: Holmes & Meier, 1982; M E Gettleman et al, El Salvador: Central America and the New Cold War, New York: Grove Press, 1981; W La Feber, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America, New York: W W Norton, 1993, J Pearce, Under The Eagle: US Intervention in Central America, London: Latin America Bureau, 1984; H Perez Brignoli, A Brief History of Central America, Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1989; W Weinburg, War on the Land: Ecology and Politics in Central America, London: Zed Books, 1991; and R Williams, Export Agriculture and the Crisis in Central America, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1986.
19. Among other books useful in the context of this section and article, see J Althoff et al. Revolution in Central America, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, R Armstrong & J Shenk, El Salvador - The Face of Revolution, London: Pluto Press, 1982; S L Barraclough & M F Scott, The Rich Have Already Eaten: Roots of Catastrophe in Central America, Amsterdam: Transnational Institute, 1987; C D Brockett, Land Power and Poverty: Agrarian Transformation and Political Conflict in Central America, London: Unwin Hyman, 1988; N Chomsky, Turning the Tide: US Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace, Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1987; J Dunkerley, Power in the Isthmus, London: Verso, 1988; R Feinberg (ed). Central America: International Dimensions of the Crisis, New York: Holmes & Meier, 1982; M E Gettleman et al, El Salvador: Central America and the New Cold War, New York: Grove Press, 1981; W La Feber, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America, New York: W W Norton, 1993, J Pearce, Under The Eagle: US Intervention in Central America, London: Latin America Bureau, 1984; H Perez Brignoli, A Brief History of Central America, Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1989; W Weinburg, War on the Land: Ecology and Politics in Central America, London: Zed Books, 1991; and R Williams, Export Agriculture and the Crisis in Central America, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1986.
20. M Ayoob, Regional Security in the Third World, London: Croom Helm, 1986.
21. B Buzan, People, Status and Fear, p 216.
22. A Wolfers, Discord and Collaboration, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1962.
23. W Lippman, US Foreign Policy, Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1943.
24. T Maniruzzaman, The Security of Small States in the Third World, Canberra: Australian National University, 1982.
25. E A Kolodziej & R E Harkavy, Security Policies of Developing Countries, Lexington, KT: Lexington Books, 1982, p 363.
26. J G Weiss & M A Kessler, Third World Security in the Post-Cold War Era, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1991.
27. C Thomas, The Environment in International Relations, London: Royal Institute for International Affairs, 1992.
28. P A R Calvert (ed), The Central American Security System: North-South or East-West?, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 9-10.
29. See A H Westing (ed), Global Resources and International Conflict: Environmental Factors in Strategic Policy and Action, Oxford: Oxford University Press; also see S Deger & S Sen, Military Expenditure: The Political Economy of International Security, Oxford: Oxford University Press/SIPRl.
30. See A H Westing (ed), Global Resources and International Conflict: Environmental Factors in Strategic Policy and Action, Oxford: Oxford University Press; also see S Deger & S Sen, Military Expenditure: The Political Economy of International Security, Oxford: Oxford University Press/SIPRl.
31. Calvert, The Central American Security System, p 9.
32. Ayoob, Regional Security in the Third World, pp 6-7. Among other books useful in the context of this section and article are: E E Azar & C Moon, National Security in the Third World, Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1988; K Booth (ed), New Thinking About Strategy and International Security, London: Unwin Hyman, 1990 (particularly chapters by C Thomas and D Dunn); J Galtung, Environment and Military Activity: Towards Alternative Security Doctrines, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1982; A F Mullins (Jr), Born Arming: Development and Military Power in New States, Stanford, CT: Stanford University Press, 1987; J F Rweyemamu, Third World Options-Power, Security and the Hope for Another Development, Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House, 1992; L Schoultz, National Security and United States Policy Toward Latin America, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987; and C Thomas, In Search of Security: The Third World in International Relations, Brighton Wheatsheaf, 1987.
33. Ayoob, Regional Security in the Third World, pp 6-7. Among other books useful in the context of this section and article are: E E Azar & C Moon, National Security in the Third World, Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1988; K Booth (ed), New Thinking About Strategy and International Security, London: Unwin Hyman, 1990 (particularly chapters by C Thomas and D Dunn); J Galtung, Environment and Military Activity: Towards Alternative Security Doctrines, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1982; A F Mullins (Jr), Born Arming: Development and Military Power in New States, Stanford, CT: Stanford University Press, 1987; J F Rweyemamu, Third World Options-Power, Security and the Hope for Another Development, Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House, 1992; L Schoultz, National Security and United States Policy Toward Latin America, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987; and C Thomas, In Search of Security: The Third World in International Relations, Brighton Wheatsheaf, 1987.
34. Ayoob, Regional Security in the Third World, pp 6-7. Among other books useful in the context of this section and article are: E E Azar & C Moon, National Security in the Third World, Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1988; K Booth (ed), New Thinking About Strategy and International Security, London: Unwin Hyman, 1990 (particularly chapters by C Thomas and D Dunn); J Galtung, Environment and Military Activity: Towards Alternative Security Doctrines, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1982; A F Mullins (Jr), Born Arming: Development and Military Power in New States, Stanford, CT: Stanford University Press, 1987; J F Rweyemamu, Third World Options-Power, Security and the Hope for Another Development, Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House, 1992; L Schoultz, National Security and United States Policy Toward Latin America, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987; and C Thomas, In Search of Security: The Third World in International Relations, Brighton Wheatsheaf, 1987.
35. Ayoob, Regional Security in the Third World, pp 6-7. Among other books useful in the context of this section and article are: E E Azar & C Moon, National Security in the Third World, Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1988; K Booth (ed), New Thinking About Strategy and International Security, London: Unwin Hyman, 1990 (particularly chapters by C Thomas and D Dunn); J Galtung, Environment and Military Activity: Towards Alternative Security Doctrines, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1982; A F Mullins (Jr), Born Arming: Development and Military Power in New States, Stanford, CT: Stanford University Press, 1987; J F Rweyemamu, Third World Options-Power, Security and the Hope for Another Development, Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House, 1992; L Schoultz, National Security and United States Policy Toward Latin America, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987; and C Thomas, In Search of Security: The Third World in International Relations, Brighton Wheatsheaf, 1987.
36. Ayoob, Regional Security in the Third World, pp 6-7. Among other books useful in the context of this section and article are: E E Azar & C Moon, National Security in the Third World, Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1988; K Booth (ed), New Thinking About Strategy and International Security, London: Unwin Hyman, 1990 (particularly chapters by C Thomas and D Dunn); J Galtung, Environment and Military Activity: Towards Alternative Security Doctrines, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1982; A F Mullins (Jr), Born Arming: Development and Military Power in New States, Stanford, CT: Stanford University Press, 1987; J F Rweyemamu, Third World Options-Power, Security and the Hope for Another Development, Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House, 1992; L Schoultz, National Security and United States Policy Toward Latin America, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987; and C Thomas, In Search of Security: The Third World in International Relations, Brighton Wheatsheaf, 1987.
37. Ayoob, Regional Security in the Third World, pp 6-7. Among other books useful in the context of this section and article are: E E Azar & C Moon, National Security in the Third World, Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1988; K Booth (ed), New Thinking About Strategy and International Security, London: Unwin Hyman, 1990 (particularly chapters by C Thomas and D Dunn); J Galtung, Environment and Military Activity: Towards Alternative Security Doctrines, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1982; A F Mullins (Jr), Born Arming: Development and Military Power in New States, Stanford, CT: Stanford University Press, 1987; J F Rweyemamu, Third World Options-Power, Security and the Hope for Another Development, Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House, 1992; L Schoultz, National Security and United States Policy Toward Latin America, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987; and C Thomas, In Search of Security: The Third World in International Relations, Brighton Wheatsheaf, 1987.
38. Ayoob, Regional Security in the Third World, pp 6-7. Among other books useful in the context of this section and article are: E E Azar & C Moon, National Security in the Third World, Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1988; K Booth (ed), New Thinking About Strategy and International Security, London: Unwin Hyman, 1990 (particularly chapters by C Thomas and D Dunn); J Galtung, Environment and Military Activity: Towards Alternative Security Doctrines, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1982; A F Mullins (Jr), Born Arming: Development and Military Power in New States, Stanford, CT: Stanford University Press, 1987; J F Rweyemamu, Third World Options-Power, Security and the Hope for Another Development, Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House, 1992; L Schoultz, National Security and United States Policy Toward Latin America, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987; and C Thomas, In Search of Security: The Third World in International Relations, Brighton Wheatsheaf, 1987.
39. Ayoob, Regional Security in the Third World, pp 6-7. Among other books useful in the context of this section and article are: E E Azar & C Moon, National Security in the Third World, Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1988; K Booth (ed), New Thinking About Strategy and International Security, London: Unwin Hyman, 1990 (particularly chapters by C Thomas and D Dunn); J Galtung, Environment and Military Activity: Towards Alternative Security Doctrines, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1982; A F Mullins (Jr), Born Arming: Development and Military Power in New States, Stanford, CT: Stanford University Press, 1987; J F Rweyemamu, Third World Options-Power, Security and the Hope for Another Development, Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House, 1992; L Schoultz, National Security and United States Policy Toward Latin America, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987; and C Thomas, In Search of Security: The Third World in International Relations, Brighton Wheatsheaf, 1987.
40. Banks, in M Light & A J R Groom, International Relations: A Handbook of Current Theory, London: Pinter Publishers, 1985.
41. Booth, New Thinking about Strategy.
42. Buzan, People, States and Fear, p 1.
43. Thomas, The Environment in International Relations.
44. L Freedman, in Booth, New Thinking about Strategy, p 86.
45. Ayoob, Regional Security in the Third World; Calvert, The Central American Security System; and Weis & Kessler, Third World Security in the Post-Cold War Era.
46. Ayoob, Regional Security in the Third World; Calvert, The Central American Security System; and Weis & Kessler, Third World Security in the Post-Cold War Era.
47. Ayoob, Regional Security in the Third World; Calvert, The Central American Security System; and Weis & Kessler, Third World Security in the Post-Cold War Era.
48. Booth, New Thinking about Strategy, p 341.
49. Booth, New Thinking about Strategy, p 7.
50. Westing, Global Resources and International Conflict.
51. For example J J Holst 'Security and the environment: a preliminary explanation'. Bulletin of Peace Proposals, 20(2), 1989, pp 123-128.
52. D Deudney, 'The case against linking environmental degradation and national security', Millennium, 19(3), 1990, pp 461-476.
53. T F Homer-Dixon, 'Environmental change and acute conflict', International Security, 16(2), 1991, pp 76-116.
54. Deudney, 'The case against linking'.
55. L Elliot, 'Ecological security: an evolving concept', BISA/ESRC International Relations of Global Environmental Change Group, 15 January 1993.
56. Deudney, 'The case against linking', p 475.
57. P O'Brien, in D Goodman & M Redclift (eds), Environment and Development in Latin America - The Politics of Sustainability, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991.
58. W M Adams, Green Development: Environment and Sustainability in the Third World, London: Routledge, 1990.
59. Herman Daly, Guardian, 10 April 1992.
60. Booth, New Thinking about Strategy, p 349.
61. Thomas, The Environment in International Relations, p 286.
62. C Thomas, in Booth, New Thinking about Strategy.
63. Goodman & Redclift, Environment and Development in Latin America, p 1.