메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 13, Issue 9, 1996, Pages 1174-1186

A critical study of homoplasy in molecular data with the use of a morphologically based cladogram, and its consequences for character weighting

Author keywords

28S ribosomal RNA; character weighting; gnathostomes; homoplasy; molecular evolution; parsimony; variable positions

Indexed keywords

RNA 28S;

EID: 0029907143     PISSN: 07374038     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025682     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (52)

References (75)
  • 1
    • 0027356646 scopus 로고
    • The major lines of metazoan evolution: Summary of traditional evidence and lessons from ribosomal RNA sequence analysis
    • Y. PICHON, ed. Birkhaüser Verlag, Basel
    • ADOUTTE, A., and H. PHILIPPE. 1993. The major lines of metazoan evolution: summary of traditional evidence and lessons from ribosomal RNA sequence analysis. Pp. 1-30 in Y. PICHON, ed. Comparative molecular neurobiology. Birkhaüser Verlag, Basel.
    • (1993) Comparative Molecular Neurobiology , pp. 1-30
    • Adoutte, A.1    Philippe, H.2
  • 2
    • 0001383992 scopus 로고
    • Homoplasy excess ratios: New indices for measuring levels of homoplasy in phylogenetic systematics and a critique of the consistency index
    • ARCHIE, J. W. 1989. Homoplasy excess ratios: new indices for measuring levels of homoplasy in phylogenetic systematics and a critique of the consistency index. Syst. Zool. 38:253-269.
    • (1989) Syst. Zool. , vol.38 , pp. 253-269
    • Archie, J.W.1
  • 3
    • 4243844194 scopus 로고
    • The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods
    • Clarendon Press, Oxford
    • BENTON, M. J. 1988. The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods. Systematics Association Spec. Vol. 35, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
    • (1988) Systematics Association Spec. , vol.35
    • Benton, M.J.1
  • 4
    • 0025287317 scopus 로고
    • Phylogeny of the major tetrapod groups: Morphological data and divergence dates
    • _. 1990. Phylogeny of the major tetrapod groups: morphological data and divergence dates. J. Mol. Evol. 30:409-424.
    • (1990) J. Mol. Evol. , vol.30 , pp. 409-424
  • 5
    • 84963060232 scopus 로고
    • A measure of the information content of phylogenetic trees, and its use as an optimality criterion
    • BROOKS, D. R., R. T. O'GRADY, and E. O WILEY. 1986. A measure of the information content of phylogenetic trees, and its use as an optimality criterion. Syst. Zool. 35:571-581.
    • (1986) Syst. Zool. , vol.35 , pp. 571-581
    • Brooks, D.R.1    O'Grady, R.T.2    Wiley, E.O.3
  • 6
    • 0001321005 scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of cladistic and character analyses as hypothetico-deductive procedures, and the consequences for character weighting
    • BRYANT, H. N. 1989. An evaluation of cladistic and character analyses as hypothetico-deductive procedures, and the consequences for character weighting. Syst. Zool. 38:214-227.
    • (1989) Syst. Zool. , vol.38 , pp. 214-227
    • Bryant, H.N.1
  • 7
    • 84977689321 scopus 로고
    • Deductive and inductive methods in post-linnaean taxonomy
    • CAIN, A. J. 1959. Deductive and inductive methods in post-linnaean taxonomy. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 169:185-217.
    • (1959) Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. , vol.169 , pp. 185-217
    • Cain, A.J.1
  • 8
    • 0028362463 scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic place of guinea pigs: No support of the rodent-polyphyly hypothesis from maximum-likelihood analyses of multiple protein sequences
    • CAO, Y., J. ADACHI, T. YANO, and M. HASEGAWA. 1994. Phylogenetic place of guinea pigs: no support of the rodent-polyphyly hypothesis from maximum-likelihood analyses of multiple protein sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 11:593-604.
    • (1994) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.11 , pp. 593-604
    • Cao, Y.1    Adachi, J.2    Yano, T.3    Hasegawa, M.4
  • 10
    • 84963028421 scopus 로고
    • A successive approximations approach to character weighting
    • FARRIS, J. S. 1969. A successive approximations approach to character weighting. Syst. Zool. 18:374-385.
    • (1969) Syst. Zool. , vol.18 , pp. 374-385
    • Farris, J.S.1
  • 11
    • 0000472542 scopus 로고
    • Estimating phylogenetic trees from distance matrices
    • _. 1972. Estimating phylogenetic trees from distance matrices. Am. Nat. 106:645-668.
    • (1972) Am. Nat. , vol.106 , pp. 645-668
  • 13
    • 84983540175 scopus 로고
    • The retention index and the rescaled consistency index
    • _. 1989. The retention index and the rescaled consistency index. Cladistics 5:417-419.
    • (1989) Cladistics , vol.5 , pp. 417-419
  • 14
    • 84959798530 scopus 로고
    • Cases in which parsimony or compatibility methods will be positively misleading
    • FELSENSTEIN, J. 1978. Cases in which parsimony or compatibility methods will be positively misleading. Syst. Zool. 27: 401-410.
    • (1978) Syst. Zool. , vol.27 , pp. 401-410
    • Felsenstein, J.1
  • 15
    • 0003954036 scopus 로고
    • University Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley, Calif.
    • _. 1990. PHYLIP manual. Version 3.3. University Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley, Calif.
    • (1990) PHYLIP Manual. Version 3.3
  • 18
    • 0015076741 scopus 로고
    • The non-identity of variable positions in the cytochrome c of different species
    • FITCH, W. M. 1971a. The non-identity of variable positions in the cytochrome c of different species. Biochem. Genet. 5: 231-241.
    • (1971) Biochem. Genet. , vol.5 , pp. 231-241
    • Fitch, W.M.1
  • 19
    • 0015162378 scopus 로고
    • Rate of change of concomitantly variable codons
    • _. 1971b. Rate of change of concomitantly variable codons. J. Mol. Evol. 1:84-96.
    • (1971) J. Mol. Evol. , vol.1 , pp. 84-96
  • 20
    • 0015777861 scopus 로고
    • Aspects of molecular evolution
    • _. 1973. Aspects of molecular evolution. Annu. Rev. Genet. 7:343-380.
    • (1973) Annu. Rev. Genet. , vol.7 , pp. 343-380
  • 21
    • 0019121434 scopus 로고
    • Estimating the total number of nucleotide substitutions since the common ancestor of a pair of homologous genes: Comparison of several methods and three beta hemoglobin messenger RNA's
    • _. 1980. Estimating the total number of nucleotide substitutions since the common ancestor of a pair of homologous genes: comparison of several methods and three beta hemoglobin messenger RNA's. J. Mol. Evol. 16:153-209.
    • (1980) J. Mol. Evol. , vol.16 , pp. 153-209
  • 22
    • 0345405835 scopus 로고
    • An estimation of the number of invariable sites is necessary for the accurate estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions since a common ancestor
    • H. GERSHOWITZ, ed. Alan R. Liss, New York
    • _. 1986. An estimation of the number of invariable sites is necessary for the accurate estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions since a common ancestor. Pp. 149-159 in H. GERSHOWITZ, ed. Evolutionary perspectives and the new genetics. Alan R. Liss, New York.
    • (1986) Evolutionary Perspectives and the New Genetics , pp. 149-159
  • 23
    • 0014860857 scopus 로고
    • An improved method for determining codon variability in a gene and its application to the rate of fixations of mutations in evolution
    • FITCH, W. M., and E. MARKOWITZ. 1970. An improved method for determining codon variability in a gene and its application to the rate of fixations of mutations in evolution. Biochem. Genet. 4:579-593.
    • (1970) Biochem. Genet. , vol.4 , pp. 579-593
    • Fitch, W.M.1    Markowitz, E.2
  • 24
    • 0002212559 scopus 로고
    • Weighted parsimony: Does it work?
    • M. M. MIYAMOTO and J. CRACRAFT, eds. Oxford University Press
    • FITCH, W. M., and J. YE. 1991. Weighted parsimony: does it work? Pp. 147-154 in M. M. MIYAMOTO and J. CRACRAFT, eds. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences. Oxford University Press.
    • (1991) Phylogenetic Analysis of DNA Sequences , pp. 147-154
    • Fitch, W.M.1    Ye, J.2
  • 25
    • 0027056143 scopus 로고
    • The nature of the last universal ancestor and the root of the tree of life, still open questions
    • FORTERRE, P., N. BENACHENHOU-LAHFA, F. CONFALONIERI, M. DUGUET, C. ELIE, and B. LABEDAN. 1993. The nature of the last universal ancestor and the root of the tree of life, still open questions. BioSystems 28:15-32.
    • (1993) BioSystems , vol.28 , pp. 15-32
    • Forterre, P.1    Benachenhou-Lahfa, N.2    Confalonieri, F.3    Duguet, M.4    Elie, C.5    Labedan, B.6
  • 26
    • 0026296265 scopus 로고
    • Homoplasy and the choice among cladograms
    • GOLOBOFF, P. A. 1991. Homoplasy and the choice among cladograms. Cladistics 7:215-232.
    • (1991) Cladistics , vol.7 , pp. 215-232
    • Goloboff, P.A.1
  • 27
    • 0024605359 scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic analyses based on rRNA sequence supports the archaebacterial rather than the eocyte tree
    • GOUY, M., and W.-H. LI. 1989. Phylogenetic analyses based on rRNA sequence supports the archaebacterial rather than the eocyte tree. Nature 339:145-147.
    • (1989) Nature , vol.339 , pp. 145-147
    • Gouy, M.1    Li, W.-H.2
  • 28
    • 0026428609 scopus 로고
    • Is the guinea-pig a rodent?
    • GRAUR, D., W. A. HIDE, and W.-H. LI. 1991. Is the guinea-pig a rodent? Nature 351:649-652.
    • (1991) Nature , vol.351 , pp. 649-652
    • Graur, D.1    Hide, W.A.2    Li, W.-H.3
  • 29
    • 0027420885 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of HSP70 gene and its implications regarding relationships between Archaebacteria, Eubacteria and Eukaryotes
    • GUPTA, R. S., and G. B. GOLDING. 1993. Evolution of HSP70 gene and its implications regarding relationships between Archaebacteria, Eubacteria and Eukaryotes. J. Mol. Evol. 37:573-582.
    • (1993) J. Mol. Evol. , vol.37 , pp. 573-582
    • Gupta, R.S.1    Golding, G.B.2
  • 30
    • 0029947159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic position of cetaceans relative to artiodactyls: Reanalysis of mitochondrial and nuclear sequences
    • HASEGAWA, M., and J. ADACHI. 1996. Phylogenetic position of cetaceans relative to artiodactyls: reanalysis of mitochondrial and nuclear sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13:710-717.
    • (1996) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.13 , pp. 710-717
    • Hasegawa, M.1    Adachi, J.2
  • 32
    • 0021770476 scopus 로고
    • The complete nucleotide sequence of mouse 28S rRNA. Implications for the process of size increase of the large subunit rRNA in higher eukaryotes
    • HASSOUNA, N., B. MICHOT, and J. P. BACHELLERIE. 1984. The complete nucleotide sequence of mouse 28S rRNA. Implications for the process of size increase of the large subunit rRNA in higher eukaryotes. Nucleic Acids Res. 12:3563-3583.
    • (1984) Nucleic Acids Res. , vol.12 , pp. 3563-3583
    • Hassouna, N.1    Michot, B.2    Bachellerie, J.P.3
  • 33
    • 0010693169 scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic inference and methodology as applied to the vertebrate record
    • HECHT, M. K. 1976. Phylogenetic inference and methodology as applied to the vertebrate record. Evol. Biol. 9:335-363.
    • (1976) Evol. Biol. , vol.9 , pp. 335-363
    • Hecht, M.K.1
  • 34
    • 0040544917 scopus 로고
    • The determination of parallel or monophyletic relationships: The proteid salamanders - A test case
    • HECHT, M. K., and J. L. EDWARDS. 1976. The determination of parallel or monophyletic relationships: the proteid salamanders - a test case. Am. Nat. 110:653-677.
    • (1976) Am. Nat. , vol.110 , pp. 653-677
    • Hecht, M.K.1    Edwards, J.L.2
  • 36
    • 0019126419 scopus 로고
    • Theoretical foundations for quantitative paleogenetics. Part III. The molecular divergence of nucleic acids and proteins for the case of genetic events of unequal probability
    • HOLMQUIST, R., and D. PEARL. 1980. Theoretical foundations for quantitative paleogenetics. Part III. The molecular divergence of nucleic acids and proteins for the case of genetic events of unequal probability. J. Mol. Evol. 16:211-287.
    • (1980) J. Mol. Evol. , vol.16 , pp. 211-287
    • Holmquist, R.1    Pearl, D.2
  • 37
    • 0011044772 scopus 로고
    • Non-uniform molecular divergence: The quantitative evolutionary analysis of genes and messenger RNAs under selective structural constraints
    • M. GOODMAN, ed. Plenum Press, New York
    • HOLMQUIST, R., D. PEARL, and T. H. JUKES. 1983. Non-uniform molecular divergence: the quantitative evolutionary analysis of genes and messenger RNAs under selective structural constraints. Pp. 281-315 in M. GOODMAN, ed. Macromolecular sequences in systematic and evolutionary biology. Plenum Press, New York.
    • (1983) Macromolecular Sequences in Systematic and Evolutionary Biology , pp. 281-315
    • Holmquist, R.1    Pearl, D.2    Jukes, T.H.3
  • 38
    • 0024358140 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary relationship of archaebacteria, eubacteria, and eukaryotes inferred from phylogenetic trees of duplicated genes
    • IWABE, N., K. I. KUMA, M. HASEGAWA, S. OSAWA, and T. MIYATA. 1989. Evolutionary relationship of archaebacteria, eubacteria, and eukaryotes inferred from phylogenetic trees of duplicated genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:9355-9359.
    • (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.86 , pp. 9355-9359
    • Iwabe, N.1    Kuma, K.I.2    Hasegawa, M.3    Osawa, S.4    Miyata, T.5
  • 39
    • 0002361238 scopus 로고
    • Percomorph phylogeny: Progress and problems
    • JOHNSON, G. D. 1993. Percomorph phylogeny: progress and problems. Bull. Mar. Sci. 52:3-28.
    • (1993) Bull. Mar. Sci. , vol.52 , pp. 3-28
    • Johnson, G.D.1
  • 41
    • 84960560333 scopus 로고
    • Consistency indices and random data
    • KLASSEN, G. J., R. D. MOOI, and A. LOCKE. 1991. Consistency indices and random data. Syst. Zool. 40:446-457.
    • (1991) Syst. Zool. , vol.40 , pp. 446-457
    • Klassen, G.J.1    Mooi, R.D.2    Locke, A.3
  • 42
    • 0000941526 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative phyletics and the evolution of anurans
    • KLUGE, A. G., and J. S. FARRIS. 1969. Quantitative phyletics and the evolution of anurans. Syst. Zool. 30:1-32.
    • (1969) Syst. Zool. , vol.30 , pp. 1-32
    • Kluge, A.G.1    Farris, J.S.2
  • 43
    • 0023518996 scopus 로고
    • Prokaryotes and archaebacteria are not monophyletic: Rate invariant analysis of rRNA genes indicates that eukaryotes and eocytes form a monophyletic taxon
    • LAKE, J. A. 1987. Prokaryotes and archaebacteria are not monophyletic: rate invariant analysis of rRNA genes indicates that eukaryotes and eocytes form a monophyletic taxon. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 52:839-846.
    • (1987) Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. , vol.52 , pp. 839-846
    • Lake, J.A.1
  • 44
    • 0003030057 scopus 로고
    • The evolution and interrelationships of the actinopterygian fishes
    • Mass.
    • LAUDER, G. V., and K. F. LIEM. 1983. The evolution and interrelationships of the actinopterygian fishes. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Camb. (Mass.) 150:95-197.
    • (1983) Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Camb. , vol.150 , pp. 95-197
    • Lauder, G.V.1    Liem, K.F.2
  • 45
    • 0027564167 scopus 로고
    • A 28S rRNA based phylogeny of the gnathostomes: First steps in the analysis of conflict and congruence with morphologically based cladograms
    • LÉ, H. L. V., G. LECOINTRE, and R. PERASSO. 1993. A 28S rRNA based phylogeny of the gnathostomes: first steps in the analysis of conflict and congruence with morphologically based cladograms. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2:31-51.
    • (1993) Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. , vol.2 , pp. 31-51
    • Lé, H.L.V.1    Lecointre, G.2    Perasso, R.3
  • 47
    • 0028723230 scopus 로고
    • How many nucleotides are required to resolve a phylogenetic problem? The use of a new statistical method applicable to available sequences
    • _. 1994. How many nucleotides are required to resolve a phylogenetic problem? The use of a new statistical method applicable to available sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 3:292-309.
    • (1994) Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. , vol.3 , pp. 292-309
  • 48
    • 0000281405 scopus 로고
    • Monophyly or polyphyly of the order Rodentia: Possible conflict between morphological and molecular interpretations
    • LUCKETT, W. P., and J.-L. HARTENBERGER. 1993. Monophyly or polyphyly of the order Rodentia: possible conflict between morphological and molecular interpretations. J. Mamm. Evol. 1:127-147.
    • (1993) J. Mamm. Evol. , vol.1 , pp. 127-147
    • Luckett, W.P.1    Hartenberger, J.-L.2
  • 49
    • 0000229302 scopus 로고
    • Heads and tails: A chordate phylogeny
    • MAISEY, J. G. 1986. Heads and tails: a chordate phylogeny. Cladistics 2:201-256.
    • (1986) Cladistics , vol.2 , pp. 201-256
    • Maisey, J.G.1
  • 52
    • 84960561979 scopus 로고
    • Homoplasy slope ratio: A better measurement of observed homoplasy in cladistic analyses
    • MEIER, R., P. KORES, and S. DARWIN. 1991. Homoplasy slope ratio: a better measurement of observed homoplasy in cladistic analyses. Syst. Zool. 40:74-88.
    • (1991) Syst. Zool. , vol.40 , pp. 74-88
    • Meier, R.1    Kores, P.2    Darwin, S.3
  • 53
    • 4243753371 scopus 로고
    • An a priori character weighting method for cladistic analysis
    • MOODY, S. M., and P. O'NOLAN. 1987. An a priori character weighting method for cladistic analysis. Am. Zool. 27:108A.
    • (1987) Am. Zool. , vol.27
    • Moody, S.M.1    O'Nolan, P.2
  • 54
    • 0000552546 scopus 로고
    • A rational basis for a priori character weighting
    • NEFF, N. A. 1986. A rational basis for a priori character weighting. Syst. Zool. 35:110-123.
    • (1986) Syst. Zool. , vol.35 , pp. 110-123
    • Neff, N.A.1
  • 55
    • 0026091295 scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic relationships of neopterygian fishes, inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences
    • NORMARK, B. B., A. R. MCCUNE, and R. G. HARRISON. 1991. Phylogenetic relationships of neopterygian fishes, inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 8: 819-834.
    • (1991) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.8 , pp. 819-834
    • Normark, B.B.1    Mccune, A.R.2    Harrison, R.G.3
  • 56
    • 0000924060 scopus 로고
    • The skull and the pectoral girdle of the parasemionotid fish Watsonulus eugnathoides from the early Triasic Sakamena group of Madagascar, with comments on the relationships of the holostean fishes
    • OLSEN, P. E. 1984. The skull and the pectoral girdle of the parasemionotid fish Watsonulus eugnathoides from the early Triasic Sakamena group of Madagascar, with comments on the relationships of the holostean fishes. J. Vert. Paleontol. 4:481-499.
    • (1984) J. Vert. Paleontol. , vol.4 , pp. 481-499
    • Olsen, P.E.1
  • 57
    • 0024359678 scopus 로고
    • Rates of molecular evolution and the fraction of nucleotide positions free to vary
    • PALUMBI, S. R. 1989. Rates of molecular evolution and the fraction of nucleotide positions free to vary. J. Mol. Evol. 29:180-187.
    • (1989) J. Mol. Evol. , vol.29 , pp. 180-187
    • Palumbi, S.R.1
  • 59
    • 0001067192 scopus 로고
    • Morphology and interrelationships of primitive actinopterygian fishes
    • PATTERSON, C. 1982. Morphology and interrelationships of primitive actinopterygian fishes. Am. Zool. 22:241-259.
    • (1982) Am. Zool. , vol.22 , pp. 241-259
    • Patterson, C.1
  • 60
    • 0024431807 scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic relations of major groups: Conclusions and prospects
    • B. FERNHOLM, K. BREMER, and H. JÖRNVALL, eds. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam
    • _. 1989. Phylogenetic relations of major groups: conclusions and prospects. Pp. 471-488 in B. FERNHOLM, K. BREMER, and H. JÖRNVALL, eds. The hierarchy of life. Molecules and morphology in phylogenetic analysis. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam.
    • (1989) The Hierarchy of Life. Molecules and Morphology in Phylogenetic Analysis , pp. 471-488
  • 61
    • 84989419202 scopus 로고
    • Testing methods of evolutionary tree construction
    • PENNY, D., and M. D. HENDY. 1985. Testing methods of evolutionary tree construction. Cladistics 1:266-278.
    • (1985) Cladistics , vol.1 , pp. 266-278
    • Penny, D.1    Hendy, M.D.2
  • 62
    • 0022472311 scopus 로고
    • Estimating the reliability evolutionary tree
    • _. 1986. Estimating the reliability evolutionary tree. Mol. Biol. Evol. 3:403-417.
    • (1986) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.3 , pp. 403-417
  • 63
    • 0027494836 scopus 로고
    • MUST: A computer package of management utilities for sequences and trees
    • PHILIPPE, H. 1993. MUST: a computer package of management utilities for sequences and trees. Nucleic Acids. Res. 21: 5264-5272.
    • (1993) Nucleic Acids. Res. , vol.21 , pp. 5264-5272
    • Philippe, H.1
  • 64
    • 0000909802 scopus 로고
    • The pitfalls of molecular phylogeny based on four species as illustrated by the Cetacea/Artiodactyla relationships
    • PHILIPPE, H., and E. DOUZERY. 1994. The pitfalls of molecular phylogeny based on four species as illustrated by the Cetacea/Artiodactyla relationships. J. Mamm. Evol. 2:133-152.
    • (1994) J. Mamm. Evol. , vol.2 , pp. 133-152
    • Philippe, H.1    Douzery, E.2
  • 65
    • 0001368649 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of variation in levels of homoplasy
    • SANDERSON, M. J., and M. J. DONOGHUE. 1989. Patterns of variation in levels of homoplasy. Evolution 43:1781-1795.
    • (1989) Evolution , vol.43 , pp. 1781-1795
    • Sanderson, M.J.1    Donoghue, M.J.2
  • 66
    • 0024528375 scopus 로고
    • A hypothesis-independent method of character weighting for cladistic analysis
    • SHARKEY, M. J. 1989. A hypothesis-independent method of character weighting for cladistic analysis. Cladistics 5:63-86.
    • (1989) Cladistics , vol.5 , pp. 63-86
    • Sharkey, M.J.1
  • 67
    • 0024661142 scopus 로고
    • Evidence from nuclear sequences that invariable sites should be considered when sequence divergence is calculated
    • SHOEMAKER, J. S., and W. M. FITCH. 1989. Evidence from nuclear sequences that invariable sites should be considered when sequence divergence is calculated. Mol. Biol. Evol. 6:270-289.
    • (1989) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.6 , pp. 270-289
    • Shoemaker, J.S.1    Fitch, W.M.2
  • 68
    • 0041470526 scopus 로고
    • Primate taxonomy and recent studies of nonhuman primates
    • SIMPSON, G. G. 1962. Primate taxonomy and recent studies of nonhuman primates. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 102:497-514.
    • (1962) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , vol.102 , pp. 497-514
    • Simpson, G.G.1
  • 69
    • 0002927049 scopus 로고
    • Character weighting and cladistic analysis
    • WHEELER, Q. D. 1986. Character weighting and cladistic analysis. Syst. Zool. 38:102-109.
    • (1986) Syst. Zool. , vol.38 , pp. 102-109
    • Wheeler, Q.D.1
  • 70
    • 0024418542 scopus 로고
    • Finding the minimal change in a given tree
    • B. FERNHOLM, K. BREMER, and H. JORNVALL, eds. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam
    • WILLIAMS, P. L., and W. M. FITCH. 1989. Finding the minimal change in a given tree. Pp. 453-470 in B. FERNHOLM, K. BREMER, and H. JORNVALL, eds. The hierarchy of life. Molecules and morphology in phylogenetic analysis. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam.
    • (1989) The Hierarchy of Life. Molecules and Morphology in Phylogenetic Analysis , pp. 453-470
    • Williams, P.L.1    Fitch, W.M.2
  • 71
    • 0025274493 scopus 로고
    • Phylogeny determination using a dynamically-weighted parsimony method
    • R. F. DOOLITTLE, ed. Academic Press, New York
    • _. 1990. Phylogeny determination using a dynamically-weighted parsimony method. Pp. 615-625 in R. F. DOOLITTLE, ed. Molecular evolution: computer analysis of protein and nucleic acid sequences. Methods in enzymology. Vol. 183. Academic Press, New York.
    • (1990) Molecular Evolution: Computer Analysis of Protein and Nucleic Acid Sequences. Methods in Enzymology , vol.183 , pp. 615-625
  • 72
    • 0023184331 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial evolution
    • WOESE, C. R. 1987. Bacterial evolution. Microbiol. Rev. 51: 221-271.
    • (1987) Microbiol. Rev. , vol.51 , pp. 221-271
    • Woese, C.R.1
  • 73
    • 84925824878 scopus 로고
    • Perspectives in molecular anthropology
    • S. L. WASHBURN, ed. Aldine Publishing Co., Chicago
    • ZUCKERKANDL, E. 1963. Perspectives in molecular anthropology. P. 243 in S. L. WASHBURN, ed. Classification and human evolution. Aldine Publishing Co., Chicago.
    • (1963) Classification and Human Evolution , pp. 243
    • Zuckerkandl, E.1
  • 74
    • 0017227120 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary processes and evolutionary noise at the molecular level. I. Functional density in proteins
    • _. 1976a. Evolutionary processes and evolutionary noise at the molecular level. I. Functional density in proteins. J. Mol. Evol. 7:167-183.
    • (1976) J. Mol. Evol. , vol.7 , pp. 167-183
  • 75
    • 0017184736 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary processes and evolutionary noise at the molecular level. II. A selectionist model for random fixations in proteins
    • _. 1976b. Evolutionary processes and evolutionary noise at the molecular level. II. A selectionist model for random fixations in proteins. J. Mol. Evol. 7:269-311.
    • (1976) J. Mol. Evol. , vol.7 , pp. 269-311


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.