Molecular and clinical aspects of apoptosis

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 72, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 37-50

  Uren, Anthony G ^a   Vaux, David L ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

apoptosis; bcl 2; cysteine protease; IAP; programmed cell death; TNF receptor family

Indexed keywords

TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR;

APOPTOSIS; CELL DEATH; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; MORPHOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS; CASPASE 1; CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR; GENES, VIRAL; GRANZYMES; HIV; HUMANS; MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS; PORE FORMING CYTOTOXIC PROTEINS; RECEPTORS, TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES; TERMINOLOGY;

EID: 0029906156     PISSN: 01637258     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0163-7258(96)00098-8     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Allsopp, T. E., Wyatt, S., Paterson, H. F. and Davies, A. M. (1993) The proto-oncogene bcl-2 can selectively rescue neurotrophic factor-dependent neurons from apoptosis. Cell 73: 295-307.
2. Alnemri, E. S., Fernandes, T. F., Haldar, S., Croce, C. M. and Litwack, G. (1992) Involvement of BCL-2 in glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of human pre-B-leukemias. Cancer Res. 52: 491-495.
3. Alnemri, E. S., Fernandes-Alnemri, T. and Litwack, G. (1995) Cloning and expression of four novel isoforms of human interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme with different apoptotic activities. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 4312-4317.
4. Ameisen, J. C. and Capron, A. (1991) Cell dysfunction and depletion in AIDS: the programmed cell death hypothesis. Immunol. Today 12: 102-105.
5. Antoni, B. A., Sabbatini, P., Rabson, A. B. and White, E. (1995) Inhibition of apoptosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells enhances virus production and facilitates persistent infection. J. Virology 69: 2384-2392.
6. Askew, D. S., Ashmus, R. A., Simmons, B. C. and Cleveland, J. L. (1991) Constitutive c-myc expression in an IL-3-dependent myeloid cell line suppresses cell cycle arrest and accelerates apoptosis. Oncogene 6: 1915-1922.
7. Ayala, J. M., Yamin, T., Egger, L. A., Chin, J., Kostura, M. J. and Miller, D. K. (1994) IL-1β-converting enzyme is present in monocytic cells as an inactive 45-kDa precursor. J. Immunol. 153: 2592-2599.
8. Banda, N. K., Bernier, J., Kurahara, D. K., Kurrle, R., Haigwood, N., Sekaly, R. P. and Finkel, T. H. (1992) Crosslinking CD4 by human immunodeficiency virus gp120 primes T cells for activation-induced apoptosis. J. Exp. Med. 176: 1099-1106.
9. Barr, P. J. and Tomei, L. D. (1994) Apoptosis and its role in human disease. Biotechnology 12: 487-493.
10. Beidler, D. R., Tewari, M., Friesen, P. D., Poirier, G. and Dixit, V. M. (1995) The baculovirus p35 protein inhibits Fas- and tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 16526-16528.
11. Bellgrau, D., Gold, D., Selawry, H., Moore, J., Frazusoff, A. and Duke, R. C. (1995) A role for CD95 ligand in preventing graft rejection. Nature 377: 630-632.
12. Beutler, B. and van-Huffel, C. (1994) Unraveling function in the TNF ligand and receptor families. Science 264: 667-668.
13. Boise, L. H., Gonzales-Garcia, M., Postema, C. E., Ding, L., Lindsten, T., Turka, L. A., Mao, X., Nunez, G. and Thompson, C. B. (1993) Bcl-x, a bcl-2 related gene that functions as a dominant regulator of apoptotic cell death. Cell 74: 597-608.
14. Boldin, M. P., Varfolomeev, E. E., Pancer, Z., Mett, I. L., Camonis, J. H. and Wallach, D. (1995) A novel protein that interacts with the death domain of Fas/Apol contains a sequence motif related to the death domain. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 7795-7798.
15. Borner, C., Martinou, I., Mattmann, C., Irmler, M., Schaerer, E., Martinou, J. C. and Tschopp, J. (1994) The protein bcl-2-alpha does not require membrane attachment, but two conserved domains to suppress apoptosis. J. Cell Biol. 126: 1059-1068.
16. Bump, N. J., Hackett, M., Hugunin, M., Seshagiri, S., Brady, K., Chen, P., Ferenz, C., Franklin, S., Ghayur, T., Li, P., Licari, P., Mankovich, J., Shi, L. F., Greenberg, A. H., Miller, L. K. and Wong, W. W. (1995) Inhibition of ICE family proteases by baculovirus antiapoptotic protein p35. Science 269: 1885-1888.
17. Cerretti, D. P., Kozlosky, C. J., Mosley, B., Nelson, N., Van, N. K., Greenstreet, T. A., March, C. J., Kronheim, S. R., Druck, T., Cannizzaro, L. A., Huebner, K. and Black, R. A. (1992) Molecular cloning of the interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme. Science 256: 97-100.
18. Chen, L. Z., Nourse, J. and Cleary, M. L. (1989) The bcl-2 candidate proto-oncogene product is a 24-kilodalton integral-membrane protein highly expressed in lymphoid cell lines and lymphomas carrying the t(14;18) translocation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9: 701-710.
19. Chinnaiyan, A. M., O'Rourke, K., Tewari, M. and Dixit, V. M. (1995) FADD, a novel death domain-containing protein, interacts with the death domain of Fas and initiates apoptosis. Cell 81: 505-512.
20. Chiou, S. K., Rao, L. and White, E. (1994a) Bcl 2 blocks p53 dependent apoptosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 2556-2563.
21. Chiou, S. K., Tseng, C. C., Rao, L. and White, E. (1994b) Functional complementation of the adenovirus E1B 19-kilodalton protein with Bcl-2 in the inhibition of apoptosis in infected cells. J. Virol. 68: 6553-6566.
22. Chittenden, T., Harrington, E. A., O'Connor, R., Flemington, C., Lutz, R. J., Evan, G. I. and Guild, B. C. (1995) Induction of apoptosis by the bcl-2 homologue bak. Nature 374: 733-736.
23. Chiu, V. K., Walsh, C. M., Liu, C. C., Reed, J. C. and Clark, W. R. (1995) Bcl-2 blocks degranulation but not Fas-based cell-mediated cytotoxicity. J. Immunol. 154: 2023-2032.
24. Clarke, A. R., Purdie, C. A., Harrison, D. J., Morris, R. G., Bird, C. C., Hooper, M. L. and Wyllie, A. H. (1993) Thymocyte apoptosis induced by p53-dependent and independent pathways. Nature 362: 849-852.
25. Clarke, M. F., Apel, I. J., Benedict, M. A., Eipers, P. G., Sumantran, V., Gonzalezgarcia, M., Doedens, M., Fukunaga, N., Davidson, B., Dick, J. E., Minn, A. J., Boise, L. H., Thompson, C. B., Wicha, M. and Nunez, G. (1995) A recombinant bcl-x(s) adenovirus selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells but not in normal bone marrow cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 11024-11028.
26. Clarke, P. and Clarke, S. (1996) Nineteenth century research on naturally occurring cell death and related phenomena [review]. Anat. Embryol. 193: 81-99.
27. Cleary, M. L., Smith, S. D. and Sklar, J. (1986) Cloning and structural analysis of cDNAs for bcl-2 and a hybrid bcl-2/immunoglobulin transcript resulting from the t(14;18) translocation. Cell 47: 19-28.
28. Clem, R. J. and Miller, L. K. (1993) Apoptosis reduces both the in vitro replication and the in vivo infectivity of a baculovirus. J. Virol. 67: 3730-3738.
29. Clem, R. J., Fechheimer, M. and Miller, L. K. (1991) Prevention of apoptosis by a baculovirus gene during infection of insect cells. Science 254: 1388-1390.
30. Cotter, F. E., Johnson, P., Hall, P., Pocock, C., al Mahdi, N., Cowell, J. K. and Morgan, G. (1994) Antisense oligonucleotides suppress B-cell lymphoma growth in a SCID-hu mouse model. Oncogene 9: 3049-3055.
31. Crook, N. E., Clem, R. J. and Miller, L. K. (1993) An apoptosis-inhibiting baculovirus gene with a zinc finger-like motif. J. Virol. 67: 2168-2174.
32. Darmon, A. J., Nicholson, D. W. and Bleackley, R. C. (1995) Activation of the apoptotic protease CPP32 by cytotoxic T-cell-derived granzyme B. Nature 377: 446-448.
33. Debbas, M. and White, E. (1993) Wild-type p53 mediates apoptosis by E1A, which is inhibited by E1B. Genes Dev. 7: 546-554.
34. Denis, L. (1993) Prostate cancer. Primary hormonal treatment. Cancer 71: 1050-1058.
35. Dickinson, J. L., Bates, E. J., Ferrante, A. and Antalis, T. M. (1995) Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis - evidence for an alternate biological function. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 27894-27904.
36. Duan, H., Chinnaiyan, A. M., Hudson, P. L., Wing, J. P., He, W. and Dixit, V. M. (1996) ICE-LAP3, a novel mammalian homologue of the Caenorhabdtis elegans cell death protein ced-3 is activated during Fas-and tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 1621-1625.
37. Dyson, J. E., Simmons, D. M., Daniel, J., McLaughlin, J. M., Quirke, P. and Bird, C. C. (1986) Kinetic and physical studies of cell death induced by chemotherapeutic agents or hyperthermia. Cell Tissue Kinet. 19: 311-324.
38. Ellis, H. M. and Horvitz, H. R. (1986) Genetic control of programmed cell death in the nematode C. elegans. Cell 44: 817-829.
39. Ellis, R. E., Jacobson, D. M. and Horvitz, H. R. (1991) Genes required for the engulfment of cell corpses during programmed cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 129: 79-94.
40. Farlie, P. G., Dringen, R., Rees, S. M., Kannourakis, G. and Bernard, O. (1995) Bcl-2 transgene expression can protect neurons against developmental and induced cell death. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 4397-4401.
41. Farrow, S. N., White, J. H., Martinou, I., Raven, T., Pun, K. T., Grinham, C. J., Martinou, J. C. and Brown, R. (1995) Cloning of a bcl-2 homologue by interaction with adenovirus E1B 19K. Nature 374: 731-733.
42. Faucheu, C., Diu, A., Chan, A., Blanchet, A. M., Miossec, C., Herve, F., Collarddutilleul, V., Gu, Y., Aldape, R. A., Lippke, J. A., Rocher, C., Su, M., Livingston, D. J., Hercend, T. and Lalanne, J. L. (1995) A novel human protease similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme induces apoptosis in transfected cells. EMBO J. 14: 1914-1922.
43. Feinstein, E., Kimchi, A., Wallach, D., Boldin, M. and Varfolomeev, E. (1995) The death domain - a module shared by proteins with diverse cellular functions. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20: 342-344.
44. Fernandes-Alnemri, T., Litwack, G. and Alnemri, E. S. (1994) CPP32, a novel human apoptotic protein with homology to Caenorhabditis elegans cell death protein Ced-3 and mammalian interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 30761-30764.
45. Fernandes-Alnemri, T., Litwack, G. and Alnemri, E. S. (1995) Mch2, a new member of the apoptotic Ced-3/Ice cysteine protease gene family. Cancer Res. 55: 2737-2742.
46. Finkel, T. H., Tudorwilliams, G., Banda, N. K., Cotton, M. F., Curiel, T., Monks, C., Baba, T. W., Ruprecht, R. M. and Kupfer, A. (1995) Apoptosis occurs predominantly in bystander cells and not in productively infected cells of HIV- and SIV-infected lymph nodes. Nat. Med. 1: 129-134.
47. Fisher, G. H., Rosenberg, F. J., Straus, S. E., Dale, J. K., Middleton, L. A., Lin, A. Y., Strober, W., Lenardo, M. J. and Puck, J. M. (1995) Dominant interfering Fas gene mutations impair apoptosis in a human autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. Cell 81: 935-946.
48. Gagliardini, V., Fernandez, P. A., Lee, R. K. K., Drexler, H. C. A., Rotello, R. J., Fishman, M. C. and Yuan, J. (1994) Prevention of vertebrate neuronal death by the crmA gene. Science 263: 826-828.
49. Gan, H., Newman, G. W. and Remold, H. G. (1995) Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 prevents programmed cell death of human macrophages infected with Mycobacterium avium, serovar 4. J. Immunol.155: 1304-1315.
50. Garcia, I., Martinou, I., Tsujimoto, Y. and Martinou, J. C. (1992) Prevention of programmed cell death of sympathetic neurons by the bcl-2 proto-oncogene. Science 258: 302-304.
51. Geller, J. (1993) Basis for hormonal management of advanced prostate cancer. Cancer 71: 1039-1045.
52. Gibellini, D., Caputo, A., Celeghini, C., Bassini, A., La Placa, M., Capitani, S. and Zauli, G. (1995) Tat-expressing Jurkat cells show an increased resistance to different apoptotic stimuli, including acute human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Br. J. Haematol. 89: 24-33.
53. Gottlieb, R. A., Burleson, K. O., Kloner, R. A., Babior, B. M. and Engler, R. L. (1994) Reperfusion injury induces apoptosis in rabbit cardiomyocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 94: 1621-1628.
54. Grell, M., Zimmermann, G., Hulser, D., Pfizenmaier, K. and Scheurich, P. (1994) TNF receptors TR60 and TR80 can mediate apoptosis via induction of distinct signal pathways. J. Immunol. 153: 1963-1972.
55. Gu, Y., Sarnecki, C., Aldape, R. A., Livingston, D. J. and Su, M. S. (1995) Cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase by interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme and its homologs TX and Nedd-2. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 18715-18718.
56. Haffner, R. and Oren, M. (1995) Biochemical properties and biological effects of p53. Curr. Opin. Gen. Dev. 5: 84-90.
57. Hay, B. A., Wolff, T. and Rubin, G. M. (1994) Expression of baculovirus P35 prevents cell death in Drosophila. Development 120: 2121-2129.
58. Hay, B. A., Wassarman, D. A. and Rubin, G. M. (1995) Drosophila homologs of baculovirus inhibitor of apoptosis proteins function to block cell death. Cell 83: 1253-1262.
59. Hedgecock, E. M., Sulston, J. E. and Thomson, J. N. (1983) Mutations affecting programmed cell deaths in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Science 220: 1277-1279.
60. Heller, R. A., Song, K., Fan, N. and Chang, D. J. (1992) The p70 tumor necrosis factor receptor mediates cytotoxicity. Cell 70: 47-56.
61. Henderson, S., Huen, D., Rowe, M., Dawson, C., Johnson, G. and Rickinson, A. (1993) Epstein-Barr virus-coded BHRF1 protein, a viral homologue of Bcl-2, protects human B cells from programmed cell death. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 8479-8483.
62. Hengartner, M. O. and Horvitz, H. R. (1994) C. elegans cell survival gene ced-9 encodes a functional homolog of the mammalian proto-oncogene bcl-2. Cell 76: 665-676.
63. Hengartner, M. O., Ellis, R. E. and Horvitz, H. R. (1992) Caenorhabditis elegans gene ced-9 protects cells from programmed cell death. Nature 356: 494-499.
64. Henkart, P. A. (1994) Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity: two pathways and multiple effector molecules. Immunity 1: 343-346.
65. Hennet, T., Bertoni, G., Richter, C. and Peterhans, E. (1993) Expression of BCL-2 protein enhances the survival of mouse fibrosarcoid cells in tumor necrosis factor-mediated cytotoxicity. Cancer Res. 53: 1456-1460.
66. Heusel, J. W., Wesselschmidt, R. L., Shresta, S., Russell, J. H. and Ley, T. J. (1994) Cytotoxic lymphocytes require granzyme B for the rapid induction of DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in allogeneic target cells. Cell 76: 977-987.
67. Hsu, H. L., Xiong, J. and Goeddel, D. V. (1995) The TNF receptor 1-associated protein TRADD signals cell death and NF-kappa-b activation. Cell 81: 495-504.
68. Hsu, H., Shu, H., Pan, M. and Goeddel, D. V. (1996) TRADD-TRAF2 and TRADD-FADD interactions define two distinct TNF receptor 1 signal transduction pathways. Cell 84: 299-308.
69. Itoh, N., Yonehara, S., Ishii, A., Yonehara, M., Mizushima, S., Sameshima, M., Hase, A., Seto, Y. and Nagata, S. (1991) The polypeptide encoded by the cDNA for human cell surface antigen Fas can mediate apoptosis. Cell 66: 233-243.
70. Itoh, N., Tsujimoto, Y. and Nagata, S. (1993) Effect of bcl-2 on Fas antigen-mediated cell death. J. Immunol. 151: 621-627.
71. Jaattela, M., Benedict, M., Tewari, M., Shayman, J. A. and Dixit, V. M. (1995) Bcl-x and bcl-2 inhibit tnf and Fas-induced apoptosis and activation of phospholipase a(2) in breast carcinoma cells. Oncogene 10: 2297-2305.
72. Jenkinson, E. J., Kingston, R., Smith, C. A., Williams, G. T. and Owen, J. J. (1989) Antigen-induced apoptosis in developing T cells: a mechanism for negative selection of the T cell receptor repertoire. Eur. J. Immunol. 19: 2175-2177.
73. Kagi, D., Ledermann, B., Burki, K., Seiler, P., Odermattolsen, K. J., Podack, E. R., Zinkernagel, R. M. and Hengartner, H. (1994a) Cytotoxicity mediated by T cells and natural killer cells is greatly impaired in perform deficient mice. Nature 369: 31-37.
74. Kagi, D., Vignaux, F., Ledermann, B., Burki, K., Depraetere, V., Nagata, S., Hengartner, H. and Golstein, P. (1994b) Fas and perforin pathways as major mechanisms of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Science 265: 528-530.
75. Kamens, J., Paskind, M., Hugunin, M., Talanian, R. V., Allen, H., Banach, D., Bump, N., Hackett, M., Johnston, C. G., Li, P., Mankovich, J. A., Terranova, M. and Ghayur, T. (1995) Identification and characterization of ICH-2, a novel member of the interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme family of cysteine proteases. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 15250-15256.
76. Kerr, J. F., Wyllie, A. H. and Currie, A. R. (1972) Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br. J. Cancer 26: 239-257.
77. Kiefer, M. C., Brauer, M. J., Powers, V. C., Wu, J. J., Umansky, S. R., Tomei, L. D. and Barr, P. J. (1995) Modulation of apoptosis by the widely distributed bcl-2 homologue bak. Nature 374: 736-739.
78. Kuida, K., Lippke, J. A., Ku, G., Harding, M. W., Livingston, D. J., Su, M. S. and Flavell, R. A. (1995) Altered cytokine export and apoptosis in mice deficient in interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme. Science 267: 2000-2003.
79. Kumar, S. (1995) Inhibition of apoptosis by the expression of antisense Nedd2. FEBS Lett. 368: 69-72.
80. Kumar, S., Kinoshita, M., Noda, M., Copeland, N. G. and Jenkins, N. A. (1994) Induction of apoptosis by the mouse Nedd2 gene, which encodes a protein similar to the product of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell death gene ced-3 and the mammalian IL-1 beta-converting enzyme. Genes Dev. 8: 1613-26.
81. LaFerla, F. M., Tinkle, B. T., Bieberich, C. J., Haudenschild, C. C. and Jay, G. (1995) The Alzheimer's A beta peptide induces neurodegeneration and apoptotic cell death in transgenic mice. Nat. Genet. 9:21-30.
82. Quan, L. T., Caputo, A., Bleackley, R. C., Pickup, D. J. and Salvesen, G. S. (1995) Granzyme B is inhibited by the cowpox virus serpin cytokine response modifier A. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 10377-10379.
83. Raff, M. C., Barres, B. A., Burne, J. F., Coles, H. S., Ishizaki, Y. and Jacobson, M. D. (1993) Programmed cell death and the control of cell survival: lessons from the nervous system. Science 262: 695-700.
84. Ray, C. A., Black, R. A., Kronheim, S. R., Greenstreet, T. A., Sleath, P. R., Salvesen, G. S. and Pickup, D. J. (1992) Viral inhibition of inflammation: cowpox virus encodes an inhibitor of the interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme. Cell 69: 597-604.
85. Reynolds, J. E., Yang, T., Qian, L. P., Jenkinson, J. D., Zhou, P., Eastman, A. and Craig, R. W. (1994) Mcl-1, a member of the bcl-2 family, delays apoptosis induced by c-myc overexpression in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cancer Res. 54: 6348-6352.
86. Rieux-Laucat, F., Le Deist, F., Hivroz, C., Roberts, I. A., Debatin, K. M., Fischer, A. and de Villartay, J. P. (1995) Mutations in Fas associated with human lymphoproliferative syndrome and autoimmunity. Science 268: 1347-1349.
87. Rothe, M., Wong, S. C., Henzel, W. J. and Goeddel, D. V. (1994) A novel family of putative signal transducers associated with the cytoplasmic domain of the 75 kda tumor necrosis factor receptor. Cell 78: 681-692.
88. Rothe, M., Pan, M., Henzel, W. J., Ayers, T. M. and Goeddel, D. V. (1995) The TNFR2-TRAF signalling complex contains two novel proteins related to baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. Cell 83: 1243-1252.
89. Roy, N., Mahadevan, M. S., McLean, M., Shutler, G., Yaraghi, Z., Farahani, R., Baird, S., Besner-Johnston, A., Lefebvre, C., Kang, X., Salih, M., Aubry, H., Tamai, K., Guan, X., Ioannou, P., Crawford, T. O., de Jong, P. J., Surh, L., Ikeda, J., Korneluk, R. G. and MacKenzie, A. (1995) The gene for neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein is partially deleted in individuals with spinal muscular atrophy. Cell 80: 167-178.
90. Sato, T., Hanada, M., Bodrug, S., Irie, S. J., Iwama, N., Boise, L. H., Thompson, C. B., Golemis, E., Fong, L., Wang, H. G. and Reed, J. C. (1994) Interactions among members of the bcl-2 protein family analyzed with a yeast two-hybrid system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 9238-9242.
91. Schumer, M., Colombel, M. C., Sawczuk, I. S., Gobe, G., Connor, J., O'Toole, K. M., Olsson, C. A., Wise, G. J. and Buttyan, R. (1992) Morphologic, biochemical, and molecular evidence of apoptosis during the reperfusion phase after brief periods of renal ischemia. Am. J. Pathol. 140: 831-838.
92. Searle, J., Lawson, T. A., Abbott, P. J., Harmon, B. and Kerr, J. F. (1975) An electron-microscope study of the mode of cell death induced by cancer-chemotherapeutic agents in populations of proliferating normal and neoplastic cells. J. Pathol. 116: 129-138.
93. Shaham, S., and Horvitz, H. R. (1996) Developing Caenorhabdtis elegans neurons may contain both cell-death protective and killer activities. Genes Dev. 10: 578-591.
94. Shresta, S., Macivor, D. M., Heusel, J. W., Russell, J. H. and Ley, T. J. (1995) Natural killer and lymphokine-activated killer cells require granzyme B for the rapid induction of apoptosis in susceptible target cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 5679-5683.
95. Smith, C. A., Williams, G. T., Kingston, R., Jenkinson, E. J. and Owen, J. J. (1989) Antibodies to CD3/T-cell receptor complex induce death by apoptosis in immature T cells in thymic cultures. Nature 337: 181-184.
96. Stanger, B. Z., Leder, P., Lee, T. H., Kim, E. and Seed, B. (1995) RIP - a novel protein containing a death domain that interacts with Fas/Apo-1 (CD95) in yeast and causes cell death. Cell 81: 513-523.
97. Steller, H. (1995) Mechanisms and genes of cellular suicide. Science 267: 1445-1449.
98. Strasser, A., Whittingham, S., Vaux, D. L., Bath, M. L., Adams, J. M., Cory, S. and Harris, A. W. (1991) Enforced BCL2 expression in B-lymphoid cells prolongs antibody responses and elicits autoimmune disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 8661-8665.
99. Strasser, A., Harris, A. W., Jacks, T. and Cory, S. (1994) DNA damage can induce apoptosis in proliferating lymphoid cells via p53-independent mechanisms inhibitable by Bcl-2. Cell 79: 329-339.
100. Sugimoto, A., Friesen, P. D. and Rothman, J. H. (1994) Baculovirus p35 prevents developmentally programmed cell death and rescues a ced-9 mutant in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. EMBO J. 13: 2023-2028.
101. Sulston, J. E. (1976) Post-embryonic development in the ventral cord of Caenorhabditis elegans. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 275: 287-297.
102. Takahashi, T., Tanaka, M., Brannan, C. I., Jenkins, N. A., Copeland, N. G., Suda, T. and Nagata, S. (1994) Generalized lymphoproliferative disease in mice, caused by a point mutation in the Fas ligand. Cell 76: 969-976.
103. Takayama, S., Cazalshatem, D. L., Kitada, S., Tanaka, S., Miyashita, T., Hovey, L. R., Huen, D., Rickinson, A., Veerapandian, P., Krajewski, S., Saito, K. and Reed, J. C. (1994) Evolutionary conservation of function among mammalian, avian, and viral homologs of the bcl-2 oncoprotein. DNA Cell Biol. 13: 679-692.
104. Tartaglia, L. A. and Goeddel, D. V. (1992) Two TNF receptors. Immunol. Today 13: 151-153.
105. Tewari, M. and Dixit, V. M. (1995) Fas- and tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis is inhibited by the poxvirus crmA gene product. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 3255-3260.
106. Tewari, M., Beidler, D. R. and Dixit, V. M. (1995a) CrmA-inhibitable cleavage of the 70-kda protein component of the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein during Fas- and tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 18738-18741.
107. Tewari, M., Quan, L. T., Orourke, K., Desnoyers, S., Zeng, Z., Beidler, D. R., Poirier, G. G., Salvesen, G. S. and Dixit, V. M. (1995b) Yama/CPP32-beta, a mammalian homolog of ced-3, is a crmA-inhibitable protease that cleaves the death substrate poly(adp-ribose) polymerase. Cell 81: 801-809.
108. Thomas, W. S., Oltvai, Z. N., Yang, E., Wang, K., Boise, L. H., Thompson, C. B. and Korsmeyer, S. J. (1995) Multiple bcl-2 family members demonstrate selective dimerizations with bax. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 7834-7838.
109. Thornberry, N. A., Bull, H. G., Calaycay, J. R., Chapman, K. T., Howard, A. D., Kostura, M. J., Miller, D. K., Molineaux, S. M., Weidner, J. R., Aunins, J., Elliston, K. O., Ayala, J. M., Casano, F. J., Chin, J., Ding, G. J.-F., Egger, L. A., Gaffney, E. P., Limjuco, G., Palyha, O. C., Raju, S. M., Rolando, A. M., Salley, J. P., Yamin, T., Lee, T. D., Shively, J. E., MacCross, M., Mumford, R. A., Schmidt, J. A. and Tocci, M. J. (1992) A novel heterodimeric cysteine protease is required for interleukin-1 beta processing in monocytes. Nature 356: 768-774.
110. Thornberry, N. A., Peterson, E. P., Zhao, J. J., Howard, A. D., Griffin, P. R. and Chapman, K. T. (1994) Inactivation of interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme by peptide (acyloxy)methyl ketones. Biochemistry 33: 3934-3940.
111. Tsubata, T., Murakami, M., Nisitani, S. and Honjo, T. (1994) Molecular mechanisms for B lymphocyte selection - induction and regulation of antigen-receptor-mediated apoptosis of mature B cells in normal mice and their defect in autoimmunity-prone mice. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 345: 297-301.
112. Tsujimoto, Y. (1989) Stress-resistance conferred by high level of bcl-2 alpha protein in human B lymphoblastoid cell. Oncogene 4: 1331-1336.
113. Tsujimoto, Y., Finger, L. R., Yunis, J., Nowell, P. C. and Croce, C. M. (1984) Cloning of the chromosome breakpoint of neoplastic B cells with the t(14;18) chromosome translocation. Science 226: 1097-1099.
114. Uren, A. G., Pakusch, M., Hawkins, C. J., Puls, K. L. and Vaux, D. L. (1996) Cloning and expression of apoptosis inhibitory protein homologs that function to inhibit apoptosis and/or bind TRAFs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 4974-4978.
115. Vanhaesebroeck, B., Reed, J. C., De, V. D., Grooten, J., Miyashita, T., Tanaka, S., Beyaert, R., Van, R. F. and Fiers, W. (1993) Effect of bcl-2 proto-oncogene expression on cellular sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor-mediated cytotoxicity. Oncogene 8: 1075-1081.
116. Vaux, D. L. and Haecker, G. (1995) Hypothesis: That apoptosis caused by cytotoxins represents a defensive response that evolved to combat intracellular pathogens. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 22: 861-863.
117. Vaux, D. L., Cory, S. and Adams, J. M. (1988) Bcl-2 gene promotes haemopoietic cell survival and cooperates with c-myc to immortalize pre-B cells. Nature 335: 440-442.
118. Vaux, D. L., Weissman, I. L. and Kim, S. K. (1992) Prevention of programmed cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans by human bcl-2. Science 258: 1955-1957.
119. Walker, N. P. C., Tanlanian, R. V., Brady, K. D., Dang, L. C., Bump, N. J., Ferenz, C. R., Franklin, S., Ghayur, T., Hackett, M. C., Hammill, L. D., Herzog, L., Hugunin, M., Houy, W., Mankovich, J. A., McGuiness, L., Orlewicz, E., Paskind, M., Pratt, C. A., Reis, P., Summani, A., Terranova, M., Welch, J. P., Xiong, L., Moller, A., Tracey, D. E., Kamen, R. and Wong W. W. (1994) Crystal structure of the cysteine protease interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme: a (p20/p10)2 homodimer. Cell 78: 343-352.
120. Wang, J., Bucana, C. D., Roth, J. A. and Zhang, W. W. (1995) Apoptosis induced in human osteosarcoma cells is one of the mechanisms for the cytocidal effect of Ad5CMV-p53. Cancer Gene Therapy 2: 9-17.
121. Wang, L., Miura, M., Bergeron, L., Zhu, H. and Yuan, J. (1994) Ich-1, an ICE/ced-3-related gene, encodes both positive and negative regulators of programmed cell death. Cell 78: 739-750.
122. Wang, Z. Q., Auer, B., Stingl, L., Berghammer, H., Haidacher, D., Schweiger, M. and Wagner, E. F. (1995) Mice lacking adprt and poly(adp-ribosyl)ation develop normally but are susceptible to skin disease. Genes Dev. 9: 509-520.
123. Watanabe, F. R., Brannan, C. I., Copeland, N. G., Jenkins, N. A. and Nagata, S. (1992) Lymphoproliferation disorder in mice explained by defects in Fas antigen that mediates apoptosis. Nature 356: 314-317.
124. Weiss, L. M., Warnke, R. A., Sklar, J. and Cleary, M. L. (1987) Molecular analysis of the t(14;18) chromosomal translocation in malignant lymphomas. N. Engl. J. Med. 317: 1185-1189.
125. Westendorp, M. O., Frank, R., Ochsenbauer, C., Stricker, K., Dhein, J., Walczak, H., Debatin, K. M. and Krammer, P. H. (1995a) Sensitization of T cells to CD95-mediated apoptosis by HIV-1 Tat and gp120. Nature 375: 497-500.
126. Westendorp, M. O., Shatrov, V. A., Schulzeosthoff, K., Frank, R., Kraft, M., Los, M., Krammer, P. H., Droge, W. and Lehmann, V. (1995b) HIV-1 tat potentiates TNF-induced NF-kappa-b activation and cytotoxicity by altering the cellular redox state. EMBO J. 14: 546-554.
127. Wilson, K. P., Black, J., Thomson, J. A., Kim, E. E., Griffith, J. P., Navia, M. A., Murcko, M. A., Chambers, S. P., Aldape, R. A., Raybuck, S. A. and Livingston, D. J. (1994) Structure and mechanism of interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme. Nature 370: 270-275.
128. Xue, D. and Horvitz, H. R. (1995) Inhibition of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell-death protease ced-3 by a ced-3 cleavage site in baculovirus p35 protein. Nature 377: 248-251.
129. Yang, E., Zha, J., Jockel, J., Boise, L. H., Thompson, C. B. and Korsmeyer, S. J. (1995) Bad, a heterodimeric partner for bcl-xl and bcl-2, displaces bax and promotes cell death. Cell 80: 285-291.
130. Yew, P. R., Liu, X. and Berk, A. J. (1994) Adenovirus E1B oncoprotein tethers a transcriptional repression domain to p53. Genes Dev. 8: 190-202.
131. Yin, X. M., Oltvai, Z. N. and Korsmeyer, S. J. (1994) Bh1 and bh2 domains of bcl 2 are required for inhibition of apoptosis and heterodimerization with bax. Nature 369: 321-323.
132. Yuan, J. and Horvitz, H. R. (1992) The Caenorhabditis elegans cell death gene ced-4 encodes a novel protein and is expressed during the period of extensive programmed cell death. Development 116: 309-320.
133. Yuan, J., Shaham, S., Ledoux, S., Ellis, H. M. and Horvitz, H. R. (1993) The C. elegans cell death gene ced-3 encodes a protein similar to mammalian interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme. Cell 75: 641-652.
134. Zheng, L., Fisher, G., Miller, R. E., Peschon, J., Lynch, D. H. and Lenardo, M. J. (1995) Induction of apoptosis in mature T cells by tumour necrosis factor. Nature 377: 348-351.