New myths for the South: Globalisation and the conflict between private power and freedom

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 227-238

  Wilkin, Peter ^a  

^a LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLOBALISATION; INEQUALITY; NORTH-SOUTH RELATIONS; WORLD SYSTEM;

EID: 0029906050     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436599650035653     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. I Wallerstein, The Capitalist World Economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, p 49.
2. Ibid, pp xi-xii.
3. P Dicken, Global Shift: The Internationalisation of Economic Activity, London: Paul Chapman Publishing, 1992, pp 1-4; and R Robertson, Globalisation: Social Theory and Social Culture, London: Sage, 1992, p 8.
4. P Dicken, Global Shift: The Internationalisation of Economic Activity, London: Paul Chapman Publishing, 1992, pp 1-4; and R Robertson, Globalisation: Social Theory and Social Culture, London: Sage, 1992, p 8.
5. C Mihill, 'Public enemy number one', Guardian, 2 May 1995; 'A market solution for the Americas? The rise of wealth and hunger', NACLA (North American Congress on Latin America) (Special Issue), February 1993; B Boutros Ghali, 'A new departure on development', Foreign Policy, Spring 1995; I Roxborough, 'Neo-liberalism in Latin America: limits and alternatives,' Third World Quarterly, 13(3), 1992, pp 421-440; 'The drain from the South', Third World Resurgence (Special Issue), 46, 1994; 'Workless: mass unemployment in the New World Order', Third World Resurgence (Special Issue), 44, 1994; 'A world in social crisis', Third World Resurgence (Special Issue), 52, December 1994; and World Development Report 1994, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
6. C Mihill, 'Public enemy number one', Guardian, 2 May 1995; 'A market solution for the Americas? The rise of wealth and hunger', NACLA (North American Congress on Latin America) (Special Issue), February 1993; B Boutros Ghali, 'A new departure on development', Foreign Policy, Spring 1995; I Roxborough, 'Neo-liberalism in Latin America: limits and alternatives,' Third World Quarterly, 13(3), 1992, pp 421-440; 'The drain from the South', Third World Resurgence (Special Issue), 46, 1994; 'Workless: mass unemployment in the New World Order', Third World Resurgence (Special Issue), 44, 1994; 'A world in social crisis', Third World Resurgence (Special Issue), 52, December 1994; and World Development Report 1994, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
7. C Mihill, 'Public enemy number one', Guardian, 2 May 1995; 'A market solution for the Americas? The rise of wealth and hunger', NACLA (North American Congress on Latin America) (Special Issue), February 1993; B Boutros Ghali, 'A new departure on development', Foreign Policy, Spring 1995; I Roxborough, 'Neo-liberalism in Latin America: limits and alternatives,' Third World Quarterly, 13(3), 1992, pp 421-440; 'The drain from the South', Third World Resurgence (Special Issue), 46, 1994; 'Workless: mass unemployment in the New World Order', Third World Resurgence (Special Issue), 44, 1994; 'A world in social crisis', Third World Resurgence (Special Issue), 52, December 1994; and World Development Report 1994, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
8. C Mihill, 'Public enemy number one', Guardian, 2 May 1995; 'A market solution for the Americas? The rise of wealth and hunger', NACLA (North American Congress on Latin America) (Special Issue), February 1993; B Boutros Ghali, 'A new departure on development', Foreign Policy, Spring 1995; I Roxborough, 'Neo-liberalism in Latin America: limits and alternatives,' Third World Quarterly, 13(3), 1992, pp 421-440; 'The drain from the South', Third World Resurgence (Special Issue), 46, 1994; 'Workless: mass unemployment in the New World Order', Third World Resurgence (Special Issue), 44, 1994; 'A world in social crisis', Third World Resurgence (Special Issue), 52, December 1994; and World Development Report 1994, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
9. C Mihill, 'Public enemy number one', Guardian, 2 May 1995; 'A market solution for the Americas? The rise of wealth and hunger', NACLA (North American Congress on Latin America) (Special Issue), February 1993; B Boutros Ghali, 'A new departure on development', Foreign Policy, Spring 1995; I Roxborough, 'Neo-liberalism in Latin America: limits and alternatives,' Third World Quarterly, 13(3), 1992, pp 421-440; 'The drain from the South', Third World Resurgence (Special Issue), 46, 1994; 'Workless: mass unemployment in the New World Order', Third World Resurgence (Special Issue), 44, 1994; 'A world in social crisis', Third World Resurgence (Special Issue), 52, December 1994; and World Development Report 1994, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
10. C Mihill, 'Public enemy number one', Guardian, 2 May 1995; 'A market solution for the Americas? The rise of wealth and hunger', NACLA (North American Congress on Latin America) (Special Issue), February 1993; B Boutros Ghali, 'A new departure on development', Foreign Policy, Spring 1995; I Roxborough, 'Neo-liberalism in Latin America: limits and alternatives,' Third World Quarterly, 13(3), 1992, pp 421-440; 'The drain from the South', Third World Resurgence (Special Issue), 46, 1994; 'Workless: mass unemployment in the New World Order', Third World Resurgence (Special Issue), 44, 1994; 'A world in social crisis', Third World Resurgence (Special Issue), 52, December 1994; and World Development Report 1994, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
11. C Mihill, 'Public enemy number one', Guardian, 2 May 1995; 'A market solution for the Americas? The rise of wealth and hunger', NACLA (North American Congress on Latin America) (Special Issue), February 1993; B Boutros Ghali, 'A new departure on development', Foreign Policy, Spring 1995; I Roxborough, 'Neo-liberalism in Latin America: limits and alternatives,' Third World Quarterly, 13(3), 1992, pp 421-440; 'The drain from the South', Third World Resurgence (Special Issue), 46, 1994; 'Workless: mass unemployment in the New World Order', Third World Resurgence (Special Issue), 44, 1994; 'A world in social crisis', Third World Resurgence (Special Issue), 52, December 1994; and World Development Report 1994, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
12. C Mihill, 'Public enemy number one', Guardian, 2 May 1995; 'A market solution for the Americas? The rise of wealth and hunger', NACLA (North American Congress on Latin America) (Special Issue), February 1993; B Boutros Ghali, 'A new departure on development', Foreign Policy, Spring 1995; I Roxborough, 'Neo-liberalism in Latin America: limits and alternatives,' Third World Quarterly, 13(3), 1992, pp 421-440; 'The drain from the South', Third World Resurgence (Special Issue), 46, 1994; 'Workless: mass unemployment in the New World Order', Third World Resurgence (Special Issue), 44, 1994; 'A world in social crisis', Third World Resurgence (Special Issue), 52, December 1994; and World Development Report 1994, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
13. I Wallerstein, Geopolitics and Geoculture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp 38-41.
14. C N Murphy, International Organisation and Industrial Change: Global Governance Since 1850, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994, pp 1-31; and L Sklair, Sociology of the Global System, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991, p 68.
15. C N Murphy, International Organisation and Industrial Change: Global Governance Since 1850, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994, pp 1-31; and L Sklair, Sociology of the Global System, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991, p 68.
16. A Sen, Inequality Re-Examined, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992, ch 7; R Walker, 'California rages against the dying of the light', New Left Review, Jan-Feb 1995, pp 42-71; and N Chomsky, 'The Third World at home', in Chomsky, Year 501: The Conquest Continues, London: Verso, 1993.
17. A Sen, Inequality Re-Examined, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992, ch 7; R Walker, 'California rages against the dying of the light', New Left Review, Jan-Feb 1995, pp 42-71; and N Chomsky, 'The Third World at home', in Chomsky, Year 501: The Conquest Continues, London: Verso, 1993.
18. A Sen, Inequality Re-Examined, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992, ch 7; R Walker, 'California rages against the dying of the light', New Left Review, Jan-Feb 1995, pp 42-71; and N Chomsky, 'The Third World at home', in Chomsky, Year 501: The Conquest Continues, London: Verso, 1993.
19. 'A survey of the global economy', The Economist, 1 October 1994; A Wood, North-South Trade, Employment and Inequality, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994, ch 1; A K Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialisation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989; G K Heleiner, The New Global Economy and the Developing Countries: Essays in International Economics and Development, Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing, 1990. Peter Dicken (Global Shift: The Internationalisation of Economy Activity, p 26) notes that 13 major Third World countries have historically dominated both foreign direct investment and GDP growth.
20. 'A survey of the global economy', The Economist, 1 October 1994; A Wood, North-South Trade, Employment and Inequality, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994, ch 1; A K Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialisation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989; G K Heleiner, The New Global Economy and the Developing Countries: Essays in International Economics and Development, Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing, 1990. Peter Dicken (Global Shift: The Internationalisation of Economy Activity, p 26) notes that 13 major Third World countries have historically dominated both foreign direct investment and GDP growth.
21. 'A survey of the global economy', The Economist, 1 October 1994; A Wood, North-South Trade, Employment and Inequality, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994, ch 1; A K Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialisation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989; G K Heleiner, The New Global Economy and the Developing Countries: Essays in International Economics and Development, Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing, 1990. Peter Dicken (Global Shift: The Internationalisation of Economy Activity, p 26) notes that 13 major Third World countries have historically dominated both foreign direct investment and GDP growth.
22. 'A survey of the global economy', The Economist, 1 October 1994; A Wood, North-South Trade, Employment and Inequality, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994, ch 1; A K Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialisation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989; G K Heleiner, The New Global Economy and the Developing Countries: Essays in International Economics and Development, Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing, 1990. Peter Dicken (Global Shift: The Internationalisation of Economy Activity, p 26) notes that 13 major Third World countries have historically dominated both foreign direct investment and GDP growth.
23. 'A survey of the global economy', The Economist, 1 October 1994; A Wood, North-South Trade, Employment and Inequality, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994, ch 1; A K Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialisation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989; G K Heleiner, The New Global Economy and the Developing Countries: Essays in International Economics and Development, Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing, 1990. Peter Dicken (Global Shift: The Internationalisation of Economy Activity, p 26) notes that 13 major Third World countries have historically dominated both foreign direct investment and GDP growth.
24. Dicken, Global Shift, p 45.
25. For an account of the significance of tendencies as opposed to laws in natural science see R Bhaskar, The Possibility of Naturalism, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1979.
26. P Beyer, Globalisation and Religion, London: Sage, 1994; C V Vilas, 'The hour of civil society', NACLA, September-October 1993; P Ekins, A New World Order: Grassroots Movements for Global Change, London: Routledge, 1992; and V Shiva, Staying Alive: Women, Ecology and Development, London: Zed, 1989.
27. P Beyer, Globalisation and Religion, London: Sage, 1994; C V Vilas, 'The hour of civil society', NACLA, September-October 1993; P Ekins, A New World Order: Grassroots Movements for Global Change, London: Routledge, 1992; and V Shiva, Staying Alive: Women, Ecology and Development, London: Zed, 1989.
28. P Beyer, Globalisation and Religion, London: Sage, 1994; C V Vilas, 'The hour of civil society', NACLA, September-October 1993; P Ekins, A New World Order: Grassroots Movements for Global Change, London: Routledge, 1992; and V Shiva, Staying Alive: Women, Ecology and Development, London: Zed, 1989.
29. A Callinicos, Theories and Narratives: Reflections on the Philosophy of History, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995; and M Mann, States, War and Capitalism, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.
30. A Callinicos, Theories and Narratives: Reflections on the Philosophy of History, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995; and M Mann, States, War and Capitalism, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.
31. Writers such as Giddens, Mann, Scholte and Robertson are exemplars of this approach to globalisation. This issue is complex in that they are, to varying degrees, sensitive to the historical materialist tradition.
32. A Sayer, Method in Social Science, London: Routledge, 1990, pp 111-112.
33. For example, see R W Cox, Production, Power and World Order: Social Forces in the Making of History, Boston, MA: Columbia University Press, 1988; I Wallerstein, The Politics of the World Economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984; and S Gill & D Law, The Global Economy: Perspectives, Problems and Policies, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990.
34. For example, see R W Cox, Production, Power and World Order: Social Forces in the Making of History, Boston, MA: Columbia University Press, 1988; I Wallerstein, The Politics of the World Economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984; and S Gill & D Law, The Global Economy: Perspectives, Problems and Policies, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990.
35. For example, see R W Cox, Production, Power and World Order: Social Forces in the Making of History, Boston, MA: Columbia University Press, 1988; I Wallerstein, The Politics of the World Economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984; and S Gill & D Law, The Global Economy: Perspectives, Problems and Policies, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990.
36. Wallerstein, The Capitalist World Economy, p 189; and E M Wood, Democracy Against Capitalism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
37. Wallerstein, The Capitalist World Economy, p 189; and E M Wood, Democracy Against Capitalism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
38. Bhaskar (The Possibility of Naturalism) gives the best overview of this 'Critical Realist' perspective.
39. E P Thompson, The Poverty of Theory, London: Merlin Press, 1978, p 254.
40. Margaret Thatcher is remembered for the phrase, 'there is no alternative', which sums up the neoliberal attempt to represent capitalism as both an inevitable outcome and the end of human history.
41. Wood (Democracy Against Capitalism) deals with this issue very clearly in ch 3 in which she looks at the meaning of class as both a process and a relationship.
42. B Anderson, Imagined Communities, London: Verso, 1991.
43. W Bello, Dark Victory: The United States, Structural Adjustment and Global Poverty, London: Pluto Press, 1994.
44. Ibid; and F Furedi, The New Ideology of Imperialism, London: Pluto Press, 1994.
45. A Sayer & R Walker, The New Social Economy: Reworking the Division of Labour, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1992.
46. M Albert, Capitalism Against Capitalism, Paris: Whurr Publishers, 1993; C Murphy, 'Prosperity and development', in International Organisation and Industrial Change; and Bello, Dark Victory pp 2-3.
47. M Albert, Capitalism Against Capitalism, Paris: Whurr Publishers, 1993; C Murphy, 'Prosperity and development', in International Organisation and Industrial Change; and Bello, Dark Victory pp 2-3.
48. M Albert, Capitalism Against Capitalism, Paris: Whurr Publishers, 1993; C Murphy, 'Prosperity and development', in International Organisation and Industrial Change; and Bello, Dark Victory pp 2-3.
49. K Polanyi, The Great Transformation, Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1944, p 3.
50. Bello, Dark Victory.
51. Murphy (International Organisation and Industrial Change, p 27) describes this clearly when he says: 'Moreover, Gramsci believed that no economic system can fully develop - not even the contradiction within its inner logic can fully develop - outside of a conducive political and cultural environment. A historical bloc is the dialectical unity of base and superstructure, theory and practice, of intellectuals and masses that makes all such development possible.'
52. Gill & Law, The Global Economy, pp 365-372.
53. Ibid, pp 210-225, stresses the importance of avoiding generalisations about the relationship between Third world elites and TNCS while recognising that capitalism in its globalised phase is a transnational phenomenon.
54. M Rothbard, For A New Liberty, New York: Collier Macmilan, 1978; and David Friedman, The Machinery of Freedom; Guide to Radical Capitalism, New York: Arlington House Publishers, 1978.
55. M Rothbard, For A New Liberty, New York: Collier Macmilan, 1978; and David Friedman, The Machinery of Freedom; Guide to Radical Capitalism, New York: Arlington House Publishers, 1978.
56. For an assessment of the fact-value relationship see Bhaskar, The Possibility of Naturalism and Sayer, Method in Social Science.
57. For example, socialist or social democratic parties in Spain, New Zealand, Australia, UK, France and Italy have all moved to incorporate significant aspects of the neoliberal agenda in the face of a range of threats, from capital disinvestment to demonisation of socialism, in media that are global and overwhelmingly capitalist. B Bagdikian, The Media Monopoly, Boston MA: Beacon Press, 1992.
58. W Lazonick, Business Organisation and the Myth of the Market Economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp 8-14; J Robinson, 'The new mercantilism', in Robinson, Freedom and Necessity: An Introduction to the Study of Society, London: George Allen and Unwin, 1970; and T Lang & C Hines, The New Protectionism: Protecting the Future Against Free Trade, London: Earthscan, 1993.
59. W Lazonick, Business Organisation and the Myth of the Market Economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp 8-14; J Robinson, 'The new mercantilism', in Robinson, Freedom and Necessity: An Introduction to the Study of Society, London: George Allen and Unwin, 1970; and T Lang & C Hines, The New Protectionism: Protecting the Future Against Free Trade, London: Earthscan, 1993.
60. W Lazonick, Business Organisation and the Myth of the Market Economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp 8-14; J Robinson, 'The new mercantilism', in Robinson, Freedom and Necessity: An Introduction to the Study of Society, London: George Allen and Unwin, 1970; and T Lang & C Hines, The New Protectionism: Protecting the Future Against Free Trade, London: Earthscan, 1993.
61. Sklair, The Sociology of the Global System, pp 129-130.
62. J Cohen & J Rogers, On Democracy, New York: Penguin, 1983, pp 50-54.
63. F Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man, London: Penguin, 1992; and J Sachs, 'Consolidating capitalism', Foreign Policy, Spring 1995.
64. F Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man, London: Penguin, 1992; and J Sachs, 'Consolidating capitalism', Foreign Policy, Spring 1995.
65. What I would call the authentic libertarian tradition.
66. Polanyi, The Great Transformation, p 3; and Bello, Dark Victory.
67. Polanyi, The Great Transformation, p 3; and Bello, Dark Victory.
68. P Dickens, Global Shift, pp 169-175.
69. Boutros Ghali, 'A new departure on development'.
70. F Clairmonte, 'China: enter the dragon'. Third World Resurgence, 32, 1993, pp 16-22; Wood, North-South Trade, ch 1; Roxborough, 'Neo-liberalism in Latin America', pp 425-426; M Hamilton & M Hirszowicz, Class and Inequality: Comparative Perspectives, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993, pp 278-279; Third World Resurgence, 44, 46, 52; and World Bank, World Development Report 1994, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994, pp 220-221, Table 30: Income distribution. This table reveals the massively skewed distribution of income throughout the world-system.
71. F Clairmonte, 'China: enter the dragon'. Third World Resurgence, 32, 1993, pp 16-22; Wood, North-South Trade, ch 1; Roxborough, 'Neo-liberalism in Latin America', pp 425-426; M Hamilton & M Hirszowicz, Class and Inequality: Comparative Perspectives, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993, pp 278-279; Third World Resurgence, 44, 46, 52; and World Bank, World Development Report 1994, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994, pp 220-221, Table 30: Income distribution. This table reveals the massively skewed distribution of income throughout the world-system.
72. F Clairmonte, 'China: enter the dragon'. Third World Resurgence, 32, 1993, pp 16-22; Wood, North-South Trade, ch 1; Roxborough, 'Neo-liberalism in Latin America', pp 425-426; M Hamilton & M Hirszowicz, Class and Inequality: Comparative Perspectives, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993, pp 278-279; Third World Resurgence, 44, 46, 52; and World Bank, World Development Report 1994, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994, pp 220-221, Table 30: Income distribution. This table reveals the massively skewed distribution of income throughout the world-system.
73. F Clairmonte, 'China: enter the dragon'. Third World Resurgence, 32, 1993, pp 16-22; Wood, North-South Trade, ch 1; Roxborough, 'Neo-liberalism in Latin America', pp 425-426; M Hamilton & M Hirszowicz, Class and Inequality: Comparative Perspectives, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993, pp 278-279; Third World Resurgence, 44, 46, 52; and World Bank, World Development Report 1994, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994, pp 220-221, Table 30: Income distribution. This table reveals the massively skewed distribution of income throughout the world-system.
74. F Clairmonte, 'China: enter the dragon'. Third World Resurgence, 32, 1993, pp 16-22; Wood, North-South Trade, ch 1; Roxborough, 'Neo-liberalism in Latin America', pp 425-426; M Hamilton & M Hirszowicz, Class and Inequality: Comparative Perspectives, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993, pp 278-279; Third World Resurgence, 44, 46, 52; and World Bank, World Development Report 1994, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994, pp 220-221, Table 30: Income distribution. This table reveals the massively skewed distribution of income throughout the world-system.
75. F Clairmonte, 'China: enter the dragon'. Third World Resurgence, 32, 1993, pp 16-22; Wood, North-South Trade, ch 1; Roxborough, 'Neo-liberalism in Latin America', pp 425-426; M Hamilton & M Hirszowicz, Class and Inequality: Comparative Perspectives, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993, pp 278-279; Third World Resurgence, 44, 46, 52; and World Bank, World Development Report 1994, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994, pp 220-221, Table 30: Income distribution. This table reveals the massively skewed distribution of income throughout the world-system.
76. M K Peng, The Uraguay Round and Third World Sovereignty, Penang: Third World Network, 1990; and C Raghavan, Recolonisation: GATT, The Uruguay Round and the Third World, Penang: Third World Network, 1990.
77. M K Peng, The Uraguay Round and Third World Sovereignty, Penang: Third World Network, 1990; and C Raghavan, Recolonisation: GATT, The Uruguay Round and the Third World, Penang: Third World Network, 1990.
78. am thinking here of writers such as Anthony Giddens (Beyond Left and Right, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994, p 79) who has argued in his more recent work that globalisation leaves us with 'insuperable complexity of society and nature'. Such views present us with an image of society as being out of control and beyond our explanation, an argument that seems to be leading us towards either Nietzschean gloom or grand metaphysical speculation.
79. M Castells, The Informational City, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989; Walker, 'California rages against the dying of the light'; and Sen, Inequality Re-Examined. World Bank, World Development Report 1994, pp 214-215, Table 27: 'Health and Nutrition') illustrates the wide differentials in health and nutrition between different areas of the world-system (although it does not give us a breakdown of this distribution within nation-states, only between them. Table 29: 'Gender Comparisons' (pp 218-219) illustrates the complexities of gender inequality in the world-system in terms of life expectancy, employment and so on, although again this does not indicate the distribution within nation states.
80. M Castells, The Informational City, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989; Walker, 'California rages against the dying of the light'; and Sen, Inequality Re-Examined. World Bank, World Development Report 1994, pp 214-215, Table 27: 'Health and Nutrition') illustrates the wide differentials in health and nutrition between different areas of the world-system (although it does not give us a breakdown of this distribution within nation-states, only between them. Table 29: 'Gender Comparisons' (pp 218-219) illustrates the complexities of gender inequality in the world-system in terms of life expectancy, employment and so on, although again this does not indicate the distribution within nation states.
81. M Castells, The Informational City, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989; Walker, 'California rages against the dying of the light'; and Sen, Inequality Re-Examined. World Bank, World Development Report 1994, pp 214-215, Table 27: 'Health and Nutrition') illustrates the wide differentials in health and nutrition between different areas of the world-system (although it does not give us a breakdown of this distribution within nation-states, only between them. Table 29: 'Gender Comparisons' (pp 218-219) illustrates the complexities of gender inequality in the world-system in terms of life expectancy, employment and so on, although again this does not indicate the distribution within nation states.
82. Murphy (International Organisation and Industrial Change) focuses upon the way in which these diverse international regimes have emerged and the way in which they serve to secure a range of interests that are transnational as well as national. Similarity S Gill (American Hegemony and the Trilateral Commission, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990) is concerned with the part played by international regimes in promoting what he sees as a consciousness-raising role among the world's elites.
83. Murphy (International Organisation and Industrial Change) focuses upon the way in which these diverse international regimes have emerged and the way in which they serve to secure a range of interests that are transnational as well as national. Similarity S Gill (American Hegemony and the Trilateral Commission, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990) is concerned with the part played by international regimes in promoting what he sees as a consciousness-raising role among the world's elites.