메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 84, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 1425-1434

Synaptic mechanisms of thiopental-induced alterations in synchronized cortical activity

Author keywords

Anesthetics, barbiturates: thiopental; Brain: aminobutyric acid; hippocampus; neocortex; Monitoring, electroencephalogram: burst suppression; isoelectric electroencephalogram activity; oscillations; Monitoring, electroencephalographic frequency bands: alpha; delta; theta; Receptors: glutamate; muscarinic

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; ATROPINE; BICUCULLINE; CARBACHOL; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR; MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR; MUSCIMOL; THIOPENTAL;

EID: 0029905454     PISSN: 00033022     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00000542-199606000-00019     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (65)

References (57)
  • 1
    • 0016829938 scopus 로고
    • Prolongation of hippocampal inhibitory postsynaptic potentials by barbiturates
    • Nicoll RA, Eccles JC, Oshima T, Rubia F: Prolongation of hippocampal inhibitory postsynaptic potentials by barbiturates. Nature 1975; 258:625-26
    • (1975) Nature , vol.258 , pp. 625-626
    • Nicoll, R.A.1    Eccles, J.C.2    Oshima, T.3    Rubia, F.4
  • 2
    • 0019516997 scopus 로고
    • Barbiturate enhancement of GABA-mediated inhibition and activation of chloride ion conductance: Correlation with anticonvulsant and anesthetic actions
    • Schulz DW, Macdonald RL. Barbiturate enhancement of GABA-mediated inhibition and activation of chloride ion conductance: Correlation with anticonvulsant and anesthetic actions. Brain Res 1981; 209:177-88
    • (1981) Brain Res , vol.209 , pp. 177-188
    • Schulz, D.W.1    Macdonald, R.L.2
  • 3
    • 0011030325 scopus 로고
    • GABA receptors and the depressant action of pentobarbital
    • Barker JL, Mathers DA: GABA receptors and the depressant action of pentobarbital. Trends Neurosc 1981; 10-13
    • (1981) Trends Neurosc , pp. 10-13
    • Barker, J.L.1    Mathers, D.A.2
  • 4
    • 0022447693 scopus 로고
    • Facilitation of recurrent inhibition in rat hippocampus by barbiturate and related nonbarbiturate depressant drugs
    • Dunwiddie TV, Worth TS, Olsen RW: Facilitation of recurrent inhibition in rat hippocampus by barbiturate and related nonbarbiturate depressant drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1986; 238(2):564-75
    • (1986) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.238 , Issue.2 , pp. 564-575
    • Dunwiddie, T.V.1    Worth, T.S.2    Olsen, R.W.3
  • 6
    • 0027184264 scopus 로고
    • Calcium current block by (-)-pentobarbital, phenobarbital, and CHEB but not (+)-pentobarbital in acutely isolated hippocampal CA1 neurons: Comparison with effects on GABA-activated Cl- current
    • ffrench-Mullen JM, Barker JL, Rogawski MA: Calcium current block by (-)-pentobarbital, phenobarbital, and CHEB but not (+)-pentobarbital in acutely isolated hippocampal CA1 neurons: Comparison with effects on GABA-activated Cl- current. J Neurosci 1993; 13(8):3211-21
    • (1993) J Neurosci , vol.13 , Issue.8 , pp. 3211-3221
    • Ffrench-Mullen, J.M.1    Barker, J.L.2    Rogawski, M.A.3
  • 7
    • 0015634535 scopus 로고
    • Neurophysiologic effects of general anesthetics. I. The electroencephalogram and sensory evoked responses in man
    • Clark DL, Rosner BS: Neurophysiologic effects of general anesthetics. I. The electroencephalogram and sensory evoked responses in man. ANESTHESIOLOGY 1973; 38(6):564-82
    • (1973) Anesthesiology , vol.38 , Issue.6 , pp. 564-582
    • Clark, D.L.1    Rosner, B.S.2
  • 8
    • 0026708524 scopus 로고
    • Thiopental pharmacodynamics. I. Defining the pseudo-steady-state serum concentration-EEG effect relationship
    • Buhrer M, Maitre PO, Hung OR, Ebling WT, Shafer SL, Stanski DR: Thiopental pharmacodynamics. I. Defining the pseudo-steady-state serum concentration-EEG effect relationship. ANESTHESIOLOGY 1992; 77:226-36
    • (1992) Anesthesiology , vol.77 , pp. 226-236
    • Buhrer, M.1    Maitre, P.O.2    Hung, O.R.3    Ebling, W.T.4    Shafer, S.L.5    Stanski, D.R.6
  • 9
    • 0025810212 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacodynamic characterization of the electroencephalographic effects of thiopental in rats
    • Ebling WF, Danhof M, Stanski DR: Pharmacodynamic characterization of the electroencephalographic effects of thiopental in rats. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1991; 19(2):123-43
    • (1991) J Pharmacokinet Biopharm , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 123-143
    • Ebling, W.F.1    Danhof, M.2    Stanski, D.R.3
  • 10
    • 0029999691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thiopental uncouples hippocampal and cortical synchronized EEG activity
    • MacIver MB, Mandema JW, Stanski DR, Bland BH: Thiopental uncouples hippocampal and cortical synchronized EEG activity. ANESTHESIOLOGY 1996; 84:1411-24
    • (1996) Anesthesiology , vol.84 , pp. 1411-1424
    • MacIver, M.B.1    Mandema, J.W.2    Stanski, D.R.3    Bland, B.H.4
  • 12
    • 0022930049 scopus 로고
    • Carbachol induced rhythmical slow wave activity recorded from dentate granule neurons in vitro
    • MacIver MB, Harris DP, Konopacki J, Roth SH, Bland BH: Carbachol induced rhythmical slow wave activity recorded from dentate granule neurons in vitro. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 1986; 29:159-61
    • (1986) Proc West Pharmacol Soc , vol.29 , pp. 159-161
    • MacIver, M.B.1    Harris, D.P.2    Konopacki, J.3    Roth, S.H.4    Bland, B.H.5
  • 13
    • 0024417744 scopus 로고
    • Local neuronal circuitry underlying cholinergic rhythmical slow activity in CA3 area of rat hippocampal slices
    • Lond
    • MacVicar BA, Tse FwY: Local neuronal circuitry underlying cholinergic rhythmical slow activity in CA3 area of rat hippocampal slices. J Physiol (Lond) 1989; 417:197-212
    • (1989) J Physiol , vol.417 , pp. 197-212
    • MacVicar, B.A.1    Tse, F.2
  • 14
    • 0027205597 scopus 로고
    • Heightened synaptic plasticity of hippocampal CA1 neurons during a cholinergically induced rhythmic state
    • Huerta PT, Lisman JE: Heightened synaptic plasticity of hippocampal CA1 neurons during a cholinergically induced rhythmic state. Nature 1993; 364:723-5
    • (1993) Nature , vol.364 , pp. 723-725
    • Huerta, P.T.1    Lisman, J.E.2
  • 15
    • 0026544457 scopus 로고
    • Carbachol-induced theta-like activity in entorhinal cortex slices
    • Konopacki J, Golebiewski H, Eckersdorf B: Carbachol-induced theta-like activity in entorhinal cortex slices. Brain Res 1992; 572: 76-80
    • (1992) Brain Res , vol.572 , pp. 76-80
    • Konopacki, J.1    Golebiewski, H.2    Eckersdorf, B.3
  • 16
    • 0023508454 scopus 로고
    • Cholinergic theta rhythm in transected hippocampal slices: Independent CA1 and dentate generators
    • Konopacki J, Bland BH, MacIver MB, Roth SH: Cholinergic theta rhythm in transected hippocampal slices: independent CA1 and dentate generators. Brain Res 1987; 436:217-22
    • (1987) Brain Res , vol.436 , pp. 217-222
    • Konopacki, J.1    Bland, B.H.2    MacIver, M.B.3    Roth, S.H.4
  • 17
    • 0024359952 scopus 로고
    • High-performance liquid chromatographic method for determining thiopental concentrations in twelve rat tissues: Application to physiologic modeling of disposition of barbiturate
    • Ebling WF, Mills-Williams L, Harapat SR, Stanski DR: High-performance liquid chromatographic method for determining thiopental concentrations in twelve rat tissues: Application to physiologic modeling of disposition of barbiturate. J Chromatogr 1989; 490: 339-53
    • (1989) J Chromatogr , vol.490 , pp. 339-353
    • Ebling, W.F.1    Mills-Williams, L.2    Harapat, S.R.3    Stanski, D.R.4
  • 18
    • 0027225382 scopus 로고
    • Extrinsic and intrinsic properties underlying oscillation and synchrony in limbic cortex
    • Bland BH, Colom LV: Extrinsic and intrinsic properties underlying oscillation and synchrony in limbic cortex. Prog Neurobiol 1993; 41:157-208
    • (1993) Prog Neurobiol , vol.41 , pp. 157-208
    • Bland, B.H.1    Colom, L.V.2
  • 19
    • 0026343843 scopus 로고
    • GABAergic interneurons containing calbindin D28K or somatostatin are major targets of GABAergic basal forebrain afferents in the rat neocortex
    • Freund TF, Gulyas AI: GABAergic interneurons containing calbindin D28K or somatostatin are major targets of GABAergic basal forebrain afferents in the rat neocortex. J Comp Neurol 1991; 314: 187-99
    • (1991) J Comp Neurol , vol.314 , pp. 187-199
    • Freund, T.F.1    Gulyas, A.I.2
  • 20
    • 0026512275 scopus 로고
    • Gamma-Aminobutyric acid-containing basal forebrain neurons innervate inhibitory interneurons in the neocortex
    • Freund TF, Meskenaite V: gamma-Aminobutyric acid-containing basal forebrain neurons innervate inhibitory interneurons in the neocortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89:738-42
    • (1992) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.89 , pp. 738-742
    • Freund, T.F.1    Meskenaite, V.2
  • 21
    • 0027399657 scopus 로고
    • A responses in rat hippocampus
    • A responses in rat hippocampus. Neuron 1993; 10:189-200
    • (1993) Neuron , vol.10 , pp. 189-200
    • Pearce, R.A.1
  • 22
    • 0025904674 scopus 로고
    • Anesthetic effects on resting membrane potential are voltage-dependent and agent specific
    • MacIver MB, Kendig JJ: Anesthetic effects on resting membrane potential are voltage-dependent and agent specific. ANESTHESIOLOGY 1991; 74:83-8
    • (1991) Anesthesiology , vol.74 , pp. 83-88
    • MacIver, M.B.1    Kendig, J.J.2
  • 23
    • 0024594693 scopus 로고
    • General anaesthetic modification of synaptic facilitation and long-term potentiation in hippocampus
    • MacIver MB, Tauck DL, Kendig JJ: General anaesthetic modification of synaptic facilitation and long-term potentiation in hippocampus. Br J Anaesth 1989; 62:301-10
    • (1989) Br J Anaesth , vol.62 , pp. 301-310
    • MacIver, M.B.1    Tauck, D.L.2    Kendig, J.J.3
  • 24
    • 0024548786 scopus 로고
    • An atlas of the regional and laminar distribution of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in rat cerebral cortex
    • Lysakowski A, Wainer BH, Bruce G, Hersh LB: An atlas of the regional and laminar distribution of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in rat cerebral cortex. Neuroscience 1989; 28:291-336
    • (1989) Neuroscience , vol.28 , pp. 291-336
    • Lysakowski, A.1    Wainer, B.H.2    Bruce, G.3    Hersh, L.B.4
  • 25
    • 0003331020 scopus 로고
    • The cortex of the rat
    • New York, Springer
    • Zilles KJ: The cortex of the rat, A Stereotaxic Atlas. New York, Springer, 1985
    • (1985) A Stereotaxic Atlas
    • Zilles, K.J.1
  • 26
    • 0018691358 scopus 로고
    • Dipole-like neuronal sources of theta rhythm in dorsal hippocampus, dentate gyrus and cingulate cortex of the urethane-anesthetized rat
    • Feenstra BW, Holsheimer J: Dipole-like neuronal sources of theta rhythm in dorsal hippocampus, dentate gyrus and cingulate cortex of the urethane-anesthetized rat. Electroencephalogr. Clin Neurophysiol 1979; 47:532-8
    • (1979) Electroencephalogr. Clin Neurophysiol , vol.47 , pp. 532-538
    • Feenstra, B.W.1    Holsheimer, J.2
  • 27
    • 0019948823 scopus 로고
    • Generation of theta activity (RSA) in the cingulate cortex of the rat
    • Holsheimer J: Generation of theta activity (RSA) in the cingulate cortex of the rat. Exp Brain Res 1982; 47:309-12
    • (1982) Exp Brain Res , vol.47 , pp. 309-312
    • Holsheimer, J.1
  • 28
    • 0020647470 scopus 로고
    • Excitatory amino acids in synaptic transmission in the Schaffer collateral-commissural pathway of the rat hippocampus
    • Lond
    • Collingridge GL, Kehl SJ, McLennan H: Excitatory amino acids in synaptic transmission in the Schaffer collateral-commissural pathway of the rat hippocampus. J Physiol (Lond) 1983; 334:33-46
    • (1983) J Physiol , vol.334 , pp. 33-46
    • Collingridge, G.L.1    Kehl, S.J.2    McLennan, H.3
  • 29
    • 0025321504 scopus 로고
    • Functional comparison of neurotransmitter receptor subtypes in mammalian central nervous system
    • Nicoll RA, Malenka RC, Kauer JA: Functional comparison of neurotransmitter receptor subtypes in mammalian central nervous system. Physiol Rev 1990; 70:513-65
    • (1990) Physiol Rev , vol.70 , pp. 513-565
    • Nicoll, R.A.1    Malenka, R.C.2    Kauer, J.A.3
  • 30
    • 0020629581 scopus 로고
    • The dissociative anaesthetics, ketamine and pheneyclidine, selectively reduce excitation of central mammalian neurones by N-methyl-aspanate
    • Anis NA, Berry SC, Burton NR, Lodge D: The dissociative anaesthetics, ketamine and pheneyclidine, selectively reduce excitation of central mammalian neurones by N-methyl-aspanate. Br J Pharmacol 1983; 79:565-75
    • (1983) Br J Pharmacol , vol.79 , pp. 565-575
    • Anis, N.A.1    Berry, S.C.2    Burton, N.R.3    Lodge, D.4
  • 31
    • 0024372791 scopus 로고
    • Reduction by general anaesthetics of group Ia excitatory postsynaptic potentials and currents in the cat spinal cord
    • Lond
    • Kullmann DM, Martin RL, Redman SJ: Reduction by general anaesthetics of group Ia excitatory postsynaptic potentials and currents in the cat spinal cord. J Physiol (Lond) 1989; 412:277-96
    • (1989) J Physiol , vol.412 , pp. 277-296
    • Kullmann, D.M.1    Martin, R.L.2    Redman, S.J.3
  • 32
    • 84908719852 scopus 로고
    • Selective depression of postsynaptic excitation by general anesthetics
    • Edited by Fink BR. New York, Raven
    • Barker JL: Selective depression of postsynaptic excitation by general anesthetics, Molecular Mechanisms of Anesthesia, Progress in Anesthesiology. Edited by Fink BR. New York, Raven, 1975, pp 135-53
    • (1975) Molecular Mechanisms of Anesthesia, Progress in Anesthesiology , pp. 135-153
    • Barker, J.L.1
  • 33
    • 0021813224 scopus 로고
    • Prolongation of inhibitory postsynaptic currents by pentobarbitone, halothane and ketamine in CA 1 pyramidal cells in rat hippocampus
    • Gage PW, Robertson B: Prolongation of inhibitory postsynaptic currents by pentobarbitone, halothane and ketamine in CA 1 pyramidal cells in rat hippocampus. B. J Pharmacol 1985; 85: 675-81
    • (1985) B. J Pharmacol , vol.85 , pp. 675-681
    • Gage, P.W.1    Robertson, B.2
  • 35
    • 0027359048 scopus 로고
    • Effects of volatile anesthetics on the kinetics of inhibitory postsynaptic currents in cultured rat hippocampal neurons
    • Jones MV, Harrison NL: Effects of volatile anesthetics on the kinetics of inhibitory postsynaptic currents in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. J Neurophysiol 1993; 70:1339-49
    • (1993) J Neurophysiol , vol.70 , pp. 1339-1349
    • Jones, M.V.1    Harrison, N.L.2
  • 36
    • 0014221550 scopus 로고
    • Increase in permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to potassium produced by 'nembutal.'
    • Sato M, Austin GM, Yai H: Increase in permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to potassium produced by 'nembutal.' Nature 1967; 215:1506-8
    • (1967) Nature , vol.215 , pp. 1506-1508
    • Sato, M.1    Austin, G.M.2    Yai, H.3
  • 37
    • 0025129310 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms concerned in the direct effect of isotlurane on rat hippocampal and human neocortical neurons
    • Berg-Johnsen J, Langmoen IA: Mechanisms concerned in the direct effect of isotlurane on rat hippocampal and human neocortical neurons. Brain Res 1990; 507:28-34
    • (1990) Brain Res , vol.507 , pp. 28-34
    • Berg-Johnsen, J.1    Langmoen, I.A.2
  • 38
    • 0019981853 scopus 로고
    • General anesthetics hyperpolarize neurons in the vertebrate central nervous system
    • Nicoll RA, Madison DV: General anesthetics hyperpolarize neurons in the vertebrate central nervous system. Science 1982; 217: 1055-7
    • (1982) Science , vol.217 , pp. 1055-1057
    • Nicoll, R.A.1    Madison, D.V.2
  • 39
    • 0023909901 scopus 로고
    • Inhalation anaesthetics exhibit pathway-specific and differential actions on hippocampal synaptic responses in vitro
    • MacIver MB, Roth SH: Inhalation anaesthetics exhibit pathway-specific and differential actions on hippocampal synaptic responses in vitro. Br J Anaesth 1988; 60:680-91
    • (1988) Br J Anaesth , vol.60 , pp. 680-691
    • MacIver, M.B.1    Roth, S.H.2
  • 40
    • 0023519525 scopus 로고
    • Pentobarbital and thiopental anesthetic interactions with midazolam
    • Kissin I, Mason JOd, Bradley EL, Jr: Pentobarbital and thiopental anesthetic interactions with midazolam. ANESTHESIOLOGY 1987; 67: 26-31
    • (1987) Anesthesiology , vol.67 , pp. 26-31
    • Kissin, I.1    Mason, J.Od.2    Bradley Jr., E.L.3
  • 41
    • 0027511854 scopus 로고
    • General anesthetic action: An obsolete notion?
    • Kissin I: General anesthetic action: an obsolete notion? Anesth Analg 1993; 76:215-8
    • (1993) Anesth Analg , vol.76 , pp. 215-218
    • Kissin, I.1
  • 43
    • 0022642956 scopus 로고
    • The physiology and pharmacology of hippocampal formation theta rhythms
    • Bland BH: The physiology and pharmacology of hippocampal formation theta rhythms. Prog Neurobiol 1986; 26:1-54
    • (1986) Prog Neurobiol , vol.26 , pp. 1-54
    • Bland, B.H.1
  • 44
    • 0022604794 scopus 로고
    • Hippocampal slices in experimental and human epilepsy
    • Schwartzkroin PA: Hippocampal slices in experimental and human epilepsy. Adv Neurol 1986; 44:991-1010
    • (1986) Adv Neurol , vol.44 , pp. 991-1010
    • Schwartzkroin, P.A.1
  • 45
    • 0027380445 scopus 로고
    • Effect of barbiturate on epileptiform activity: Comparison between intravenous and oral administration. Sphenoidal, zygomatic and temporal recordings
    • Jennum P, Dam M, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A. Effect of barbiturate on epileptiform activity: Comparison between intravenous and oral administration. Sphenoidal, zygomatic and temporal recordings. Acta Neurol Scand 1993; 88:284-8
    • (1993) Acta Neurol Scand , vol.88 , pp. 284-288
    • Jennum, P.1    Dam, M.2    Fuglsang-Frederiksen, A.3
  • 46
    • 8944229143 scopus 로고
    • Excitation and depression of CNS electrical activities induced by general anesthetics
    • Edited by Miyasaki M, Iwatsuki K, Fujita M. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica
    • Mori K: Excitation and depression of CNS electrical activities induced by general anesthetics, Proceedings of 5th World Congress of Anaesthesiology. Edited by Miyasaki M, Iwatsuki K, Fujita M. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1973, pp 40-53
    • (1973) Proceedings of 5th World Congress of Anaesthesiology , pp. 40-53
    • Mori, K.1
  • 48
    • 0027323571 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of CNS effects of propofol and thiopentone in cats
    • Tomoda K, Shingu K, Osawa M, Murakawa M, Mori K: Comparison of CNS effects of propofol and thiopentone in cats. Br J Anaesth 1993; 71:383-7
    • (1993) Br J Anaesth , vol.71 , pp. 383-387
    • Tomoda, K.1    Shingu, K.2    Osawa, M.3    Murakawa, M.4    Mori, K.5
  • 49
    • 0024583026 scopus 로고
    • B receptor-mediated presynaptic inhibition in the hippocampus in vitro
    • B receptor-mediated presynaptic inhibition in the hippocampus in vitro. J Neurophysiol 1989; 61:524-33
    • (1989) J Neurophysiol , vol.61 , pp. 524-533
    • Thompson, S.M.1    Gahwiler, B.H.2
  • 50
    • 0028078649 scopus 로고
    • Cortical and thalamic cellular correlates of electroencephalographic burst-suppression
    • Steriade M, Amzica F, Contreras D. Cortical and thalamic cellular correlates of electroencephalographic burst-suppression. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994; 90:1-16
    • (1994) Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol , vol.90 , pp. 1-16
    • Steriade, M.1    Amzica, F.2    Contreras, D.3
  • 51
    • 0000921511 scopus 로고
    • Classical Biophysics of the squid giant axon, Na and K channels of axons, calcium channels
    • Sunderland, Sinauer Associates
    • Hille B: Classical Biophysics of the squid giant axon, Na and K channels of axons, calcium channels, Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes. Sunderland, Sinauer Associates, 1992, pp 43, 59-81, 101-4
    • (1992) Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes , pp. 43
    • Hille, B.1
  • 52
    • 0000911511 scopus 로고
    • Synchronization of spontaneous electrical activity of cerebrum by barbiturate narcosis
    • Swank RL: Synchronization of spontaneous electrical activity of cerebrum by barbiturate narcosis. J Neurophysiol 1949; 12:161-72
    • (1949) J Neurophysiol , vol.12 , pp. 161-172
    • Swank, R.L.1
  • 54
    • 0027445242 scopus 로고
    • Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain
    • Steriade M, McCormick DA, Sejnowski TJ: Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain. Science 1993b; 262: 679-85
    • (1993) Science , vol.262 , pp. 679-685
    • Steriade, M.1    McCormick, D.A.2    Sejnowski, T.J.3
  • 55
    • 0027214377 scopus 로고
    • The slow (<1 Hz) oscillation in reticular thalamic and thalamocortical neurons: Scenario of sleep rhythm generation in interacting thalamic and neocortical networks
    • Steriade M, Contreras D, Curro Dossi R, Nunez A: The slow (<1 Hz) oscillation in reticular thalamic and thalamocortical neurons: scenario of sleep rhythm generation in interacting thalamic and neocortical networks. J Neurosci 1993a; 13:3284-99
    • (1993) J Neurosci , vol.13 , pp. 3284-3299
    • Steriade, M.1    Contreras, D.2    Curro Dossi, R.3    Nunez, A.4
  • 56
    • 0028207609 scopus 로고
    • Adenosine inhibition of mesopontine cholinergic neurons: Implications for EEG arousal
    • Rainnie DG, Grunze HC, McCarley RW, Greene RW: Adenosine inhibition of mesopontine cholinergic neurons: implications for EEG arousal. Science 1994; 263:689-92
    • (1994) Science , vol.263 , pp. 689-692
    • Rainnie, D.G.1    Grunze, H.C.2    McCarley, R.W.3    Greene, R.W.4
  • 57
    • 8944230888 scopus 로고
    • Exploration pharmacodynamique cortico-sous-corticale et ses criteres electrographiques. la determination d'un foyer lesionnel chez l'homme par la technique pentatholique
    • Schneider J, Thomalske G: Exploration pharmacodynamique cortico-sous-corticale et ses criteres electrographiques. La determination d'un foyer lesionnel chez l'homme par la technique pentatholique. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1956; 8: 353-69
    • (1956) Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol , vol.8 , pp. 353-369
    • Schneider, J.1    Thomalske, G.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.