Protein kinase C isoenzymes: Regulation and function

Cancer Surveys

Volumn 27, Issue , 1996, Pages 213-248

  Blobe, Gerard C ^a   Stribling, Sloan ^a   Obeid, Lina M ^a   Hannun, Yusuf A ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITIDE; PROTEIN KINASE C; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE;

AUTOPHOSPHORYLATION; CARCINOGENESIS; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME LOCALIZATION; ENZYME PHOSPHORYLATION; ENZYME REGULATION; MOLECULAR CLONING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PROCESSING; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; ISOENZYMES; PROTEIN KINASE C; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0029904088     PISSN: 02612429     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (192)

1. Abeliovich A, Chen C, Goda Y, Silva AJ, Stevens CF and Tonegawa S (1993a) Modified hippocampal long-term potentiation in PKCγ-mutant mice. Cell 75 1253-1262
2. Abeliovich A, Paylor R, Chen C, Kim JJ, Wehner JM and Tonegawa S (1993b) PKCγ-mutant mice exhibit moderate defects in spatial and contextual learning. Cell 75 1263-1272
3. Ahmed S, Kozma R, Monfries C et al (1990) Human brain n-chimaerin cDNA encodes a novel phorbol ester receptor. Biochemical Journal 272 767-773
4. Aitken A, Collinge DB, van Heusden BP et al (1992) 14-3-3 proteins: a highly conserved, widespread family of eukaryotic proteins. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 17 498-501
5. Akimoto K, Mizuno K, Osada S-I et al (1994) A new member of the third class in the protein kinase C family, PKCλ, expressed dominantly in an undifferentiated mouse embryonal cell line and also in many tissues and cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 12677-12683
6. Allen BG, Andrea JE and Walsh MP (1994) Identification and characterization of protein kinase Cζ,-immunoreactive proteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 29288-29298
7. Allen LAH and Aderem A (1995) A role for MARCKS, the α isozyme of protein kinase C and myosin I in zymosan phagocytosis by macrophages. Journal of Experimental Medicine 182 829-840
8. 2 in signal transduction through protein kinase C. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 89 6447-6451
9. 2 in HL-60 cell differentiation to macrophages induced by protein kinase C activation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 90 4917-4921
10. Ase K, Berry N, Kikkawa U, Kishimoto A and Nishizuka Y (1988a) Differential down-regulation of protein kinase C subspecies in KM3 cells. FEBS Letters 236 396-400
11. Ase K, Saito N, Shearman MS et al (1988b) Distinct cerebellar expression of βI and βII subspecies of protein kinase C in rat cerebellum. Journal of Neuroscience 8 3850-3856
12. Bacher N, Zisman Y, Berent E and Livneh E (1991) Isolation and characterization of PKC-L, a new member of the protein kinase C-related gene family specifically expressed in lung, skin and heart. Molecular and Cellular Biology 11 126-133
13. Bazzi MD and Nelsestuen GL (1993) Protein kinase C and annexins: unusual calcium response elements in the cell. Cellular Signalling 5 357-365
14. Beh I, Schmidt R and Hecker E (1989) Two isozymes of PKC found in HL-60 cells show a difference in activation by the phorbol ester TPA. FEBS Letters 249 264-266
15. Bell RM (1986) Protein kinase C activation by diacylglycerol second messengers. Cell 45 631-632
16. Bell RM, Ganong B, Loomis C and Hannun YA (1986) Protein kinase C regulation diacylglycerols: structure function relationships and mechanism, In: Freysz L, Dreyfus H, Massarelli R and Gatt S (eds). Enzymes of Lipid Metabolism, pp 693-700, Plenum Press, New York
17. Bell R, Burns D, Okazaki T and Hannun Y (1992) Network of signal transduction pathways involving lipids: protein kinase C-dependent and -independent pathways. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 318 275-284
18. Berridge MJ (1993) Inositol triphosphate and calcium signalling. Nature 361 315-325
19. Berry N and Nishizuka Y (1990) PKC and T cell activation. European Journal of Biochemistry 189 205-214
20. Bishop WR and Bell RM (1988) Functions of diacylglycerol in glycerolipid metabolism, signal transduction and cellular transformaiton. Oncogene Research 2 205-218
21. Blackshear PJ (1993) The MARCKS family of cellular protein kinase C substrates. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268 1501-1504
22. Blobe GC, Khan WA, Halpern AE, Obeid LM and Hannun YA (1993a) Selective regulation of expression of protein kinase C β isoenzymes occurs via alternative splicing. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268 10627-10635
23. Blobe GC, Sachs CW, Khan WA et al (1993b) Selective regulation of expression of protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes in multidrug-resistant MCF-7 cells: functional significance of enhanced expression of PKC a. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268 658-664
24. Blobe GC, Obeid LM and Hannun YA (1994) Regulation of protein kinase C and role in cancer biology. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 13 411-431
25. Blobe GC, Khan WA and Hannun YH (1995) Protein kinase C: cellular target of the second messenger arachidonic acid? Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 52 129-135
26. Blumberg PM (1991) Complexities of the protein kinase C pathway. Molecular Carcinogenesis 4 339-344
27. Boarder MR (1994) A role for phospholipase D in control of mitogenesis. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 15 57-62
28. Boni LT and Rando RR (1985) The nature of protein kinase C activation by physically defined phospholipid vesicles and diacylglycerols. Journal of Biological Chemistry 260 10819-10825
29. Borner C, Filipuzzi I, Weinstein IB and Imber R (1991) Failure of wild-type or a mutant form of protein kinase C-α to transform fibroblasts. Nature 353 78-80
30. Brick-Ghannam C, Huang FL, Temime N and Charron D (1991) Protein kinase C(PKC) activation via human leukocyte antigen class II molecules. Journal of Jiological Chemistry 266 24169-24175
31. Cacace AM, Nichols Guadagno S, Krauss RS, Fabbro D and Weinstein IB (1993) The epsilon isoform of protein kinase C is an oncogene when overexpressed in rat fibroblasts. Oncogene 8 2095-2104
32. Castagna M, Takai Y, Kaibuchi K, Sano K, Kikkawa U and Nishizuka Y (1982) Direct activation of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase by tumor-promoting phorbol esters. Journal of Biological Chemistry 257 7847-7851
33. Cazaubon SM and Parker PJ (1993) Identification of the phosphorylated region responsible for the permissive activation of protein kinase C. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268 17559-17563
34. Cazaubon S, Bomancin F and Parker PJ (1994) Threonine-497 is a critical site for permissive activation of protein kinase C alpha. Biochemical Journal 301 443-448
35. Chauhan VPS and Brockerhoff H (1988) Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate may antecede diacylglycerol as activator of protein kinase C. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 155 18-23
36. Chauhan VPS, Chauhan A, Deshumkh DS and Brockerhoff H (1990) Lipid activators of protein kinase C. Life Sciences 47 981-986
37. Chen K-H, Widen SG, Wilson SH and Huang K-P (1990) Characterization of the 5′ -flanking region of the rat protein kinase C gamma gene. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265 19961-19965
38. Chen K-H, Widen SC, Wilson SH and Huang K-P (1993) Identification of a nuclear protein binding element within the rat brain protein kinase C gamma promoter that is related to the developmental control of this gene. FEBS Letters 325 210-214
39. Chida K, Kato N and Kuroki T (1986) Downregulation of phorbol diester receptors by proteolytic degradation of protein kinase C in a cultured cell line of fetal rat skin keratinocytes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 261 13013-13018
40. Choi PM, Tchou-Wong K-M and Weinstein IB (1990) Overexpression of protein kinase C in HT29 colon cancer cells causes growth inhibition and tumor suppression. Molecular and Cellular Biology 10 4650-4657
41. Conrad R, Keranen LM, Ellington AD and Newton AC (1994) Isozyme-specific inhibition of protein kinase C by RNA aptamers. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 32051-32054
42. Coussens L, Parker PJ, Rhee L et al (1986) Multiple, distinct forms of bovine and human protein kinase C suggests diversity in cellular signaling pathways. Science 233 859-866
43. Coussens L, Rhee L, Parker P and Ullrich A (1987) Alternative splicing increases the diversity of the human protein kinase C family. DNA 6 389-394
44. Davis PD, Elliott LH, Harris W et al (1992) Inhibitors of protein kinase C. 2. Substituted bisindolylmaleimides with improved potency and selectivity. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 35 994-1001
45. Dekker LV, McIntyre P and Parker PJ (1993a) Altered substrate selectivity of PKC-eta pseudosubstrate site mutants. FEBS Letters 329 129-133
46. Dekker LV, McIntyre P and Parker PJ (1993b) Mutagenesis of the regulatory domain of rat protein kinase C-eta. A molecular basis for restricted histone kinase activity. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268 19498-19504
47. Ha gene in murine keratinocytes induces tyrosine phosphorylation and reduced activity of protein kinase C δ. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268 26079-26081
48. Diaz-Meco MT, Lozabo J, Municio MM et al (1994) Evidence for the in vitro and in vivo interaction of Ras with protein kinase C. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 31706-31710
49. Dobrowsky RT and Hannun YA (1992) Ceramide stimulates a cytosolic protein phosphatase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267 5048-5051
50. Egan SE and Weinberg RA (1993) The pathway to signal achievement. Nature 365 781-783
51. Farese RV, Standaert ML and Cooper DR (1992) Protein kinase C downregulation? Nature 360 305
52. Fleischman LF, Chahwala SB and Cantley L (1986) Ras-transformed cells: altered levels of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate and catabolites. Science 231 407-410
53. Flint AJ, Paladini RD and Koshland DE Jr (1990) Autophosphorylation of protein kinase C at three separated regions of its primary sequence. Science 249 408-411
54. Fujise A, Mizuno K, Ueda Y et al (1994) Specificity of the high affinity interaction of protein kinase C with a physiological substrate, myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 31642-31648
55. Gamard CJ, Blobe GC, Hannun YA and Obeid LM (1994) Specific role for protein kinase C β in cell differentiation. Cell Growth and Differentiation 5 405-409
56. Ganong B, Loomis CR, Hannun YA and Bell RM (1986) Mechanism and specificity of protein kinase C activation by sn-1,2-diacylglycerols. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 83 1184-1188
57. Godson C, Bell KS and Insel PA (1993) Inhibition of expression of protein kinase C α by antisense cDNA inhibits phorbol ester-mediated arachidonate release. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268 11946-11950
58. Goode N, Hughes K, Woodgett JR and Parker PJ (1992) Differential regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β by protein kinase C isotypes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267 16878-16882
59. Goodnight JA, Mischak H, Kolch W and Mushinski JF (1995) Immunocytochemical localization of eight protein kinase C isoenzymes overexpressed in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Isoform-specific association with the microfilaments, Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear and cell membranes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270 9991-10001
60. Gopalakrishna R, Barsky SH, Thomas TP and Anderson WB (1986) Factors influencing chelator-stable, detergent-extractable, phorbol diester-induced membrane association of protein kinase C. Journal of Biological Chemistry 261 16438-16445
61. Graber R, Sumida C and Nunez EA (1994) Fatty acids and cell signal transduction. Journal of Lipid Mediators and Cell Signalling 9 91-116
62. α plays a key role in retinoic acid-induced melanoma differentiation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267 13356-13360
63. Gschwendt M, Kielbassa K, Kittstein W and Marks F (1994) Tyrosine phosphorylation and stimulation of protein kinase Co from porcine spleen by src in vitro: dependence on the activated state of protein kinase Co. FEBS Letters 347 85-89
64. Hannun YA and Bell RM (1986) Phorbol ester binding and activation of protein kinase C on triton X-100 mixed micelles containing phosphatidylserine. Journal of Biological Chemistry 261 9341-9347
65. Hannun YA, Loomis CR and Bell RM (1985) Activation of protein kinase C by triton X-100 mixed micelles containing diacylglycerol and phosphatidylserine. Journal of Biological Chemistry 260 10039-10043
66. Hannun YA, Loomis CR and Bell RM (1986) Protein kinase C activation in mixed micelles: mechanistic implications of phospholipid, diacylglycerol and calcium interdependencies. Journal of Biological Chemistry 261 7184-7190
67. Hidaka H and Hagiwara M (1990) Calcium protein signaling. Molecular pharmacology of protein kinase C. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 255 1-8
68. House C and Kemp BE (1987) Protein kinase contains a pseudosubstrate prototype in its regulatory domain. Science 238 1726-1728
69. House C, Robinson PJ and Kemp BE (1989) A synthetic peptide analog of the putative substrate-binding motif activates protein kinase C. FEBS Letters 249 243-247
70. Housey GM, Johnson MD, Hsiao WLW et al (1988) Overproduction of protien kinase C causes disordered growth control in rat fibroblasts. Cell 52 343-354
71. Houslay M (1991) Crosstalk: a pivotol role for PKC in modulating relationships between signal transduction pathways. European Journal of Biochemistry 195 9-21
72. Huang FL, Yoshida Y, Nakabayashi H, Knopf JL, Young WS and Huang KP (1987) Im-munochemical identification of protein kinase C isozymes as products of discrete genes. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 149 946-952
73. Huang FL, Yoshida Y, Cunha-Melo JR, Beaven MA and Huang KP (1989) Differential downregulation of protein kinase C isozymes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 264 4238-4243
74. Huang K-P (1989) The mechanism of protein kinase C activation. Trends in Neurosciences 12 425-432
75. Huang K-P and Huang FL (1990) Differential sensitivity of protein kinase C isozymes to phospholipid-induced inactivation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265 738-744
76. 2+-activated and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 261 12134-12140
77. Huang KP, Huang FL, Nakabayashi H and Yoshida Y (1988) Biochemical characterization of rat brain protein kinase C isozymes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 263 14839-14845
78. Hug H and Sarre TF (1993) Protein kinase C isoenzymes: divergence in signal transduction? Biochemical Journal 291 329-343
79. Huwiler A, Fabbro D and Pfeilschifter J (1991) Differential recovery of protein kinase C-α and -ε isozymes after long term phorbol ester treatment in rat renal mesangial cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 180 1422-1428
80. Hyatt SL, Liao L, Chapline C and Jaken S (1994) Identification and characterization of α-protein kinase C binding proteins in normal and transformed REF52 cells. Biochemistry 33 1223-1228
81. Ichikawa S, Hatanaka H, Takeuchi Y, Ohno S and Inagaki F (1995) Solution structure of cysteine-rich domain of protein kinase C α. Journal of Biochemistry 117 566-574
82. Ido M, Sekiguchi K, Kikkawa U and Nishizuka Y (1987) Phosphorylation of the EGF receptor from A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells by three distinct types of protein kinase C. FEBS Letters 219 215-219
83. Inoue M, Kishimoto A, Takai Y and Nishizuka Y (1977) Studies on a cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase and its proenzyme in mammalian tissues: proenzyme and its activation by calcium-dependent protease from rat brain. Journal of Biological Chemistry 252 7610-7616
84. Isakov N, McMahon P and Altman A (1990) Selective post-transcriptional down-regulation of protein kinase C isoenzymes in leukemic T cells chronically treated with phorbol ester. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265 2091-2097
85. Ito M, Tanabe F, Sato A, Ishida E, Takami Y and Shigeta S (1989) Possible involvement of microfilaments in protein kinase C translocation. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 160 1344-1349
86. Jaken S and Kiley SC (1987) Purification and characterization of three types of PKC from rabbit brain cytosol. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 84 4418-4422
87. Johannes F-J, Prestle J, Eis S, Oberhagemann P and Pfizenmaier K (1994) PKCu is a novel, atypical member of the protein kinase C family. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 6140-6148
88. Kaibuchi K, Fukumoto Y, Oku N, Takai Y, Arai K and Muramatsu M (1989) Molecular genetic analysis of the regulatory and catalytic domains of protein kinase C. Journal of Biological Chemistry 264 13489-13496
89. Khan WA, Mascarella SW, Lewin AH, Wyrick CD, Carroll FI and Hannun YA (1991) Use of D-enythro-sphingosine as a pharmacological inhibitor of protein kinase C in human platelets. Biochemical Journal 278 387-392
90. Khan WA, Blobe GC, Richards AL and Hannun YA (1994) Identification, partial purification and characterization of a novel phospholipid-dependent and fatty acid-activated protein kinase from human platelets. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 9729-9735
91. Khan WA, Blobe GC and Hannun YA (1995) Arachidonic acid and free fatty acids as second messengers and the role of protein kinase C. Cellular Signalling 7 171-184
92. Kielbassa K, Muller H-J, Meyer HE, Marks F and Gschwendt M (1995) Protein kinase Cδ-specific phosphorylation of the elongation factor eEF-1α and an eEF-1α peptide at threonine 431. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270 6156-6162
93. Kikkawa U, Takai Y, Minakuchi R, Inohara S and Nishizuka Y (1982) Calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase from rat brain. Journal of Biological Chemistry 257 13341-13348
94. Kikkawa U, Kishimoto A and Nishizuka Y (1989) The protein kinase C family: heterogeneity and its implications. Annual Review of Biochemistry 58 31-44
95. Kiley SC and Jaken S (1994) Protein kinase C: interactions and consequences. Trends in Cell Biology 4 223-228
96. 1 cells. Molecular Endocrinology 6 120-131
97. Kiley SC, Olivier AR, Gordge PC et al (1994) 12-deoxyphorbol-13-O-phenylacetate-20-acetate is not protein kinase C-β isozyme-selective in vivo. Carcinogenesis 15 319-324
98. Kishimoto A, Takai Y, Mori T, Kikkawa U and Nishizuka Y (1980) Activation of calcium and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase by diacylglycerol, its possible relation to phosphatidylinositol turnover. Journal of Biological Chemistry 255 2273-2276
99. Kishimoto A, Kajikawa N, Shiota M and Nishizuka Y (1983) Proteolytic activation of calciumactivated phospholipid-dependent protein kinase by calcium-dependent neutral protease. Journal of Biological Chemistry 258 1156-1164
100. Kishimoto A, Mikawa K, Hashimoto K et al (1989) Limited proteolysis of protein kinase C subspecies by calcium-dependent neutral protease(calpain). Journal of Biological Chemistry 264 4088-4092
101. Knopf J, Lee M-H, Sultzman LA et al (1986) Cloning and expression of multiple protein kinase C cDNAs. Cell 46 491-502
102. 2+, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Biochemical Journal 291 627-633
103. Kolch W, Heidecker G, Kochs G et al (1993) Protein kinase Cα activates RAF-1 by direct phosphorylation. Nature 364 249-252
104. 2+, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase associated with plasma membrane. Nature 301 621-623
105. Kraft AS, Anderson WB, Cooper HL and Sando JJ (1982) Decrease in cytosolic calcium/ phospholipid-dependent protein kinase activity following phorbol ester treatment of EL4 thymoma cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 257 13193-13196
106. Lee M-H and Bell RM (1991) Mechanism of protein kinase C activation by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Biochemistry 30 1041-1049
107. Lehel C, Olah Z, Mischak H, Mushinski JF and Anderson WB (1994) Overexpressed protein kinase C-δ and -ε subtypes in NIH 3T3 cells exhibit differential subcellular localization and differential regulation of sodium-dependent phosphate uptake. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 4761-4766
108. Li W, Mischak H, Yu J-C et al (1994) Tyrosine phosphorylation of protein kinase C-δ in response to its activation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 2349-2352
109. Liao L, Hyatt SL, Chapline C and Jaken S (1994) Protein kinase C domains involved in interactions with other proteins. Biochemistry 33 1229-1233
110. Limatola C, Schaap D, Moolenaar WH and Van Blitterswijk WJ (1994) Phosphatidic acid activation of protein kinase C-zeta overexpressed in COS cells: comparison with other protein kinase C isotypes and other acidic lipids. Biochemical Journal 304 1001-1008
111. Liu F and Roth RA (1994) Insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of protein kinase Cα: evidence for direct interaction of the insulin receptor and protein kinase C in cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 200 1570-1577
112. Lucas M and Sanchez-Margalet V (1995) Protein kinase C involvement in apoptosis. General Pharmacology 26 881-887
113. Luo J-H and Weinstein IB (1993) Calcium-dependent activation of protein kinase C. The role of the C2 domain in divalent cation selectivity. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268 23580-23584
114. McSwine-Kennick RL, McKeegan EM, Johnson MD and Morin MJ (1991) Phorbol diester-induced alterations in the expression of protein kinase C isozymes and their mRNAs. Analysis in wild-type and phorbol diester-resistant HL-60 cell clones. Journal of Biological Chemistry 266 15135-15143
115. Mahoney CW, Azzi A and Huang K-P (1990) Effects of suramin, an anti-human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase agent, on protein kinase C. Differential activation and inhibition of protein kinase C isozymes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265 5424-5428
116. Makowske M and Rosen OM (1989) Complete activation of protein kinase C by an antipeptide antibody directed against the pseudosubstrate prototope. Journal of Biological Chemistry 264 16155-16159
117. Martiny-Baron G, Kazanietz MG, Mischak H et al (1993) Selective inhibition of protein kinase C isozymes by the indolocarbazole Gö 6976. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268 9194-9197
118. Megidish T and Mazurek N (1989) A mutant protein kinase C that can transform fibroblasts. Nature 342 807-811
119. Mischak H, Goodnight J, Kolch W et al (1993) Overexpression of protein kinase C-δ and -ε in NIH 3T3 cells induces opposite effects on growth, morphology, anchorage dependence and tumorigenicity. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268 6090-6096
120. Mochly-Rosen D and Koshland DE (1987) Domain structure and phosphorylation of protein kinase C. Journal of Biological Chemistry 262 2291-2297
121. Mochly-Rosen D, Henrich CJ, Cheever L, Khaner H and Simpson PC (1990) A protein kinase C isoenzyme is translocated to cytoskeletal elements on activation. Cell Regulation 1 693-706
122. Mochly-Rosen D, Khaner H and Lopez J (1991a) Identification of intracellular receptor proteins for activated protein kinase C. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 88 3997-4000
123. Mochly-Rosen D, Khaner H, Lopez J and Smith BL (1991b) Intracellular receptors for activated protein kinase C. Identification of a binding site for the enzyme. Journal of Biological Chemistry 266 14866-14868
124. Mukai H and Ono Y (1994) A novel protein kinase with leucine zipper-like sequences: its catalytic domain is highly homologous to that of protein kinase C. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 199 897-904
125. Murray NR, Burns DJ and Fields AP (1994) Presence of a βII protein kinase C-selective nuclear membrane activation factor in human leukemia cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 21385-21390
126. Nakamura S and Nishizuka Y (1994) Lipid mediators and protein kinase C activation for the intracellular signaling network. Journal of Biochemistry 115 1029-1034
127. Nakanishi H, Brewer KA and Exton JH (1993) Activation of the zeta isozyme of protein kinase C by phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268 13-16
128. Naor Z (1991) Is arachidonic acid a second messenger in signal transduction? Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 80 C181-C186
129. Newton AC and Koshland DE Jr (1987) Protein kinase C autophosphorylates by an intrapeptide reaction. Journal of Biological Chemistry 262 10185-10188
130. Newton AC and Koshland DE Jr (1989) High cooperativity, specificity and multiplicity in the protein kinase C-lipid interaction. Journal of Biological Chemistry 264 14909-14915
131. Niedel JE, Kuhn LJ and Vandenbark GR (1983) Phorbol diester receptor copurifies with protein kinase C. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 80 36-40
132. Nishizuka Y (1986) Studies and perspectives of protein kinase C. Science 233 305-312
133. Nishizuka Y (1988) The molecular heterogeneity of protein kinase C and its implications for cellular regulation. Nature 334 661-665
134. Nishizuka Y (1992) Intracellular signaling by hydrolysis of phospholipids and activation of protein kinase C. Science 258 607-614
135. Obeid LM, Blobe GC, Karolak LA and Hannun YA (1992) Cloning and characterization of the major promoter of the human protein kinase C β gene: regulation by phorbol esters. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267 20804-20810
136. 3 in HL-60 cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265 2370-2374
137. O'Brian C and Ward N (1989) Biology of the PKC family. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 8 199-214
138. Ohno S, Akita Y, Konno Y, Shinobu I and Suzuki K (1988) A novel phorbol ester receptor/protein kinase, nPKC, distantly related to the protein kinase C family. Cell 53 731-741
139. Ohno S, Konno Y, Akita Y, Yano A and Suzuki K (1990) A point mutation at the putative ATP-binding site of protein kinase Cα abolishes the kinase activity and renders it downregulation-insensitive. A molecular link between autophosphorylation and down-regulation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265 6296-6300
140. Oishi K, Raynor RL, Charp PA and Kuo JF (1988) Regulation of protein kinase C by lysophospholipids. Potential role in signal transduction. Journal of Biological Chemistry 263 6865-6871
141. Ono Y and Nishizuka Y (1986) Cloning of rat brain PKC cDNA. FEBS Letters 203 111-115
142. Ono Y and Nishizuka Y (1987) Identification of three additional members of rat PKC family: δ, ε, ζ subspecies. FEBS Letters 226 125-128
143. Ono Y, Kurokawa T, Fujii T et al (1986) Two types of complementary DNAs of rat brain protein kinase C: heterogeneity determined by alternative splicing. FEBS Letters 206 347-352
144. Ono Y, Fujii T, Ogita K, Kikkawa U, Igarashi K and Nishizuka Y (1989) Protein kinase C ζ subspecies from rat brain: its structure, expression and properties. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 86 3099-3103
145. Orr JW and Newton AC (1994a) Requirement for negative charge on "activation loop" of protein kinase C. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 27715-27718
146. Orr JW and Newton AC (1994b) Intrapeptide regulation of protein kinase C. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 8383-8387
147. Osada S-I, Mizuno K, Saido TC, Suzuki K, Kuroki T and Ohno S (1992) A new member of the protein kinase C Family, nPKCθ, predominately expressed in skeletal muscle. Molecular and Cellular Biology 12 3930-3938
148. Parker P, Coussens L, Totty N et al (1986) The complete primary structure of PKC-the major phorbol ester receptor. Science 233 853-859
149. Parker PJ, Bajaj M, Marais R, Mitchell F, Pears C and Stabel S (1989) Protein kinase C as a second messenger target. Biochemical Society Transactions 17 279-280
150. Pears CJ, Kour G, House C, Kemp BE and Parker PJ (1990) Mutagenesis of the pseudo-substrate site of protein kinase C leads to activation. European Journal of Biochemistry 194 89-94
151. Pears CJ and Parker PJ (1991) Domain interactions in protein kinase C. Journal of Cell Science 100 683-686
152. Pears C, Schaap D and Parker PJ (1991) The regulatory domain of protein kinase C-ε restricts the catalytic-domain-specificity. Biochemical Journal 276 257-260
153. Pears C, Stabel S, Cazaubon S and Parker PJ (1992) Studies on the phosphorylation of protein kinase C-α. Biochemical Journal 283 515-518
154. Persons DA, Wilkison WO, Bell RM and Finn OJ (1988) Altered growth regulation and enhanced tumorigenicity of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts transfected with protein kinase C-1 cDNA. Cell 52 447-458
155. Pfeffer LM, Strulovici B and Saltiel AR (1990) Interferon-α selectively activates the β isoform of protein kinase C through phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 87 6537-6541
156. Pontremoli S, Michetti M, Melloni E, Sparatore B, Salamino F and Horecker BL (1990) Identification of the proteolytically activated form of protein kinase C in stimulated human neutrophils. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 87 3705-3707
157. Quest AFG, Bardes ESG and Bell RM (1994a) A phorbol ester binding domain of protein kinase Cγ. Deletion analysis of the Cys2 domain defines a minimal 43-amino acid peptide. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 2961-2970
158. Quest AFG, Bardes ESG and Bell RM (1994b) A phorbol ester binding domain of protein kinase Cy. High affinity binding to a glutathione-S-transferase/Cys2 fusion protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 2953-2960
159. Rando RR (1991) Models of protein kinase C activation. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 16 364
160. Roberts MF (1994) First thoughts on lipid second messengers. Trends in Cell Biology 4 219-223
161. 2+ sensitive, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase activity in phorbol ester-treated 3T3 cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 120 1053-1059
162. 1, γ, δ and ε by phorbol esters of different biological activities. FEBS Letters 288 5-9
163. Sando JJ, Maurer MC, Bolen EJ and Grisham CM (1992) Role of cofactors in protein kinase C activation. Cellular Signalling 4 595-609
164. Schaap D, Parker P, Bristol A, Kriz R and Knopf J (1989) Unique substrate specificity and regulatory properties of PKC-ε: a rationale for diversity. FEBS Letters 243 351-357
165. Schaap D, Hsuan J, Totty N and Parker PJ (1990) Proteolytic activation of protein kinase C-ε. European Journal of Biochemistry 191 431-435
166. Sekiguchi K, Tsukuda M, Ogita K, Kikkawa U and Nishizuka Y (1987) Three distinct forms of rat brain protein kinase C: differential response to unsaturated fatty acids. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 145 797-802
167. Selbie LA, Schmitz-Peiffer C, Sheng Y and Biden TJ (1993) Molecular cloning and characterization of PKCι, an atypical isoform of protein kinase C derived from insulin-secreting cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268 24296-24302
168. Sharkey N and Blumberg PM (1985) Kinetic evidence that 1,2-diolein inhibits phorbol ester binding to protein kinase C via a competitive mechanism. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 133 1051-1056
169. Shearman MS, Naor Z, Sekiguchi K, Kishimoto A and Nishizuka Y (1989) Selective activation of the γ-subspecies of protein kinase C from bovine cerebellum by arachidonic acid and its lipoxygenase metabolites. FEBS Letters 243 177-182
170. Sheu F-S, Marais RM, Parker PJ, Bazan NG and Routtenberg A (1990) Neuron-specific protein F1/GAP-43 shows substrate specificity for the beta subtype of protein kinase C. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 171 1236-1243
171. Singh SS, Chauhan A, Brockerhoff H and Chauhan VPS (1993) Activation of protein kinase C by phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 195 104-112
172. Skroch P, Buchman C and Karin M (1993) Regulation of human and yeast metallothionein gene transcription by heavy metal ions. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research 380 113-128
173. Solanki V, Slaga TJ, Callaham M and Huberman E (1981) Down regulation of specific binding of [20-3H]phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate and phorbol ester-induced differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 78 1722-1725
174. Stabel S and Parker PJ (1991) Protein kinase C. Pharmacology and Theraputics 51 71-95
175. Staudinger J, Zhou J, Burgess R, Elledge SJ and Olson EN (1995) PICK1: a perinuclear binding protein and substrate for protein kinase C isolated by the yeast two-hybrid system. Journal of Cell Biology 128 263-271
176. Strulovici B, Daniel-Issakani S, Oto E, Nestor J Jr, Chan H and Tsou A-P (1989) Activation of distinct protein kinase C isozymes by phorbol esters:
177. Takai Y, Kishimoto A, Inoue M and Nishizuka Y (1977) Studies on a cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase and its proenzyme in mammalian tissues: purification and characterization of an active enzyme from bovine cerebellum. Journal of Biological Chemistry 252 7603-7609
178. Takai Y, Kishimoto A, Iwasa Y, Kawahara Y, Mori T and Nishizuka Y (1979) Calcium-dependent activation of a multifunctional protein kinase by membrane phospholipids. Journal of Biological Chemistry 254 3692-3695
179. Toker A, Sellers LA, Amess B, Patel Y, Harris A and Aitken A (1992) Multiple isoforms of a protein kinase C inhibitor (KCIP-1/14-3-3) from sheep brain - amino acid sequence of phosphorylated forms. European Journal of Biochemistry 206 453-461
180. Toker A, Meyer M, Reddy KK et al (1994) Activation of protein kinase C family members by the novel polyphosphoinositides PtdIns-3,4-P2 and PtdIns-3,4,5-P3. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 32358-32367
181. Tominaga M, Kitagawa Y, Tanaka S and Kishimoto A (1991) Phosphorylation of type II (β) protein kinase C by casein kinase II. Journal of Biochemistry 110 655-660
182. Tuominen RK, Werner MH, Ye H et al (1993) Biphasic generation of diacylglycerol by angiotensin and phorbol ester in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 190 181-185
183. Wada H, Ohno S and Suzuki K (1989) Cell-type specific expression of the genes for the PKC family: down regulation of the mRNAs for PKC α and nPKCε upon in vitro differentiation of a mouse neuroblastoma cell line Neuro 2a. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 165 533-538
184. Weinstein IB (1990) The role of protein kinase C in growth control and the concept of carcinogenesis as a progressive disorder in signal transduction. Advances in Second Messenger and Phosphoprotein Research 24 307-316
185. Wilkinson SE, Parker PJ and Nixon JS (1993) Isoenzyme specificity of bisindolylmaleimides, selective inhibitors of protein kinase C. Biochemical Journal 294 335-337
186. 2+, phorbol esters and ATP. Journal of Biological Chemistry 260 15718-15722
187. Wolfman A and Macara IG (1987) Elevated levels of diacylglycerol and decreased phorbol ester sensitivity in ras-transformed fibroblasts. Nature 325 359-361
188. Zalewski PD, Forbes IJ, Giannakis C, Cowled PA and Betts WH (1990) Synergy between zinc and phorbol ester in translocation of protein kinase C to cytoskeleton. FEBS Letters 273 131-134
189. Zhang G, Kazanietz MG, Blumberg PM and Hurley JH (1995) Crystal structure of the cys2 activator-binding domain of protein kinase Cδ in complex with phorbol ester. Cell 81 917-924
190. 1 isozyme autophosphorylation sites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 90 6130-6134
191. 1 and is essential for its activation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 19578-19584
192. Zidovetzki R and Lester DS (1992) The mechanism of activation of protein kinase C: a biophysical perspective. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta Molecular and Cellular Research 1134 261-272