Wind stress measurements from the open ocean

Journal of Physical Oceanography

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 541-558

  Yelland, Margaret ^a   Taylor, Peter K ^a  

^a NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

OPEN OCEAN; SEA STATE; TURBULENT KINETIC ENERGY; WIND STRESS;

EID: 0029903391     PISSN: 00223670     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1996)026<0541:WSMFTO>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Anderson, R. J., 1993: A study of wind stress and heat flux over the open ocean by the inertial dissipation method. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 2153-2161.
2. Birch, K. G., and R. W. Pascal, 1987: A meteorological system for research applications - MultiMet. Fifth Int. Conf. on Electronics for Ocean Technology, Edinburgh, Scotland, Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers, 7-12.
3. Blanc, T. V., 1985: Variation of bulk derived surface flux, stability, and roughness results due to the use of different transfer coefficient schemes. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 650-669.
4. Bouws, E., 1988: Basic definitions and descriptions of ocean waves. Guide to Wave Analysis and Forecasting. World Meteorological Society Publ. 702, 23-25.
5. Busch, N. E., 1972: On the mechanics of atmospheric turbulence. Workshop on Micrometeorology, D. A. Haugen, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 1-65.
6. Charnock, H., 1955: Wind stress on a water surface. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 81, 639-640.
7. Deacon, E. L., 1988: The streamwise Kolmogoroff constant. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 42, 9-17.
8. Denman, K. L., and M. Miyake, 1973: Behavior of the mean wind, the drag coefficient, and the wave field in the open ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 78, 1917-1931.
9. Dittmer, K., 1977: The hydrodynamic roughness of the sea surface at low wind speeds. Meteor. Forsch. Ergebn., 12, 10-15.
10. Donelan, M., 1990: Air-Sea Interaction. Vol. 9. The Sea: Ocean Engineering Science, I. M. Hanes, Ed., Wiley and Sons, 239-292.
11. _, F. Dobson, S. D. Smith, and R. A. Anderson, 1993: On the dependence of sea surface roughness on wave development. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 2143-2149.
12. Dunckel, M., L. Hasse, L. Krugermeyer, D. Schriever, and J. Wucknitz, 1974: Turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat and water vapour in the atmospheric surface layer at sea during ATEX. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 6, 81-106.
13. Dupuis, H., A. Weill, K. Katsaros, and P. K. Taylor, 1995: Turbulent heat fluxes by profile and inertial dissipation methods: Analysis of the atmospheric surface layer from shipboard measurements during the SOFIA/ASTEX and SEMAPHORE experiments. Ann. Geophys., 13, 1065-1074.
14. Edson, J. B., C. W. Fairall, P. G. Mestayer, and S. E. Larsen, 1991: A Study of the inertial-dissipation method for computing air-sea fluxes. J. Geophys. Res., 96(C6), 10 689-10 711.
15. Fairall, C. W., and S. E. Larsen, 1986: Inertial-dissipation methods and turbulent fluxes at the air-ocean interface. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 34, 287-301.
16. _, and J. B. Edson, 1994: Recent measurements of the dimensionless turbulent kinetic energy dissipation function over the ocean. Second Int. Conf. on Air-Sea Interaction and on the Meteorology and Oceanography of the Coastal Zone, Lisbon, Portugal, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 224-225.
17. _, _, S. E. Larsen, and P. G. Mestayer, 1990: Inertial-dissipation air-sea flux measurements: A prototype system using realtime spectral computations. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 7, 425-453.
18. Frenzen, P., and C. A. Vogel, 1992: The turbulent kinetic energy budget in the atmospheric surface layer: A review and an experimental reexamination in the field. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 60, 49-76.
19. m function to k: A corrected illustration for the turbulent kinetic energy budget in the ASL. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 68, 439-442.
20. Garratt, J. R., 1977: Review of drag coefficients over oceans and continents. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 915-929.
21. Geernaert, G. L., 1987: On the importance of the drag coefficient in air-sea interactions. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 11, 19-38.
22. _, and W. J. Plant, 1990: Current Theory. Vol. 1, Surface Waves and Fluxes. Kluwer Academic, 336 pp.
23. _, K. B. Katsaros, and K. Richter, 1986: Variation of the drag coefficient and its dependence on sea state. J. Geophys. Res., 91 (C6), 7667 -7679.
24. _, S. E. Larsen, and F. Hansen, 1987: Measurements of the wind stress, heat flux, and turbulence intensity during storm conditions over the North Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 92(C12), 13 127-13 139.
25. _, K. L. Davidson, S. E. Larsen, and T. Mikkelsen, 1988: Wind stress measurements during the tower ocean wave and radar dependence experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 93(C11), 13 913-13 923.
26. Hicks, B. B., and A. J. Dyer, 1972: The spectral density technique for the determination of eddy fluxes. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 98, 838-844.
27. Juszko, B.-A., R. F. Marsden, and S. R. Waddell, 1995: Wind stress from wave slopes using Phillips equilibrium theory. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 185-203.
28. Large, W. G., 1979: The turbulent fluxes of momentum and sensible heat over the sea during moderate to strong winds. Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia, 180 pp.
29. _, and S. Pond, 1981: Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 324-336.
30. _, and _, 1982: Sensible and latent heat flux measurements over the ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 464-482.
31. _, and J. A. Businger, 1988: A system for remote measurements of the wind stress over the oceans. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 5, 274-285.
32. Makin, V. K., V. N. Kudryavstev, and C. Mastenbroek, 1995: Drag of the sea surface. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 73, 159-182.
33. Marsden, R. F., G. A. McBean, and B. A. Proctor, 1993: Momentum and sensible heat fluxes calculated by the dissipation technique during the Ocean Storms Project. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 63, 23-38.
34. Paulson, C. A., 1970: The mathematical representation of wind speed and temperature profiles in the unstable atmospheric surface layer. J. Appl. Meteor., 9, 857-861.
35. Pond, S., W. G. Large, M. Miyake, and R. W. Burling, 1979: A gill twin propeller-vane anemometer for flux measurements during moderate and strong winds. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 16, 351-364.
36. Schacher, G. E., K. L. Davidson, T. Houlihan, and C. W. Fairall, 1981: Measurements of the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy, ε, over the ocean. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 20, 321-330.
37. Schmitt, K. F., C. A. Friehe, and C. H. Gibson, 1978: Sea surface stress measurements. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 15, 215-228.
38. Smith, S. D., 1980: Wind stress and heat flux over the ocean in gale force winds. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 709-726.
39. _, 1988: Coefficients for sea surface wind stress, heat flux and wind profiles as a function of wind speed and temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 15 467-15 474.
40. _, R. J. Anderson, W. A. Oost, C. Kraan, N. Maat, J. DeCosmo, K. B. Katsaros, K. L. Davidson, K. Bumke, L. Hasse, and H. M. Chadwick, 1992: Sea surface wind stress and drag coefficients: The HEXOS results. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 60, 109-142.
41. Stull, R. B., 1988: An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology. Kluwer Academic, 666 pp.
42. Trenberth, K. E., G. L. Large, and J. G. Olson, 1989: The effective drag coefficient for evaluating wind stress over the oceans. J. Climate, 2, 1507-1516.
43. Wu, J., 1980: Wind stress coefficients over the sea surface near neutral conditions - A revisit. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 727-740.
44. _, 1994: The sea surface is aerodynamically rough even under light winds. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 69, 149-158.
45. Wyngaard, J. C., 1973: On surface layer turbulence. Workshop on Micrometeorology, D. A. Haugen, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 136.
46. _, and O. R. Coté, 1971: The budgets of turbulent kinetic energy and temperature variances in the atmospheric surface layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 190-201.
47. Yelland, M. J., P. K. Taylor, I. E. Consterdine, and M. H. Smith, 1994: The use of the inertial dissipation technique for shipboard wind stress determination. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 1093-1108.