메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 41, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 299-304

The current status of seizure duration in the practice of electroconvulsive therapy

Author keywords

anesthesia; benzodiazep ines; caffeine; efficacy; electroconvulsive therapy; lidocaine; medication; seizure duration

Indexed keywords

ANESTHETIC AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CAFFEINE; LIDOCAINE; METHOHEXITAL; OXYTOCIN; PROLACTIN; PROPOFOL;

EID: 0029902133     PISSN: 07067437     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/070674379604100507     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (50)

References (75)
  • 1
    • 0026333596 scopus 로고
    • Impact of the anti-psychiatry movement on the revival of electroconvulsive therapy in the United States
    • Fink M. Impact of the anti-psychiatry movement on the revival of electroconvulsive therapy in the United States. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1991;14:793-801.
    • (1991) Psychiatr Clin North Am , vol.14 , pp. 793-801
    • Fink, M.1
  • 3
    • 0003920653 scopus 로고
    • The next challenge: The mode of action of ECT
    • Fink M. The next challenge: the mode of action of ECT. Convuls Ther 1993;9:192-7.
    • (1993) Convuls Ther , vol.9 , pp. 192-197
    • Fink, M.1
  • 4
    • 0006883257 scopus 로고
    • Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association
    • American Psychiatric Association. Electroconvulsive therapy: task force report 14. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association; 1978.
    • (1978) Electroconvulsive Therapy: Task Force Report 14
  • 5
    • 0024348783 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of the antimanic effect of electroconvulsive therapy
    • Mukherjee S. Mechanisms of the antimanic effect of electroconvulsive therapy. Convuls Ther 1989:5;337-43.
    • (1989) Convuls Ther , vol.5 , pp. 337-343
    • Mukherjee, S.1
  • 6
    • 0002256794 scopus 로고
    • Experimental studies of the mode of action of electroconvulsive therapy
    • Ottosson JO. Experimental studies of the mode of action of electroconvulsive therapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1960;145:1-141.
    • (1960) Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl , vol.145 , pp. 1-141
    • Ottosson, J.O.1
  • 7
    • 0001001621 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of action of electroconvulsive therapy
    • Hales RE, Frances J, editors. Washington: American Psychiatric Press
    • Sackeim HA. Mechanisms of action of electroconvulsive therapy. In: Hales RE, Frances J, editors. Volume 7, Annual review of psychiatry. Washington: American Psychiatric Press; 1988.
    • (1988) Annual Review of Psychiatry , vol.7
    • Sackeim, H.A.1
  • 8
    • 8944226703 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of action
    • Sackeim HA. Mechanisms of action. Convuls Ther 1989;6:207-310.
    • (1989) Convuls Ther , vol.6 , pp. 207-310
    • Sackeim, H.A.1
  • 9
    • 0022978045 scopus 로고
    • Neurophysiological variability in the effects of the ECT stimulus
    • Sackeim HA, Mukherjee S. Neurophysiological variability in the effects of the ECT stimulus. Convuls Ther 1986;2:267-76.
    • (1986) Convuls Ther , vol.2 , pp. 267-276
    • Sackeim, H.A.1    Mukherjee, S.2
  • 10
    • 0028343121 scopus 로고
    • ECT seizure therapeutic adequacy
    • Krystal AD, Weiner RD. ECT seizure therapeutic adequacy. Convuls Ther 1994;19:153-64.
    • (1994) Convuls Ther , vol.19 , pp. 153-164
    • Krystal, A.D.1    Weiner, R.D.2
  • 11
    • 0002484796 scopus 로고
    • Autobiography of IJ Meduna (Part 2)
    • Meduna IJ. Autobiography of IJ Meduna (Part 2). Convuls Ther 1985;1:43-57.
    • (1985) Convuls Ther , vol.1 , pp. 43-57
    • Meduna, I.J.1
  • 12
    • 1842817293 scopus 로고
    • Electric convulsion therapy in mental disorders
    • Kalinowsky L, Barrera E. Electric convulsion therapy in mental disorders. Psychiatr Q 1940;14:719-30.
    • (1940) Psychiatr Q , vol.14 , pp. 719-730
    • Kalinowsky, L.1    Barrera, E.2
  • 14
    • 0005758166 scopus 로고
    • Electroschock therapy
    • Sackler AM, Sackler MD, Sackler RR, Marti-Ibanez F, editors. New York: Hoeber-Harper
    • Cerletti U. Electroschock therapy. In: Sackler AM, Sackler MD, Sackler RR, Marti-Ibanez F, editors. The great physiodynamic therapies in psychiatry. New York: Hoeber-Harper; 1956.
    • (1956) The Great Physiodynamic Therapies in Psychiatry
    • Cerletti, U.1
  • 15
    • 0038731436 scopus 로고
    • Electric shock therapy in the psychoses: Convulsive and subconvulsive methods
    • Androp S. Electric shock therapy in the psychoses: convulsive and subconvulsive methods. Psychiatr Q 1941;16:730-49.
    • (1941) Psychiatr Q , vol.16 , pp. 730-749
    • Androp, S.1
  • 16
    • 0038393378 scopus 로고
    • Electric shock treatment of mental disorders
    • Lowenbach II. Electric shock treatment of mental disorders. N C Med J 1943;4:123-8.
    • (1943) N C Med J , vol.4 , pp. 123-128
    • Lowenbach, I.I.1
  • 17
    • 0026351264 scopus 로고
    • Stimulus intensity, seizure threshold, and seizure duration: Impact on the efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy
    • Sackeim HA, Devanand DP, Prudic J. Stimulus intensity, seizure threshold, and seizure duration: impact on the efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1991;14:803-43.
    • (1991) Psychiatr Clin North Am , vol.14 , pp. 803-843
    • Sackeim, H.A.1    Devanand, D.P.2    Prudic, J.3
  • 18
    • 0008977262 scopus 로고
    • Effect of lidocaine on the seizure discharge in electroconvulsive therapy
    • Ottosson JO. Effect of lidocaine on the seizure discharge in electroconvulsive therapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1960;145:7-32.
    • (1960) Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl , vol.145 , pp. 7-32
    • Ottosson, J.O.1
  • 19
    • 0021990349 scopus 로고
    • The relationship of concurrent benzodiazepine administration to seizure duration in ECT
    • Standish-Barry HM, Deacon V, Snaith RP. The relationship of concurrent benzodiazepine administration to seizure duration in ECT. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1985;71:269-71.
    • (1985) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.71 , pp. 269-271
    • Standish-Barry, H.M.1    Deacon, V.2    Snaith, R.P.3
  • 21
    • 0018140413 scopus 로고
    • The effect of diazepam on endogenously depressed patients
    • Bowen RC. The effect of diazepam on endogenously depressed patients. J Clin Pharmacol 1978;18:280-4.
    • (1978) J Clin Pharmacol , vol.18 , pp. 280-284
    • Bowen, R.C.1
  • 22
    • 0027746181 scopus 로고
    • Benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy
    • Greenberg RM, Pettinati HM Benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy. Convuls Ther 1993;9:262-73.
    • (1993) Convuls Ther , vol.9 , pp. 262-273
    • Greenberg, R.M.1    Pettinati, H.M.2
  • 23
    • 0018116080 scopus 로고
    • Seizure duration and clinical effect in electroconvulsive therapy
    • Maletzky BM. Seizure duration and clinical effect in electroconvulsive therapy. Compr Psychiatry 1978;19:541-80.
    • (1978) Compr Psychiatry , vol.19 , pp. 541-580
    • Maletzky, B.M.1
  • 24
    • 0022616548 scopus 로고
    • ECT: Clinical variables, seizure duration and outcome
    • Zorumski CF, Burke WJ, Rutherford JL, and others. ECT: clinical variables, seizure duration and outcome. Convuls Ther 1986;2:109-19.
    • (1986) Convuls Ther , vol.2 , pp. 109-119
    • Zorumski, C.F.1    Burke, W.J.2    Rutherford, J.L.3
  • 25
    • 0023001952 scopus 로고
    • Hypothesis to explain divergent findings among studies comparing the efficacy of unilateral and bilateral ECT in depression
    • Abrams RA. Hypothesis to explain divergent findings among studies comparing the efficacy of unilateral and bilateral ECT in depression. Convuls Ther 1986;2:253-7.
    • (1986) Convuls Ther , vol.2 , pp. 253-257
    • Abrams, R.A.1
  • 26
    • 0015302693 scopus 로고
    • Clinical experience with multiple electroconvulsive treatments
    • Abrams R, Fink M. Clinical experience with multiple electroconvulsive treatments. Compr Psychiatry 1972;13:115-21.
    • (1972) Compr Psychiatry , vol.13 , pp. 115-121
    • Abrams, R.1    Fink, M.2
  • 27
    • 8944245142 scopus 로고
    • Multiple monitored electroconvulsive treatment
    • Blachly PH, Gowing D. Multiple monitored electroconvulsive treatment. Compr Psychiatry 1966;7:100-9.
    • (1966) Compr Psychiatry , vol.7 , pp. 100-109
    • Blachly, P.H.1    Gowing, D.2
  • 28
    • 0000557063 scopus 로고
    • Ultrabrief stimulus technique in electroconvulsive therapy II: Comparative studies on therapeutic effects and memory disturbances in treatment of endogenous depression with the Either ES electroshock apparatus and the Siemens Konvulsator III
    • Cromholm B, Ottosson JO. Ultrabrief stimulus technique in electroconvulsive therapy II: comparative studies on therapeutic effects and memory disturbances in treatment of endogenous depression with the Either ES electroshock apparatus and the Siemens Konvulsator III. J Nerv Ment Dis 1963;137:268-76.
    • (1963) J Nerv Ment Dis , vol.137 , pp. 268-276
    • Cromholm, B.1    Ottosson, J.O.2
  • 29
    • 0020560390 scopus 로고
    • Present practice of electroconvulsive therapy in Scandinavia
    • d'Elia O, Ottosson JO, Strömgren L. Present practice of electroconvulsive therapy in Scandinavia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1953;40:577-81.
    • (1953) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.40 , pp. 577-581
    • D'Elia, O.1    Ottosson, J.O.2    Strömgren, L.3
  • 30
    • 84984100101 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of electroconvulsive therapy with unilateral and bilateral stimulation
    • d'Elia G, Perris C. Comparison of electroconvulsive therapy with unilateral and bilateral stimulation. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1970;215:9-29.
    • (1970) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.215 , pp. 9-29
    • D'Elia, G.1    Perris, C.2
  • 31
    • 0016434891 scopus 로고
    • Is unilateral ECT less effective than bilateral ECT?
    • d'Elia G, Raotma H. Is unilateral ECT less effective than bilateral ECT? Br J Psychiatry 1975;126;83-9.
    • (1975) Br J Psychiatry , vol.126 , pp. 83-89
    • D'Elia, G.1    Raotma, H.2
  • 32
    • 0020692221 scopus 로고
    • Missed seizures and the bilateral-unilateral electroconvulsive therapy controversy
    • Fink M. Missed seizures and the bilateral-unilateral electroconvulsive therapy controversy. Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:198-9.
    • (1983) Am J Psychiatry , vol.140 , pp. 198-199
    • Fink, M.1
  • 33
    • 0018162299 scopus 로고
    • Unilateral and bilateral ECT: A psychiatric and psychological study of therapeutic effect and side effects
    • Heshe J, Roder E, Theilgaard A. Unilateral and bilateral ECT: a psychiatric and psychological study of therapeutic effect and side effects. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1978;275(Suppl):1S-180S.
    • (1978) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.275 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Heshe, J.1    Roder, E.2    Theilgaard, A.3
  • 34
    • 0021809331 scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting amnesia, seizure duration, efficacy in ECT
    • Miller AL, Faber RA, Hatch JP, and others. Factors affecting amnesia, seizure duration, efficacy in ECT. Am J Psychiatry 1985;142:692-6.
    • (1985) Am J Psychiatry , vol.142 , pp. 692-696
    • Miller, A.L.1    Faber, R.A.2    Hatch, J.P.3
  • 35
    • 0026045326 scopus 로고
    • Is unilateral nondominant ECT as efficient as bilateral ECT? A new look at the evidence
    • Ottosson JO. Is unilateral nondominant ECT as efficient as bilateral ECT? a new look at the evidence. Convuls Ther 1991;7:190-200.
    • (1991) Convuls Ther , vol.7 , pp. 190-200
    • Ottosson, J.O.1
  • 36
    • 0022970253 scopus 로고
    • A comment on the efficacy of unilateral versus bilateral ECT
    • Overall JI, Rhoades HM. A comment on the efficacy of unilateral versus bilateral ECT. Convuls Ther 1986;3:245-51.
    • (1986) Convuls Ther , vol.3 , pp. 245-251
    • Overall, J.I.1    Rhoades, H.M.2
  • 37
    • 0022225138 scopus 로고
    • Missed and brief seizures during ECT: Differential response between unilateral and bilateral electrode placement
    • Pettinati HM, Nilsen S. Missed and brief seizures during ECT: differential response between unilateral and bilateral electrode placement. Biol Psychiatry 1985;20:506-14.
    • (1985) Biol Psychiatry , vol.20 , pp. 506-514
    • Pettinati, H.M.1    Nilsen, S.2
  • 38
    • 0025953080 scopus 로고
    • Optimizing unilateral electroconvulsive therapy
    • Sackeim HA. Optimizing unilateral electroconvulsive therapy. Convuls Ther 1991;7:201-12.
    • (1991) Convuls Ther , vol.7 , pp. 201-212
    • Sackeim, H.A.1
  • 39
    • 0023507315 scopus 로고
    • Effects of electrode placement on the efficacy of titrated, low-dose ECT
    • Sackeim HA, Decina P, Kanzler M, and others. Effects of electrode placement on the efficacy of titrated, low-dose ECT. Am J Psychiatry 1987;144:1449-55.
    • (1987) Am J Psychiatry , vol.144 , pp. 1449-1455
    • Sackeim, H.A.1    Decina, P.2    Kanzler, M.3
  • 40
    • 0023125982 scopus 로고
    • Studies of dosage, seizure threshold, and seizure duration in ECT
    • Sackeim HA, Decina P, Portnoy S, and others. Studies of dosage, seizure threshold, and seizure duration in ECT. Biol Psychiatry 1987;22:249-68.
    • (1987) Biol Psychiatry , vol.22 , pp. 249-268
    • Sackeim, H.A.1    Decina, P.2    Portnoy, S.3
  • 41
    • 0023009387 scopus 로고
    • Minimizing therapeutic differences between bilateral and unilateral nondominant ECT
    • Weiner RD, Coffey CE. Minimizing therapeutic differences between bilateral and unilateral nondominant ECT. Convuls Therapy 1986;2:261-5.
    • (1986) Convuls Therapy , vol.2 , pp. 261-265
    • Weiner, R.D.1    Coffey, C.E.2
  • 42
    • 0022642794 scopus 로고
    • The electroencephalographic pattern during electroconvulsive therapy III: Analysis of frontotemporal and nasopharyngeal spectral energy
    • Enderle JD, Staton JD, Gerst J, and others. The electroencephalographic pattern during electroconvulsive therapy III: analysis of frontotemporal and nasopharyngeal spectral energy. Clin Electroencephalogr 1986;17:66-77.
    • (1986) Clin Electroencephalogr , vol.17 , pp. 66-77
    • Enderle, J.D.1    Staton, J.D.2    Gerst, J.3
  • 43
    • 0027493495 scopus 로고
    • The effects of ECT stimulus dose and electrode placement on the ictal electroencephalogram: An intraindividual crossover study
    • Krystal AD, Weiner RD, McCall WW, and others. The effects of ECT stimulus dose and electrode placement on the ictal electroencephalogram: an intraindividual crossover study. Biol Psychiatry 1993;34:759-67.
    • (1993) Biol Psychiatry , vol.34 , pp. 759-767
    • Krystal, A.D.1    Weiner, R.D.2    McCall, W.W.3
  • 44
    • 0038054987 scopus 로고
    • Experimental studies of the electroencephalographic changes following electroconvulsive therapy
    • Kirstein I,-Ottosson JO. Experimental studies of the electroencephalographic changes following electroconvulsive therapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1960;145:49-68.
    • (1960) Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl , vol.145 , pp. 49-68
    • Kirstein, I.1    Ottosson, J.O.2
  • 45
    • 0021808432 scopus 로고
    • Electroconvulsive therapy and prolactin release: Relation to treatment response in melancholia
    • Abrams R, Swartz CM. Electroconvulsive therapy and prolactin release: relation to treatment response in melancholia. Convuls Ther 1985;1:38-42.
    • (1985) Convuls Ther , vol.1 , pp. 38-42
    • Abrams, R.1    Swartz, C.M.2
  • 46
    • 0027414873 scopus 로고
    • Beyond seizure duration as a measure of treatment quality
    • Swartz CM. Beyond seizure duration as a measure of treatment quality. Convuls Ther 1993;9:1-7.
    • (1993) Convuls Ther , vol.9 , pp. 1-7
    • Swartz, C.M.1
  • 47
    • 0021813022 scopus 로고
    • Electroconvulsive therapy and prolactin release: Effects of stimulus parameters
    • Abrams R, Swartz CM. Electroconvulsive therapy and prolactin release: effects of stimulus parameters. Convuls Ther 1985;1:115-9.
    • (1985) Convuls Ther , vol.1 , pp. 115-119
    • Abrams, R.1    Swartz, C.M.2
  • 48
    • 0019926217 scopus 로고
    • Immediate increases in plasma prolactin and neurophysin but not other hormones after electroconvulsive therapy
    • Whalley IJ, Dick H, Watts AG, and others. Immediate increases in plasma prolactin and neurophysin but not other hormones after electroconvulsive therapy. Lancet 1982;1064-8.
    • (1982) Lancet , pp. 1064-1068
    • Whalley, I.J.1    Dick, H.2    Watts, A.G.3
  • 49
    • 0024573901 scopus 로고
    • Treatment outcome, seizure duration, and the neurophysin response to ECT
    • Scott AIF, Whalley LJ, Legros J-I. Treatment outcome, seizure duration, and the neurophysin response to ECT. Biol Psychiatry 1989;25:585-97.
    • (1989) Biol Psychiatry , vol.25 , pp. 585-597
    • Scott, A.I.F.1    Whalley, L.J.2    Legros, J.-I.3
  • 50
    • 0027462236 scopus 로고
    • Effects of stimulus intensity and electrode placement on the efficacy and cognitive effects electroconvulsive therapy
    • Sackeim HA, Prudic J, Devanand DP, and others. Effects of stimulus intensity and electrode placement on the efficacy and cognitive effects electroconvulsive therapy. N Engl J Med 1993;328:839-46.
    • (1993) N Engl J Med , vol.328 , pp. 839-846
    • Sackeim, H.A.1    Prudic, J.2    Devanand, D.P.3
  • 51
    • 0022558659 scopus 로고
    • Dosage, seizure threshold, and the antidepressant efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy
    • Sackeim HA, Decina P, Prohovnik I, and others. Dosage, seizure threshold, and the antidepressant efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986;462:398-410.
    • (1986) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.462 , pp. 398-410
    • Sackeim, H.A.1    Decina, P.2    Prohovnik, I.3
  • 52
    • 0025987610 scopus 로고
    • What is an adequate treatment in convulsive therapy?
    • Fink M. What is an adequate treatment in convulsive therapy? Acta Psychiatr Scand 1991;84:424-7.
    • (1991) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.84 , pp. 424-427
    • Fink, M.1
  • 53
    • 0009654222 scopus 로고
    • An adequate treatment?
    • Fink M. An adequate treatment? Convuls Ther 1989;5:311-3.
    • (1989) Convuls Ther , vol.5 , pp. 311-313
    • Fink, M.1
  • 54
    • 0015548441 scopus 로고
    • EEG seizure patterns during multiple unilateral and bilateral ECT
    • Abrams R, Volavka J, Fink M. EEG seizure patterns during multiple unilateral and bilateral ECT. Compr Psychiatry 1973;14:25-8.
    • (1973) Compr Psychiatry , vol.14 , pp. 25-28
    • Abrams, R.1    Volavka, J.2    Fink, M.3
  • 55
    • 0019956078 scopus 로고
    • A double-blind controlled comparison of the therapeutic effects of low and high energy electroconvulsive therapies
    • Robin A, de Tissera S. A double-blind controlled comparison of the therapeutic effects of low and high energy electroconvulsive therapies. Br J Psychiatry 1982;141:357-66.
    • (1982) Br J Psychiatry , vol.141 , pp. 357-366
    • Robin, A.1    De Tissera, S.2
  • 56
    • 0002680444 scopus 로고
    • Increased seizure threshold following convulsion
    • Sandier M, editor. Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • Green AR, Butt D, Cowen P. Increased seizure threshold following convulsion. In Sandier M, editor. Psychopharmacology of anticonvulsants. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1982.
    • (1982) Psychopharmacology of Anticonvulsants
    • Green, A.R.1    Butt, D.2    Cowen, P.3
  • 57
    • 0022558662 scopus 로고
    • Electroconvulsive therapy as an anticonvulsant: Implications for its mechanism of action in affective illness
    • Post RM, Putnam F, Uhde TW, and others. Electroconvulsive therapy as an anticonvulsant: implications for its mechanism of action in affective illness. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986;462:376-88.
    • (1986) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.462 , pp. 376-388
    • Post, R.M.1    Putnam, F.2    Uhde, T.W.3
  • 58
    • 0026508372 scopus 로고
    • EEG evidence of more "intense" seizure activity with bilateral ECT
    • Krystal AD, Weiner RD, Coffey CE, and others. EEG evidence of more "intense" seizure activity with bilateral ECT. Biol Psychiatry 1992;31:617-21.
    • (1992) Biol Psychiatry , vol.31 , pp. 617-621
    • Krystal, A.D.1    Weiner, R.D.2    Coffey, C.E.3
  • 59
    • 0027366615 scopus 로고
    • EEG manifestations during ECT: Effects of electrode placement and stimulus intensity
    • Nobler MS, Sackeim HA, Solomon M, and others. EEG manifestations during ECT: effects of electrode placement and stimulus intensity. Biol Psychiatry 1993;34:321-30.
    • (1993) Biol Psychiatry , vol.34 , pp. 321-330
    • Nobler, M.S.1    Sackeim, H.A.2    Solomon, M.3
  • 60
    • 0024337851 scopus 로고
    • A neuroendocrine view of ECT
    • Fink M, Nemeroff CB. A neuroendocrine view of ECT. Convuls Ther 1989;5:269-304.
    • (1989) Convuls Ther , vol.5 , pp. 269-304
    • Fink, M.1    Nemeroff, C.B.2
  • 61
    • 0018830733 scopus 로고
    • A theory of convulsive therapy in endogenous depression: Significance of hypothalamic function
    • Fink M, Ottosson JO. A theory of convulsive therapy in endogenous depression: significance of hypothalamic function. Psychiatry Res 1980;2:49-61.
    • (1980) Psychiatry Res , vol.2 , pp. 49-61
    • Fink, M.1    Ottosson, J.O.2
  • 62
    • 0005113461 scopus 로고
    • Neurochemical and other neurobiological consequences of ECT: Implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of affective disorders
    • Meltzer HY, editor. New York: Raven Press
    • Lerer B. Neurochemical and other neurobiological consequences of ECT: implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of affective disorders. In: Meltzer HY, editor. Psychopharmacology: the third generation of progress. New York: Raven Press; 1987.
    • (1987) Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress
    • Lerer, B.1
  • 63
    • 0026548304 scopus 로고
    • Do benzodiazepines interfere with the action of electroconvulsive therapy?
    • Cohen SJ, Lawton C. Do benzodiazepines interfere with the action of electroconvulsive therapy? Br J Psychiatry 1992;160:545-6.
    • (1992) Br J Psychiatry , vol.160 , pp. 545-546
    • Cohen, S.J.1    Lawton, C.2
  • 64
    • 0026642635 scopus 로고
    • Do benzodiazepines interfere with the action of electroconvulsive therapy?
    • Green AR. Do benzodiazepines interfere with the action of electroconvulsive therapy? Br J Psychiatry 1992;161:129-30.
    • (1992) Br J Psychiatry , vol.161 , pp. 129-130
    • Green, A.R.1
  • 65
    • 0000638884 scopus 로고
    • Seizure characteristics and therapeutic efficiency in electroconvulsive therapy: An analysis of the antidepressive efficiency of grand mal and lidocaine-modified seizures
    • Ottosson JO. Seizure characteristics and therapeutic efficiency in electroconvulsive therapy: an analysis of the antidepressive efficiency of grand mal and lidocaine-modified seizures. J Nerv Ment Dis 1962;135:239-51.
    • (1962) J Nerv Ment Dis , vol.135 , pp. 239-251
    • Ottosson, J.O.1
  • 66
    • 0027956583 scopus 로고
    • Propofol anaesthesia in electroconvulsive therapy
    • Fear CF, Littlejohns CS, Rouse E, and others. Propofol anaesthesia in electroconvulsive therapy. Br J Psychiatry 1994;165:506-9.
    • (1994) Br J Psychiatry , vol.165 , pp. 506-509
    • Fear, C.F.1    Littlejohns, C.S.2    Rouse, E.3
  • 68
    • 0028033951 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy after propofal and pethotexital anesthesia
    • Malsch E, Gratz I, Mani S, and others. Efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy after propofal and pethotexital anesthesia. Convuls Ther 1994;10:212-9.
    • (1994) Convuls Ther , vol.10 , pp. 212-219
    • Malsch, E.1    Gratz, I.2    Mani, S.3
  • 69
    • 0025163652 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for less improvement in depression in patients taking benzodiazepines during unilateral ECT
    • Pettinati HM, Stephens SM, Willis KM, and others. Evidence for less improvement in depression in patients taking benzodiazepines during unilateral ECT. Am J Psychiatry 1990;147:1029-35.
    • (1990) Am J Psychiatry , vol.147 , pp. 1029-1035
    • Pettinati, H.M.1    Stephens, S.M.2    Willis, K.M.3
  • 70
    • 0018956766 scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing seizure duration and number of seizures applied in unilateral electroconvulsive therapy
    • Strömgren LS, Dal J, Fjeldgerg N, and others. Factors influencing seizure duration and number of seizures applied in unilateral electroconvulsive therapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1980;62:158-65.
    • (1980) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.62 , pp. 158-165
    • Strömgren, L.S.1    Dal, J.2    Fjeldgerg, N.3
  • 71
    • 0027501034 scopus 로고
    • A reappraisal of the role of caffeine in ECT
    • McCall WV, Reid S, Rosenquist P, and others. A reappraisal of the role of caffeine in ECT. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:1543-45.
    • (1993) Am J Psychiatry , vol.150 , pp. 1543-1545
    • McCall, W.V.1    Reid, S.2    Rosenquist, P.3
  • 73
    • 0028286191 scopus 로고
    • Effects of caffeine pretreatment on measures of seizure impact
    • Rosenquist PB, McCall WV, Farah A, and others. Effects of caffeine pretreatment on measures of seizure impact. Convuls Ther 1994;10:181-5.
    • (1994) Convuls Ther , vol.10 , pp. 181-185
    • Rosenquist, P.B.1    McCall, W.V.2    Farah, A.3
  • 74
    • 0020693334 scopus 로고
    • Acute memory impairment following electroconvulsive therapy, 1: Effects of electrical stimulus waveform and number of treatments
    • Daniel WF, Crovitz HF. Acute memory impairment following electroconvulsive therapy, 1: effects of electrical stimulus waveform and number of treatments. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983;67:1-7.
    • (1983) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.67 , pp. 1-7
    • Daniel, W.F.1    Crovitz, H.F.2
  • 75
    • 0020429897 scopus 로고
    • Recovery of orientation after electroconvulsive therapy
    • Daniel WF, Crovitz HF. Recovery of orientation after electroconvulsive therapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1982;66:421-44.
    • (1982) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.66 , pp. 421-444
    • Daniel, W.F.1    Crovitz, H.F.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.