Molecular and cellular interactions in rheumatoid synovium

Current Opinion in Rheumatology

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 210-220

  Müller Ladner, Ulf ^a  

^a University of Alabama at Birmingham   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CELL INTERACTION; GENE THERAPY; HUMAN; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHEUMATIC DISEASE; SYNOVIUM;

EID: 0029899592     PISSN: 10408711     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00002281-199605000-00008     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Gay S, Gay RE, Koopman WJ: Molecular and cellular mechanisms of joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis: two cellular mechanisms explain joint destruction? Ann Rheum Dis 1993, 52:S39-S47.
2. Bandara G, Mueller GM, Galea-Lauri J, Tindal MH, Georgescu HI, Suchanek MK, Hung GL, Glorioso JC, Robbins PD, Evans CH: Intraarticular expression of biologically active interleukln-1 receptor antagonist protein by ex vivo gene transfer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993, 90:10764-10768.
3. Müller-Ladner U, Roberts CR, Franklin BN, Gay RE, Robbins PD, Evans CH, Gay S: Gene transfer of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IRAP) into human synovial fibroblasts and implantation into the SCID mouse. Arthritis Rheum 1995, 38:S398.
4. Breitner S, Storkel S, Reichel W, Loos M: Complement components C1q, C1r/C1s, and C1INH in rheumatoid arthritis: correlation of in situ hybridization and northern blot results with function and protein concentration in synovium and primary cell culture. Arthritis Rheum 1995, 38:492-498.
5. Müller-Ladner U, Kriegsmann J, Tschopp J, Gay RE, Gay S: Demonstration of granzyme A and perform mRNA in synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1995, 38:477-484. Messenger RNA of two cytotoxic molecules was found to be present in rheumatoid synovium. Both granzyme A and perforin bear the potential to be key molecules in the pathogenesis of RA. Granzyme A degrades basement membrane collagen type IV and has antiretroviral activity. Perforin is able to trigger apoptosis.
6. Kummer JA, Tak PP, Brinkmann BMN, van Tilborg AAG, Kamp AM, Verweij CL, Daha MR, Meinders AE, Hack CE, Breedveld FC: Expression of granzymes A and B in synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1994, 73:88-95.
7. Tak PP, Kummer JA, Hack CE, Daha MR, Smeets TJM, Erkelens GW, Meinders AE, Kluin PM, Breedveld FC: Granzyme-positive cells are specifically increased in early rheumatoid synovial tissue. Arthritis Rheum 1994, 37:1735-1743. The authors present interesting results on the expression of granzymes in early RA. Granzyme B especially may be involved in the early stages of the disease.
8. Sfikakis PP, Zografou A, Viglis V, Iniotaki-Theodoraki A, Piskontaki I, Tsokos GC, Sfikakis P, Choremi-Papadopoulou H: CD28 expression on T cell subsets in vivo and CD28-mediated T cell response in vitro in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1995, 38:649-654.
9. Ratcliffe LT, Lukey PT, Meyers OL, Ress SR: Prostanoid modulation of synovial antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell cytotoxic function in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1995, 34:113-120.
10. Simon MM, Kramer MD, Prester M, Gay S: Mouse T cell associated serine proteinase 1 degrades collagen type IV: a structural basis for the migration of lymphocytes through vascular basement membrane. Immunology 1991, 73:117-119.
11. Irmler M, Hertig S, MacDonald HR, Sadoul R, Becherer JD, Proudfoot A, Solan R, Tschopp J: Granzyme A is an interleukin 1 beta converting enzyme. J Exp Med 1995, 181:1917-1922. This paper describes a very interesting link between molecules such as granzyme A, which are released from cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural killer cells, and the activation of proinflammatory cytokines.
12. Kägi D, Ledermann B, Bürki K, Seiler P, Odermatt B, Olsen KJ, Podack ER, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H: Cytotoxicity mediated by T cells and natural killer cells is greatly impaired in perforin deficient mice. Nature 1994, 369:31-37.
13. Simon HG, Fruth U, Kramer MD, Simon MM: A secretable serine protease with highly restricted specificity from cytolytic T lymphocytes inactivates retrovirus-associated reverse transcriptase. FEBS Lett 1987, 223:352-360.
14. Stransky G, Vernon J, Aicher WK, Moreland LW, Gay RE, Gay S: Virus-like particles in synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1993, 32:1044-1048.
15. Roberts CR, Herrmann M, Aicher WK, Müller-Ladner U, Matsumoto S, Gay RE, Kalden JR, Gay S: Sequences derived from PCR amplification of virus-like particles (VLP) present in synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Arthritis Rheum 1995, 38(suppl):S21B.
16. Brown KA, Perry ME, Mustafa Y, Wood SK, Crawley M, Taub M, Dumonde DC: The distribution and abnormal morphology of plasma cells in rheumatoid synovium. Scand J Immunol 1995, 41:509-517.
17. Dechanet J, Merville P, Durand I, Bancherau J, Miossec P: The ability of synoviocytes to support terminal differentiation of activated B cells may explain plasma cell accumulation in rheumatoid synovium. J Clin Invest 1995, 95:456-463.
18. Woolley DE: Mast cells in the rheumatoid lesion: ring leaders or innocent bystanders? Ann Rheum Dis 1995, 54:533-538. This conclusive paper highlights numerous interesting aspects of the potential role of mast cells in RA.
19. Williams WV, Fang Q, von Feldt JM, Boyer JD, Luchi M, Wang B, Weiner DB: Immunotherapeutic strategies targeting rheumatoid synovial T-cell receptors by DNA inoculation. Immunol Res 1994, 13:145-153.
20. Struyk L, Hawes GE, Chatila MK, Breedveld FC, Kurnick JT, van den Elsen PJ: T cell receptors in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1995, 38:577-589. This outstanding review describes precisely our current knowledge of different aspects of TCRs in RA, as well as the concomitant difficulties of developing a TCR-targeted RA therapy.
21. Kuipers JG, Jacobs R, Kemper A, Zeidler H, Schmidt RE: TCR1+ large granular lymphocyte proliferation in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 1994, 4:163-168.
22. Röther E, Metzger D, Lang B, Melchers I, Peter HH: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies (ANCA) in rheumatoid arthritis: relationship to HLA-DR phenotypes, rheumatoid factor, anti-nuclear antibodies and disease activity. Rheumatol Int 1994, 14:155-161.
23. Müller-Ladner U, Kriegsmann J, Gay RE, Gay S: Oncogenes in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1995, 21:675-690. This paper summarizes the variety of oncogene-dependent pathways involved in the pathogenesis of RA and presents for the first time an "oncogene network" operative in RA.
24. Mountz JD, Wu J, Cheng J, Zhou T: Autoimmune disease: a problem of defective apoptosis. Arthritis Rheum 1994, 37:1415-1420. This outstanding review summarizes the role of apoptosis for readers who are interested in autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus and RA.
25. Ogawa N, Dang H, Talal N: Apoptosis and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 1995, 8:1-19. Like Mountz et al. (Arthritis Rheum 1994, 37:1415-1420), these authors present detailed data on the detection and molecular regulation of apoptosis in autoimmune disease.
26. Müller-Ladner U, Kriegsmann J, Gay RE, Mountz JD, Nishioka K, Talal N, Gay S: Upregulation of bcl-2 mRNA in synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Arthritis Rheum 1994, 37(suppl):S163.
27. Firestein GS, Yeo M, Zvaifler NJ: Apoptosis in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. J Clin Invest 1995, 96:1631-1638. The authors used novel molecular techniques to examine the number of apoptotic cells and the location of apoptosis-regulating molecules in rheumatoid synovium.
28. Nakajima T, Aono H, Hasunuma T, Yamamoto K, Shirai T, Hriohata K, Nishioka K: Apoptosis and functional fas antigen in rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes. Arthritis Rheum 1995, 38:485-491.
29. Ritchlin C, Dwyer E, Bucala R, Winchester R: Sustained and distinctive patterns of gene activation in synovial fibroblasts and whole synovial tissue obtained from inflammatory synovitis. Scand J Immunol 1994, 40:292-298.
30. Hino K, Shiozawa S, Kuroki Y, Ishikawa H, Shiozawa K, Sekiguchi K, Hirano H, Sakashita E, Miyashita K, Chihara K: EDA-containing fibronectin is synthesized from rheumatoid synovial fibroblast-like cells. Arthritis Rheum 1995, 38:678-683.
31. Schneider M, Voss B, Rauterberg J, Menke M, Pauly T, Miehlke RK, Friemann J, Gerlach U: Basement membrane proteins in synovial membrane: distribution in rheumatoid arthritis and synthesis by fibroblast-like cells. Clin Rheumatol 1994, 13:90-97.
32. Dobbie JW, Hind C, Meijers P, Bodart C, Tasiaux N, Perret J, Anderson JD: Lamellar body secretion: ultrastructural analysis of an unexplored function of synoviocytes. Br J Rheumatol 1995, 34:13-23.
33. Migita K, Eguchi K, Tsukada T, Kawabe Y, Aoyagi T, Nagataki S: The role of protein kinase in human synovial fibroblast growth. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1995, 210:1066-1075.
34. Fernández-Gutiérrez B, Hernández-Garcia C, Bañares AA, Jover JA: Characterization and regulation of CD69 expression on rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid T cells. J Rheumatol 1995, 22:413-420.
35. Firestein GS, Alvaro-Gracia JM, Maki R: Quantitative analysis of cytokine gene expression in rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol 1990, 144:3347-3353.
36. Westacott CI, Whicher JT, Barnes IC, Thompson D, Swan AJ, Dieppe PA: Synovial fluid concentration of five different cytokines in rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 1990, 49:676-681.
37. Alvaro-Gracia JM, Zvaifler NJ, Firestein GS: Cytokines in chronic inflammatory arthritis: V: mutual antagonism between interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha on HLA-DR expression, proliferation, collagenase production, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor production by rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes. J Clin Invest 1990, 86:1790-1798.
38. Brennan FM, Field M, Chu CQ, Feldmann M, Maini RN: Cytokine expression in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1991, 30:76-80.
39. Madson KL, Moore TL, Lawrence JM III, Osborn TG: Cytokine levels in serum and synovial fluid of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1994, 21:2359-2363.
40. Bathon JM, Hwang JJ, Shin LH, Precht PA, Towns MC, Horton WE Jr: Type VI collagen-specific messenger RNA is expressed constitutively by cultured human synovial fibroblasts and is suppressed by interleukin-1. Arthritis Rheum 1994, 37:1350-1356.
41. Von den Hoff H, de Koning M, van Kampen J, van der Korst J: Interleukin-1 reversibly inhibits the synthesis of biglycan and decorin in intact articular cartilage in culture. J Rheumatol 1995, 22:1520-1526.
42. Chikanza IC, Kingsley G, Panayi GS: Peripheral blood and synovial fluid monocyte expression of interleukin 1α and 1β during active rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1995, 22:600-606.
43. Kirkham BW, Navarro FJ, Corkill MM, Panayi GS: In vivo analysis of disease modifying drug therapy activity in rheumatoid arthritis by sequential immunohistological analysis of synovial membrane interleukin 1β. J Rheumatol 1994, 21:1615-1619.
44. Arend WP, Dayer J-M: Inhibition of the production and effects of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor α in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1995, 38:151-160. An excellent overview on the role of two major proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α, and their respective inhibitors in RA. The authors also present very interesting data and ideas on interleukin-1-dependent and TNF-α-dependent novel therapeutic approaches.
45. Chikanza IC, Roux-Lombard P, Dayer J-M, Panayi GS: Dysregulation of the in vivo production of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: pathogenetic implications. Arthritis Rheum 1995, 38:642-648. Because the interaction of interleukin-1 and its naturally occurring receptor IL-1Ra bears the potential for novel therapeutic approaches (Müller-Ladner et al., Arthritis Rheum 1995, 38:S398), data on the regulation of this pathway, as presented in this manuscript, are urgently needed.
46. Shingu M, Fujikawa Y, Wada T, Nonaka S, Nobunaga M: Increased IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) production and decreased IL-1β/IL-1Ra ratio in mononuclear cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Br J Rheumatol 1995, 34:24-30.
47. Chomarat P, Vannier E, Dechanet J, Rissoan MC, Banchereau J, Dinarello CA, Miossec P: Balance of IL-1 receptor antagonist/IL-1 beta in rheumatoid synovium and its regulation by IL-4 and IL-10. J Immunol 1995, 154:1432-1439. Inhibitory cytokines such as interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 are currently being examined in numerous laboratories for their applicability to drug therapy in RA. This interesting paper describes some of the basic principles of the effects of these cytokines in RA.
48. Arner EC, Harris RR, DiMeo TM, Collins RC, Galbraith W: Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist inhibits proteoglycan breakdown in antigen-induced but not polycation induced arthritis in the rabbit. J Rheumatol 1995, 22:1338-1346.
49. Barrera P, Boerbooms AMT, Demacker PNM, van de Putte LBA, Gallati H, van der Meer JWM: Circulating concentrations and production of cytokines and soluble receptors in rheumatoid arthritis patients: effects of a single dose of methotrexate. Br J Rheumatol 1994, 33:1017-1024.
50. Evans CH, Robbins PD: Prospects for treating arthritis by gene therapy. J Rheumatol 1994, 21:779-782. This paper may become a milestone in the novel field of gene therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.
51. Brennan FM, Maini RN, Feldmann M: TNF-α: a pivotal role in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1992, 31:293-298.
52. Probert L, Plows D, Kontogeorgos G, Kollias G: The type 1 interleukin-1 receptor acts in series with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) to induce arthritis in TNF transgenic mice. Eur J Immunol 1995, 25:1794-1797. The authors describe an important mechanism for the development of arthritis in an animal model: the cooperation of interleukin-1 receptor and TNF.
53. Maini RN, Elliott M, Brennan FM, Williams RO, Feldmann M: Targeting TNFα for the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1994, 12:S63-S66. Modulation of the effects of TNF-α and its receptor, as well as their soluble forms, is currently under intensive investigation. This paper provides detailed background.
54. Maini RN, Elliott MJ, Charles PJ, Feldmann M: Immunological intervention reveals reciprocal roles for tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10 in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Springer Semin Immunopathol 1994, 16:327-336. The authors close the gap and explain the differences between RA and systemic lupus erythematosus in terms of disease-modulating effects of TNF-α and interleukin-10.
55. Rankin ECC, Choy EHS, Kassimos D, Kingsley GH, Sopwith AM, Isenberg DA, Panayi GS: The therapeutic effects of an engineered human antitumour necrosis factor alpha antibody (CDP571) in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1995, 34:334-342. A presentation of promising results of the first placebo-controlled dose-finding trial of anti-TNF-α antibodies in patients with RA.
56. Lopez S, Halbwachs-Mecarelli L, Ravaud P, Bessou G, Dougados M, Porteu F: Neutrophil expression of tumour necrosis factor receptors (TNF-R) and of activation markers (CD11b, CD43, CD63) in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 1995, 101:25-32.
57. Brennan FM, Gibbons DL, Cope AP, Katsikis P, Maini RN, Feldmann M: TNF inhibitors are produced spontaneously by rheumatoid and osteoarthritic synovial joint cell cultures: evidence of feedback control of TNF action. Scand J Immunol 1995, 42:158-165. The authors illustrate the different expression of the two TNF-α receptor isoforms in rheumatoid and osteoarthritic synovial cell cultures.
58. Steiner G, Studnicka-Benke A, Witzmann G, Höfler E, Smolen J: Soluble receptors for tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-2 in serum and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, reactive arthritis and osteoarthrltis. J Rheumatol 1995, 22:406-412.
59. van Leeuwen MA, Westra J, Limburg PC, van Riel PLCM, van Rijswijk MH: Clinical significance of interleukln-6 measurement in early rheumatoid arthritis: relation with laboratory and clinical variables and radiological progression in a three year prospective study. Ann Rheum Dis 1995, 54:674-677.
60. Monier S, Reme T, Cognot C, Gao QL, Travaglio-Ecinoza A, Cuchacovich M, Gaillard JP, Jorgensen C, Sany J, Dupuy D'Angeac A, et al.: Growth factor activity of IL-6 in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1994, 12:595-602.
61. Mihara M, Moriya Y, Kishimoto T, Ohsugi Y: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) induces the proliferation of synovial fibroblastic cells in the presence of soluble IL-6 receptor. Br J Rheumatol 1995, 34:321-325.
62. Crilly A, Madhok R, Watson J, Capell HA, Sturrock RD: Production of interleukin-6 by monocytes isolated from rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving second-line drug therapy. Br J Rheumatol 1994, 33:821-825.
63. Crilly A, Kolta S, Dougados M, Sturrock RD, Amor B, Capell HA, Madhok R: Effect of cyclosporin A on interleukln-6 and soluble interleukin-2 receptor in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1995, 54:137-139.
64. Sugiyama E, Suzuki H, Tunru IS, Yamashita N, Hori T, Kobayashi M: FK506, an immunosuppressant, partially inhibits interleukin 6 production by adherent rheumatoid synovial cells. J Rheumatol 1994, 21:1597-1601.
65. Howard M, O'Garra A: Biological properties of IL-10. Immunol Today 1992, 13:198-200.
66. Llorente L, Richaud-Patin Y, Fior R, Alcocer-Varela J, Wijdenes J, Fourrier BM, Galanaud P, Emilie D: In vivo production of interleukin-10 (IL-10) by non T cells in rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus: a potential mechanism of B lymphocyte hyperactivity and autoimmunity. Arthritis Rheum 1994, 37:1647-1655. This report sheds light on the expression and effect of interleukin-10 in various rheumatic diseases, eg, the finding that non-T cells are the primary source of this inhibitory cytokine, and that only interleukin-10, and not interleukin-4, is capable of TNF-α inhibition.
67. Hart PH, Ahern MJ, Smith MD, Finlay-Jones JJ: Comparison of the suppressive effects of interleukln-10 and interleukin-4 on synovial fluid macrophages and blood monocytes from patients with inflammatory arthritis. Immunology 1995, 84:536-542. The authors examined the different inhibitory capabilities of interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 on interleukin-1β and IL-1Ra production of macrophages and monocytes from arthritis patients.
68. Dechanet J, Taupin JL, Chomarat P, Rissoan MC, Moreau JF, Bancherau J, Miossec P: Interleukin-4, but not interleukin-10, inhibits the production of leukemia inhibitory factor by rheumatoid synovium and synoviocytes. Eur J Immunol 1994, 24:3222-3228.
69. Cush JJ, Splawski JB, Thomas R, McFarlin JE, Schulze-Koops H, Davis LS, Fujita K, Lipsky PE: Elevated interleukln-10 levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1995, 38:96-104.
70. Miossec P, Chomarat P, Dechanet J, Moreau J-F, Roux J-P, Delmas P, Bancherau J: Interleukin-4 inhibits bone resorption through an effect on osteoclasts and proinflammatory cytokines in an ex vivo model of bone resorption in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1994, 37:1715-1722. Very little is known about bone degradation in RA. The authors present an attractive ex vivo model including data on the regulation of bone degradation by interleukin-4.
71. Kriegsmann J, Keyszer GM, Geiler T, Bräuer R, Gay RE, Gay S: Expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 mRNA and protein in rheumatoid arthritis synovium demonstrated by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Lab Invest 1995, 72:209-213. Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 very likely acts as one of the key molecules in cartilage destruction by facilitating the attachment of synoviocytes to cartilage. This study demonstrates the location of VCAM-1 in synovial fibroblasts in the lining layer of rheumatoid synovium.
72. van Dinther-Janssen ACHM, Kraal G, van Soesbergen RM, Scheper RJ, Meijer CJLM: Immunohistological and functional analysis of adhesion molecule expression in the rheumatoid synovial lining layer: implications for synovial lining cell destruction. J Rheumatol 1994, 21:1998-2004. A thoroughly performed study on the immunohistochemical expression of adhesion molecules in the rheumatoid synovium.
73. Jorgensen C, Travaglio-Encinoza A, Bologna C, Dupuy D'Angeac A, Reme T, Sany J: Human mucosyl lymphocyte marker expression in synovial fluid lymphocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1994, 21:1602-1607.
74. Shingu M, Hashimoto M, Ezaki I, Nobunaga M: Effect of cytokine-induced soluble ICAM-1 from human synovial cells on synovial cell-lymphocyte adhesion. Clin Exp Immunol 1994, 97:46-51.
75. Haskard DO: Cell adhesion molecules in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1995, 7:229-234. A succinct, well-written, and detailed overview of the current knowledge of adhesion molecules in RA.
76. Davis LS, Kavanaugh AF, Nichols LA, Lipsky PE: Induction of persistent T cell hyporesponsiveness in vivo by monoclonal antibody to ICAM-1 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol 1995, 154:3525-3537. Local reduction of the number of T cells in the rheumatoid joint is a desirable goal. The authors show that anti-ICAM treatment can result in T cell responsiveness for up to 5 months.
77. Summers KL, O'Donnell JL, Hoy WS, Peart M, Dekker J, Rothwell A, Hart DNJ: Monocyte-macrophage antigen expression on chondrocytes. J Rheumatol 1995, 22:1326-1334.
78. Nikkari L, Haapasalmi K, Aho H, Torvinen A, Sheppard D, Larjava H, Heino J: Localization of the αv subfamily of integrins and their putative ligands in synovial lining cell layer. J Rheumatol 1995, 22:16-23. This interesting paper presents data on the expression of integrins in the synovium, including some that may be specific for osteoarthritis.
79. Hosaka S, Akahoshi T, Wada C, Kondo H: Expression of the chemokine superfamily in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 1994, 97:451-457.
80. Leppert D, Hauser SL, Kishiyama JL, An Z, Zeng L, Goetzl EJ: Stimulation of matrix metalloproteinase-dependent migration of T cells by eicosanoids. FASEB J 1995, 9:1473-1481. This paper is one of the few presentations of a dynamic experimental model in RA research. It also unveils novel aspects of prostaglandin- and matrix metalloproteinase-modulated migration of T cells.
81. Kriegsmann J, Keyszer GM, Geiler T, Lagoo AS, Lagoo-Deenadayalan, Gay RE, Gay S: Expression of E-selectin mRNA and protein in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1995, 38:750-754. Trafficking of mononuclear cells is required for the clusters of inflammatory cells found in rheumatoid synovium. The documentation of the presence of E-selectin in terminal vessels in the rheumatoid synovium adds an important piece to this puzzle.
82. Iannone F, Corrigall VM, Kingsley GH, Panayi GS: Evidence for the continuous recruitment and activation of T cells into the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Immunol 1994, 24:2706-2713.
83. Peacock DJ, Banquerigo ML, Brahn E: A novel angiogenesis inhibitor suppresses rat adjuvans arthritis. Cell Immunol 1995, 160:178-184.
84. Szekanecz Z, Haines GK, Harlow LA, Shah MR, Fong TW, Fu R, Lin SJ-W, Rayan G, Koch AE: Increased synovial expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β receptor endoglin and TGF-β1 in rheumatoid arthritis: possible interactions in the pathogenesis of the disease. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1995, 76:187-194.
85. Reubi JC, Waser B, Markusse HM, Krenning EP, VanHagen M, Laissue JA: Vascular somatostatin receptors in synovium from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Pharmacol 1994, 271:371-378.
86. Kelleher D, Murphy A, Hall N, Bishr Omary M, Kearns G, Long A, Casey EB: Expression of CD44 on rheumatoid synovial fluid lymphocytes. Ann Rheum Dis 1995, 54:566-570.
87. Kurohori Y, Sato K, Suzuki S, Kashiwazaki S: Adhesion molecule expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in rheumatoid arthritis: positive correlation between the proportion of L-selectin and disease activity. Clin Rheumatol 1995, 14:335-341.
88. Birkedahl-Hansen: Proteolytic remodeling of extracellular matrix. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1995, 7:728-735. This paper is one of the essential publications for researchers in the field of RA joint destruction.
89. Tetlow LC, Lees M, Wooley DE: Comparative studies of collagenase and stromelysin-1 expression by rheumatoid synoviocytes in vitro. Virchows Arch 1995, 425:569-576.
90. Hembry RM, Bagga MR, Reynolds JJ, Hamblen DL: Immunolocalisation studies on six matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, in synovia from patients with osteo- and rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1995, 54:25-32. Detailed immunohistochemistry study on the distribution of matrix metalloproteinases, pivotal molecules for cartilage and bone destruction, in rheumatoid and osteoarthritic synovia. Of interest, the most intensive expression was found in seronegative RA.
91. Taylor DJ, Cheung NT, Dawes PT: Increased serum ProMMP-3 in inflammatory arthritides: a potential indicator of synovial inflammatory monokine activity. Ann Rheum Dis 1994, 53:768-772.
92. Koolwijk P, Miltenburg AMM, van Erck MGM, Oudshoorn M, Niedbala MJ, Breedveld FC, van Hinsbergh VWM: Activated gelatinase-B (MMP-9) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator in synovial fluids of patients with arthritis: correlation with clinical and experimental variables of inflammation. J Rheumatol 1995, 22:385-393.
93. Freije JMP, Diez-Itza I, Balbin M, Sánchez LM, Blasco R, Tolivia J, López-Otín C: Molecular cloning and expression of collagenase-3, a novel human matrix-metalloproteinase produced by breast carcinoma. J Biol Chem 1994, 269:16766-16773.
94. Singer II, Kawka DW, Bayne EK, Donatelli SA, Weidner JR, Williams HR, Ayala JM, Mumford RA, Lark MW, Giant TT, et al.: VDIPEN, a metalloproteinase-generated neoepitope, is induced and immunolocalized in articular cartilage during inflammatory arthritis. J Clin Invest 1995, 95:2178-2186.
95. Vincenti MP, Clark IM, Brinckerhoff CE: Using inhibitors of metalloproteinases to treat arthritis: easier said than done? Arthritis Rheum 1994, 37:1115-1126. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors are a highly attractive target for the development of joint-protective drugs. This excellent review addresses the pros and cons of this very current topic.
96. Conway JG, Wakefield JA, Brown RH, Marron BE, Sekut L, Stimpson SA, McElroy A, Menius JA, Jeffreys JJ, Clark RL, et al.: Inhibition of cartilage and bone destruction in adjuvant arthritis in the rat by a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. J Exp Med 1995, 182:449-457.
97. Karran EH, Young TJ, Markwell RE, Harper GP: In vivo model of cartilage degradation: effects of a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. Ann Rheum Dis 1995, 54:662-669. Presentation of an attractive in vivo model that can be used for the testing of potential inhibitors of cartilage degradation.
98. Geiler T, Kriegsmann J, Keyszer G, Gay RE, Gay S: A new model for rheumatoid arthritis generated by engraftment of rheumatoid synovial tissue and normal human cartilage into SCID mice. Arthritis Rheum 1994, 37:1664-1671. Animal models that reflect RA in total are currently not available. The authors present a novel model that imitates the pivotal mechanism in the rheumatoid joint, the invasion of rheumatoid synovium into the adjacent cartilage.
99. Keyszer GM, Heer AH, Kriegsmann J, Geiler T, Trabandt A, Keysser M, Gay RE, Gay S: Comparative analysis of cathepsin L, cathepsin O, and collagenase mRNA expression in synovial tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritls by in situ hybridization. Arthritis Rheum 1995, 38:976-984. The authors not only present evidence that mRNA of different matrix-degrading enzymes is present in rheumatoid synovium but also compare the presence of these molecules in RA compared with osteoarthritis.
100. Müller-Ladner U, Kriegsmann J, Gay RE, Koopman WJ, Gay S, Chatham WW: Progressive joint destruction in a HIV-infected patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1995, 38:1328-1332. One of the few existing case reports on the impact of the T cell-depleting HIV infection on the course of RA.
101. Cs-Szabó G, Roughley PJ, Plaas AHK, Giant TT: Large and small proteoglycans of osteoarthritic and rheumatoid articular cartilage. Arthritis Rheum 1995, 38:660-668.
102. Mannik M, Person RE: Deep penetration of antibodies into the articular cartilage of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 1994, 14:95-102.
103. Tetlow LC, Woolley DE: Distribution, activation and tryptase/chymase phenotype of mast cells in the rheumatoid lesion. Ann Rheum Dis 1995, 54:549-555.
104. Szomor Z, Shimizu K, Fujimori Y, Yamamoto S, Yamamuro T: Appearance of calpain correlates with arthritis and cartilage destruction in collagen induced arthritic knee joints of mice. Ann Rheum Dis 1995, 54:477-483.
105. Wang AZ, Zhang XR, Wang JC, Fisher GW, Diamond HS: Fibronectin induces protease dependent focal matrix depletion and cell overlap in cultured rheumatoid synoviocytes. J Rheumatol 1995, 22:817-828.