Outcomes in cardiopulmonary rehabilitation

Physical Therapy

Volumn 76, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 643-656

  Pashkow, Peg ^b  

^a HeartWatchers International Inc   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Cardiopulmonary; Management; Measurement; Outcomes

Indexed keywords

CARDIOPULMONARY HEMODYNAMICS; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIET; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HEART REHABILITATION; HUMAN; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; QUALITY OF LIFE; RESPIRATORY CARE; REVIEW; SMOKING CESSATION; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WEIGHT REDUCTION; WELLBEING;

EID: 0029898972     PISSN: 00319023     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ptj/76.6.643     Document Type: Review

References (165)

1. Wenger N, Froelicher E, Smith L, et al. Cardiac Rehabilitation. Clinical Practice Guideline No. 17. Rockville, Md: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; 1995. AHCPR publication 96-0672, p 202.
2. Schipper H, Clinch J, Powell V. Definitions and conceptual issues. In: Spilker R, ed. Quality of Life Assessments in Clinical Trials. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1990:11-24.
3. Niederman M, Clemente P, Fein A, et al. Benefits of a multidisciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation program: improvements are independent of lung function. Chest. 1991;99:798-804.
4. Bondestam E, Brekiss A, Hartford M. Effects of early rehabilitation on consumption of medical care during the first year after acute myocardial infarction in patients >65 years of age. Am J Cardiol. 1995;75:767-771.
5. Belman M, Brooks L, Ross D, et al Variability of breathlessness measurement in patients with COPD. Chest. 1991;99:566-571.
6. Lavie C, Milani R, Littman A. Benefits of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training in secondary coronary prevention in the elderly. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22:678-683.
7. Oldridge N, Guyatt G, Jones N, et al Effects on quality of life with comprehensive rehabilitation after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1991;67:1084-1089.
8. Guyatt G, Berman L, Townsend M, et al. A measure of quality of life for clinical trials in chronic lung disease. Thorax. 1987;42:773-778.
9. Emery C, Leatherman N, Burker E, et al. Psychological outcomes of a pulmonary rehabilitation program. Chest. 1991;100:613-617.
10. Donabedian A. The Methods and Findings of Quality Assessment and Monitoring: An Illustrated Analysis. Ann Arbor, Mich: Health Administration Press; 1985:256.
11. Iezzoni LI. Dimensions of risk. In: Iezzoni LI, ed. Risk Adjustment for Measuring Health Care Outcomes. Ann Arbor, Mich: Health Administration Press; 1994:29-118.
12. Green L, Kreuter M, Deeds S, et al. Health Education Planning: A Diagnostic Approach. Palo Alto, Calif: Mayfield Publishing Co; 1980:306.
13. Jette AM. Outcomes research: shifting the dominant research paradigm in physical therapy. Phys Ther 1995;75:965-970.
14. Spilker B. Introduction. In: Quality of Life Assessments in Clinical Trials. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1990:3-9.
15. Oldridge N, Guyatt G, Fischer M, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction: combined experience of randomized clinical trials. JAMA. 1988;260:945-950.
16. O'Connor G, Buring Y, Yusuf S, et al. An overview of randomized trials of rehabilitation with exercise after myocardial infarction. Cuculation. 1989;80:234-244.
17. Sahn S, Nett L, Petty T. Ten-year follow-up of a comprehensive rehabilitation program for severe COPD. Chest. 1980;77:311-314.
18. Brundin A. Physical training in severe chronic obstructive lung disease. Scand J Respir Dis. 1974;55:25-36.
19. Foster S, Thomas H. Pulmonary rehabilitation in lung disease other than chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990; 141:601-604.
20. Rubenstein L, Catkin D, Grundlund S, et al. Health status assessment for elderly patients: report of the Society of General Internal Medicine Task Force on Health Assessment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1988;37: 562-569.
21. Jette AM. Physical disablement concepts for physical therapy research and practice. Phys Ther. 1994;74:380-386.
22. Jette DU, Downing J. Health status of individuals entering a cardiac rehabilitation program as measured by the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Survey (SF-36). Phys Ther. 1994;74:521-527.
23. McGavin C, Gupta S, Lloyd E, et al. Physical rehabilitation for the chronic bronchitic: results of a controlled trial of exercises in the home. Thorax. 1977;32:307-311.
24. Rector T, Kubo S, Cohn J. Patients' self-assessment of their congestive heart failure. Heart Failure October/November 1987:198-209.
25. Stewart A, Hays R, Ware JJ. The MOS short-form general health survey: reliability and validity in a patient population. Med Care. 1988;26:724-735.
26. Hunt S, McEwen J, McKenna S. A quantitative approach to perceived health. J Epidermal Community Health. 1980;34:281-295.
27. Gibson B, Gibson J, Bergner M, et al. The sickness impact profile: development of an outcome measure of health care. Ann Intern Med. 1975;65:1304-1310.
28. Kaplan R, Atkins C, Timms R. Validity of a quality of well-being scale as an outcome measure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Chronic Dis. 1984;37:85-95.
29. Wallston KA, Wallston BS. Health locus of control scales. In: Lefcourt HM, ed. Research With the Locus of Control Construct. New York, NY: Academic Press Inc; 1981.
30. Wasson J, Keller A, Rubenstein L, et al. Benefits and obstacles of health status assessment in ambulatory settings. Med Care. 1992;30:42-49.
31. Parkerson G, Gehlbach S, Wagner E, et al. The Duke-UNC Health Profile: an adult health status measure. Med Care 1981;10:806-828.
32. Kellner R. Manual of the Symptom Questionnaire [unpublished]. Albuquerque, NM: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico; 1987.
33. Dupuis G, Perrault J, Lambany M et al. A new tool to assess quality of life: the Quality of Life Systemic Inventory. Quality of Life and Cardiovascular Corp. Spring 1989:36-40.
34. Rogers W, Johnstone D, Yusuf S, et al. Quality of life among 5.025 patients with left ventricular dysfunction randomized between placebo and enalapril: the study of left ventricular dysfunction J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23:393-400.
35. Ferrans C, Powers M. Psychometric assessment of the Quality of Life Index. Res Nurs Health. 1992;15:29-38.
36. Jones P, Quirk F, Baveystock C, et al. A self-complete measure of health status for chronic airflow limitation. Am Rev Rapir Dis. 1992; 145:1321-1327.
37. Weaver T, Narsavage G. Physiological and psychological variables related to functional status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nurs Res 1992;41:286-291.
38. Lareau S, Carrieri-Kohlman V, Janson-Bjerklie S, et al. Development and testing of the Pulmonary Functional Status and Dyspnea Questionnaire (PFSDQ). Heart Lung. 1994;23:242-250.
39. Hyland M. The living with asthma questionnaire. Respir Med. 1991;85:13-16.
40. Pashkow P, Ades P, Emery C, et al. Outcome measurement in cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. 1995;15:394-405.
41. Greenberg G, Peterson R, Heilbronner R. Illness Effects Questionnaire [unpublished]. Philadelphia, Pa: Children's Rehabilitation Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital; 1989.
42. Jette DU, Downing J. The relationship of cardiovascular and psychological impairments to the health status of patients enrolled in cardiac rehabilitation programs. Phys Ther. 1996;76:130-139.
43. Wenger N, Mattson M, Furberg C, et al, eds. Assessment of Quality of Life in Clinical Trials of Cardiovascular Therapies. New York, NY: Le Jacq Communications; 1984:1-22, 170-183.
44. Fishman A. Pulmonary rehabilitation research. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149:825-833.
45. Harvey R, Doyle F, Fills K, et al. Major changes made by the Criteria Committee of the New York Heart Association. Circulation. 1974;49: 390.
46. Goldman L, Hashimoto B, Cook E, et al. Comparative reproducibility and validity of systems for assessing cardiovascular functional class: advantages of a new Specific Activity Scale. Circulation. 1981;64:1227-1234
47. Jette AM, Davies A, Clean P, et al. The functional status questionnaire: reliability and validity when used in primary care J Gen Intern Med. 1986;1:143-149.
48. Reuben D, Sin A. An objective measure of physical function of elderly outpatients: the physical performance test. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1990;38:1105-1111.
49. Cipkin D, Striven J, Crake T, et al. Six-minute walking test for assessing exercise capacity in chronic heart failure. BMJ. 1986;292:653-655.
50. Guyatt G, Sullivan M, Thompson P, et al. The 6-minute walk: a new measure of exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure. Can Med Assoc J. 1985;132:919-923.
51. McSweeny A, Labuhn K. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In: Spilker B, ed. Quality of Life Assessments in Clinical Trials. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1990:391-417.
52. Oldridge N. Cardiac rehabilitation outcomes: Is it valuable? In: Conference Poceedings: Cardiac Rehabilitation - Reduced Risk - Increased Benefit. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Clinic Foundation; 1989:142-143.
53. American College of Sports Medicine. Guidelines for Graded Exercise Testing and Exercise Prescription. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lea & Febiger; 1991:73.
54. American Thoracic Society Ad Hoc Committee on Clinical Problems. American Thoracic Society Position Statements on Pulmonary Rehabilitation. In: Hodgkin J, Connors GL, Bell CW, eds. Pulnumary Rehabilitation Guidelines to Success. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippincott Co; 1993:6-10.
55. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association. Guidelines for exercise testing: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Assessment of Cardiovascular Procedures (Subcommittee on Exercise Testing). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;8:725-738.
56. American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Guidelines for Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programs. 1st ed. Champaign, Ill. Human Kinetics Inc; 1993.
57. American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Guidelines for Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs. 2nd ed. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics Inc; 1995.
58. Jette AM. State of the art in functional status assessment. In: Rothstein JM. ed. Measurement in Physical Therapy New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone Inc; 1985:137-168
59. DeBusk R, Houston N, Haskell W, et al. Exercise training soon after myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1979;44:1223-1229.
60. Greenland P, Chu J. Efficacy of cardiac rehabilitation services with emphasis on patients after myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med. 1988;109:650-663.
61. Bruce R, Larson E, Stratton J. Physical fitness, functional aerobic capacity, aging, and responses to physical training or bypass surgery in coronary patients. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. 1989;9:24-34.
62. Sullivan MJ, Higginhotham MB, Cobb FR. Exercise training in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction: hemodynamic and metabolic effects. Circulation. 1988;78:506-515.
63. Ridocci F, Velasco J, Echanove I, et al. Effects of a 1-year exercise training program on myocardial ischemia in patients after myocardial infarction. Cardiology. 1992;80:406-412.
64. Hagberg JM, Ehsani AA, Holloszy JO. Effect of 12 months of intense exercise training on stroke volume in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1983;67:1194-1209.
65. Hagberg J. Physiologic adaptations to prolonged high-intensity exercise training in patients with coronary artery disease. Med Sci Sports Exert. 1991;23:661-667.
66. Giannuzzi P, Tavazzi L, Temporelli P, et al. Long-term physical training and left ventricular remodeling after anterior myocardial infarction: results of the Exercise in Anterior Myocardiac Infarction (EAMI) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22:1821-1829.
67. Leon A, Certo C, Comoss P, et al. Position paper of the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation: Scientific evidence of the value of cardiac rehabilitation services with emphasis on patients following myocardial infarction, section I: exercise conditioning component. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. 1990;10: 79-87.
68. Schuler G, Hambrecth R, Schief G, et al. Regular physical exercise and low-fat diet: effects on progression of coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1992;86:1-17.
69. Ornish D, Brown SE, Scherwitz LW, et al. Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial. Lancet. 1990;336 129-133.
70. Haskell WL, Alderman EL, Fair JM, et al. Effects of intensive multiple risk factor reduction on coronary atherosclerosis and clinical cardiac events in men and women with coronary artery disease: the Stanford Coronary Risk Intervention Project (SCRIP). Circulation. 1994;89:975-990.
71. Cundey P III, Frank M. Cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention after a myocardial event. Clin Cardiol. 1995;18:547-553.
72. Hedback B, Perk J, Wodlin P. Long-term reduction of cardiac mortality after cardiac rehabilitation in patients post-myocardiac infarction Eur Heart J. 1993;14:831-835.
73. Ries A, Ellis B, Hawkins R. Upper extremity exercise training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest 1991;93.688-692.
74. Lake F, Henderson K, Brifta T, et al. Upper-limb and lower-limb exercise training in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. Chest. 1990;97:1077-1082.
75. Belman M, Kendregan B. Physical training fails to improve ventilatory muscle endurance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest. 1982;81:440-443.
76. Orenstein D, Franklin B, Doershuk C, et al. Exercise conditioning and cardiorespiratory fitness in cystic fibrosis. Chest. 1981;80:392-398.
77. Bass H, Whitcomb J, Forman R. Exercise training: therapy for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest. 1970;57: 116-121.
78. Swerts P, Kretzers L, Terpstra-Lindeman E, et al. Exercise reconditioning in the rehabilitation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a short- and long-term analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1990;71:570-573.
79. Chester E, Belman M, Bahler R, et al. Multidisciplinary treatment of chronic pulmonary insufficiency. Chest. 1977;72:695-702.
80. Holden D, Stemlach K, Curtis P, et al. The impact of a rehabilitation program on functional status of patients with chronic lung disease. Respiratory Care. 1990;35:332-341.
81. Mertens D, Shephard R, Kavanagh T. Long-term exercise therapy for chronic obstructive lung disease. Respiration. 1978;35:96-107
82. Kavanagh T, Matosevic V. Assessment of work capacity in patients with ischaemic heart disease: methods and practices. Eur Heart J. 1988;9:67-73.
83. Mulcahy R, Kennedy C, Conroy R. The long-term work record of post-infarction patients subjected to an informal rehabilitation and secondary prevention programme. Eur Heart J. 1988;9:84-88.
84. Monpere C, Francois G, Rondeau du Noyer C, et al. Return to work after rehabilitation in coronary bypass patients: role of the occupational medicine specialist during rehabilitation. Eur Heart J 1988;9:48-53.
85. Picard M, Dennis G, Schwartz R, et al. Cost-benefit analysis of early return to work after uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1989;63:1308-1314.
86. McGee H, Graham T, Crowe B, et al. Return to work following coronary artery bypass surgery or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Eur Heart J. 1993;14:623-628.
87. Moser K, Bokinsky G, Savage R, et al. Results of a comprehensive rehabilitation program: physiologic and functional effects on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med 1980;140: 1596-1601.
88. Cockcroft A, Saunders M, Berry G. Randomized controlled trial of rehabilitation in chronic respiratory disability. Thorax. 1987;36:200-203.
89. Mall R, Medeiros M. Objective evaluation of results of a pulmonary rehabilitation program in a community hospital. Chest. 1988;94:1156-1160.
90. Lavie C, Milani R. Effects of cardiac rehabilitation programs on exercise capacity, coronary risk factors, behavioral characteristics, and quality of life in a large elderly cohort. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:117-179.
91. Ahern D, Gorkin L, Anderson J, et al. Behavioral variables and mortality or cardiac arrest in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Pilot Study (CAPS). Am J Cardiol. 1990;66:59-62.
92. Mumford E, Schlesinger H, Glass G. The effects of psychological intervention on recovery from surgery and heart attacks: an analysis of the literature. Am J Public Health. 1982;72:141-151.
93. Frasure-Smith N. In-hospital symptoms of psychological stress as predictors of long-term outcome following acute myocardial infarction in men. Am J Cardiol. 1991;67:121-127.
94. Frasure-Smith N, Prince R. The ischemic heart disease life stress program: impact on mortality. Psychosom Med. 1985;47:441-445.
95. Burns B, Howell J. Disproportionately severe breathlessness in chionic bronchitis. QJM. 1969;38:277-294.
96. Light R, Merrill E, Despars J, et al. Prevalence of depression and anxiety in patients with COPD. Chest. 1985;87:35-38.
97. McSweeny A, Grant I, Heaton R, et al. Life quality of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Arch Intern Med. 1982;142:473-478.
98. Morgan A, Peck D, Buchanan D, et al. Effects of attitudes and beliefs on exercise tolerance in chronic bronchitis. BMJ. 1983;286:171-173.
99. Oldridge N, Streiner D, Hoffmann R, et al. Profile of mood states and cardiac rehabilitation after acute myocardial infarction. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;27:900-905.
100. Ott C, Sivarajan E, Newton K, et al. A controlled randomized study of early cardiac rehabilitation: the Sickness Impact Profile as an assessment tool. Heart Lung. 1983;12:162-170.
101. Emery C, Finder S, Blumenthal J Psychological effects of exercise among elderly cardiac patients. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 1989;9:46-53.
102. Frid D, Pashkow P, AACVPR Outcomes Committee. Assessing outcomes in cardiopulmonary rehabilitation: How are we doing? Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. 1994;14:334.
103. Beck A. The Beck Depression Inventory Philadelphia, Pa: Center for Cognitive Therapy; 1978.
104. Radloff L. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement. 1977;1:385-401.
105. Cook W, Medley D. Proposed hostility and pharisaic-virtue scales for the MMPI. J Appl Psychol. 1954;38:414-418.
106. Spielberger C, Gonsuch R, Luschene R. Manual for the State-Trazt Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, Calif: Consulting Psychologist Press; 1970.
107. Derogatis R, Brand R, Jenkins C, et al. SCL-90-R: Administration, Searing, and Procedures Manual-II for the R (Revised) Version and Other Instruments of the Psychopathology Rating Scale Series. 2nd ed. Towson, Md: Clinical Psychometric Research; 1983.
108. Dahlstrom W, Walsh G, Dahlstrom L. An MMPI Handbook: Clinical Interpretation. Rev ed. Minneapolis, Minn: University of Minnesota; 1975.
109. Wigel J, Creer T, Kotses H. The COPD Self-Efficacy Scale. Chest. 1991;99:1193-1196.
110. Carver C, Scheier M, Weintraub J. Assessing coping strategies. a theoretically based approach. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1989;56:267-283.
111. Jenkins C, Rosenman R, Friedman M. Development of an objective psvchological test for the determination of the coronary prone behavior pattern in employed men. J Chronic Dis. 1967;20:371-379.
112. McNair D, Lorr M, Droppleman L. Profile of Mood States. San Diego, Calif. Educational and Industrial Testing Service; 1971.
113. Lorish C, Maisiak R The face scale: a brief, nonverbal method for assessing patient mood. Arthritis Rheum. 1986;29:906-910.
114. Hare D, Davis C. Validation of a new depression scale for cardiac patients in quality of life assessment. Aust NZ J Med. 1993;23:630.
115. Folkman S, Lazarus R. Ways of Coping Questionnaire. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1985;48:150-170.
116. Ruberman W, Weinblatt E, Goldberg J, et al Psychosocial influences on mortality after myocardial infarction. N Engl Med. 1984;311: 552-559.
117. Froelicher E, Kee L, Newton K, et al. Return to work, sexual activity, and other activities after acute myocardial infarction. Heart Lung. 1994;23:423-435.
118. Rose M, Robbins B. Psychosocial recovery issues and strategies in cardiac rehabilitation. In: Pashkow F, Dafoe W, eds. Clinical Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Cardiologist's Guide. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1993:248-262.
119. Kravetz H, Pheatt N. Sexuality in the pulmonary patient. In: Hodgkin J, Connors GL, Bell CW, eds. Pulmonary Rehabilitation: Guidelines to Success. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippincott Co: 1993:293-310.
120. Glaser E, Dudley D. Psychosocial rehabilitation and psychopharmacology. In: Hodgkin J, Petty T, eds. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Current Concepts. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1987:128-153.
121. Sotile W, Sotile M, Ewen G, et al Marriage and family factors relevant to effective cardiac rehabilitation: a review of risk factor literature. Sports Med Training Rehabil. 1993;4:115-128.
122. Dracup K. Cardiac rehabilitation: the role of social support in recovery and compliance. In: Shumaker S, Czajkowski S, eds. Social Support and Cardiovascular Disease. New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corp; 1994:333-353.
123. Scanlan M, Kishbaugh L, Horne D. Life management skill in pulmonary rehabilitation. In: Hodgkin J, Connors GL, Bell CW, eds. Pulmonary Rehabilitation: Guidelines to Success. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippincott Co: 1993:246-267.
124. Locke H, Wallace K. Short marital adjustment and prediction tests: their reliability and validity. Marriage and Family Living. 1959;21:251-255.
125. Sherbourne C, Stewart A. The MOS social support survey Soc Sci Med. 1991;32:705-714.
126. Ades P, Huang D, Weaver S. Cardiac rehabilitation predicts lower rehospitalization costs. Am Heart J. 1992;123:916-921.
127. Ades P. Decreased medical costs after cardiac rehabilitation: a case for universal reimbursement Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. 1993;13:75-77.
128. Levin L, Perk J, Hedback B. Cardiac rehabilitation: a cost analysis. J Intern Med. 1991;230:427-434.
129. Shepard R. Exercise in secondary and tertiary rehabilitation: costs and benefits. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. 1989;9:188-194.
130. Oldridge N, Furlong W, Feeny D, et al. Economic evaluation of cardiac rehabilitation after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1993;72:154-161.
131. Ries A. Position Paper of the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation: Scientific Basis of Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. 1990;10:418-441.
132. Celli B. Pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152:861-864.
133. Clark C Evaluating the results of pulmonary rehabilitation treatment. In: Casaburi R, Petty T, eds. Principles and Practice of Pulmonary Rehabilitation Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1993:405-414.
134. Radovich J, Hodgkin H, Burton G, et al. Cost effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation programs. In: Hodgkin J, Connors GL, Bell CW, eds. Pulmonary Rehabilitation: Guidelines to Success. 2nd ed Philadelphia. Pa: JB Lippincott Co: 1993:548-561.
135. Sparrow D, Dawber T. The influence of cigarette smoking on prognosis after a first myocardial infarction: a report from the Framingham Study. J Chronic Dis. 1978;31:425-432.
136. Rossouw J, Lewis B, Rifkind B. The value of lowering cholesterol after myocardiac infarction. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1112-1119.
137. Watts GF, Lewis B, Brunt JN, et al. Effects on coronary artery disease of lipid-lowering diet, or diet plus cholestyramine, in the St Thomas' Atherosclerosis Regression Study (STARS). Lancet. 1992;339: 563-569.
138. Blankenhorn DH, Nessim SA, Johnson RL, et al. Beneficial effects of combined colestipol-niacin therapy on coronary atherosclerosis and coronary venous bypass grafts. JAMA. 1987;257:3233-3240. [Erratum published in JAMA. 1988;259:2698.]
139. Blankenhorn DH, Nessim SA, Johnson RL, et al. Beneficial effects of combined colestipol-niacin therapy on coronary atherosclerosis and coronary venous bypass grafts. JAMA. 1987;257:3233-3240. [Erratum published in JAMA. 1988;259:2698.]
140. Blankenhorn DH, Azen SP, Kramsch DM, et al. Coronary angiographic changes with lovastatin therapy: the Monitored Atherosclerosis Regression Study (MARS). Ann Intern Med. 1993;119:969-976.
141. Miller N, Taylor C. Lifestyle Management for Patients With Coronary Heart Disease. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics Inc; 1995:134.
142. Connor S, Gustafson J, Sexton G, et al. The diet habit survey a new method of dietary assessment that relates to plasma cholesterol changes. J Am Diet Assoc. 1992;92:41-47.
143. Willett W, Sampson L, Stampfer M, et al. Reproducibility and validity of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Am J Epidemiol 1985;122:51.
144. Block G, Clifford C, Naughton M, et al. A brief dietary screen for high fat intake. Journal of Nutrition Education. 1989;21:199-207.
145. Kaplan S, Esposto L. Outcome measures: documentation for reimbursement/CQI and a basis for clinical research. Presented at the Combined Sections Meeting of the American Physical Therapy Association; Reno, Nev; February 8-12, 1995.
146. Task Force on Standards for Measurement in Physical Therapy. Standards for tests and measurements in physical therapy practice. Phys Ther 1991;71:589-622.
147. Johnston M, Keith R, Hinderer S. Measurement standards for interdisciplinary medical rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992;73: S3-S23.
148. McNeese-Smith D Job satisfaction, productivity, and organizational commitment: the result of leadership. J Nurs Adm. 1995;25:17-26.
149. Hartley R, Turner R. Quality management: the influence of staff morale on customer focus J Qual Clin Pract. 1995;15:3-10.
150. Kivimaki M, Kalimo R, Lindstrom K. Contributors to satisfaction with management in hospital wards. J Nurs Manag. 1994;2:229-234.
151. Davis K, Collins, Schoen C, et al. Choice matters: enrollees' views on their health plans [see comments]. Health Aff (Millwood). 1995;14: 99-112 [113].
152. Perez Corral F, Abraira V. Autoperception and satisfaction with health: two medical care markers in elderly hospitalized patients-quality of life as an outcome estimate of clinical practice. J Clin Epidemiol. 1995;48:1031-1040.
153. Castelein P, Kerr J. Satisfaction and cardiac lifestyle. J Adv Nurs. 1995;21:498-505.
154. Pashkow F, Pashkow P, Schafer M. Successful Cardiac Rehabilitation. Loveland, Colo: HeartWatchers Press; 1988:329
155. Ellwood P. Shattuck lecture: Outcomes management - a technology of patient experience. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:1549-1556.
156. Nelson E, Greenfield S. Outcomes matter most. Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management. 1994;1:9-10.
157. American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Guidelines for Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs. 1st ed. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics Inc, 1991.
158. Balady G, Fletcher B, Froelichcr E, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation programs: a statement for health care professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 1994;90:1602-1610.
159. Medical Section of the American Lung Association. Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987;136:225-244.
160. Ribisl P. Organizational issues in program planning. In: Pashkow F, Dafoe W, eds. Clinical Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Cardiologist's, Guide. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1993:289-307.
161. Fletcher G, Balady G, Froelicher V, et al. Exercise standards: a statement for health care professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 1995;91:580-615.
162. Wenger N, Froelicher E, Smith L, et al. Recovering from Heart Problems Through Cardiac Rehabilitation. Rorkville, Md: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research; 1995.
163. Pashkow P. Committee updates: Outcomes Committee. News and Views. 1992;6:2.
164. Keith RA, Granger CV, Hamilton BB, Sherwin FS. The functional independence measure: a new tool for rehabilitation. In: Eisenberg MG, Grzesiak RC, eds. Advances in Clinical Rehabilitation. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co Inc; 1987:6-18.
165. Granger CV, Ottenbacher K, Fiedler R. The Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation Report of First Admissions for 1993. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1995;74:62-66.