Assays for measuring soluble cellular adhesion molecules and soluble cytokine receptors

Journal of Immunological Methods

Volumn 191, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 97-112

  Meager, Anthony ^a   Bird, Christopher ^a   Mire Sluis, Anthony ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR BIOLOGICAL STANDARDS AND CONTROL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bioassay; Immunoassay; Soluble adhesion molecule; Soluble cytokine receptor

Indexed keywords

BETA1 INTEGRIN; CYTOKINE RECEPTOR; INTEGRIN; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; SELECTIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR;

BIOASSAY; BLOOD LEVEL; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; HUMAN; IMMUNOASSAY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0029897219     PISSN: 00221759     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(96)00005-1     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Aderka, D., Engelman, H., Hornik, V., Skornick, Y., Levo, Y., Wallach, D. and Kushtai, G. (1991) Increased levels of soluble receptors for tumour necrosis factor in cancer patients. Cancer Res. 51, 5602.
2. Aderka, D., Engelman, H., Shemer-Avni, Y., Hornik, V., Galil, A., Sarov, B. and Wallach, D. (1992) Variation in serum levels of the soluble TNF receptors among healthy individuals. Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 11, 157.
3. Aguet, M., Dembic, Z. and Merlin. G. (1988) Molecular cloning and expression of the human interferon-γ receptor. Cell 55, 273.
4. Armitage, R.J. (1994) Tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily members and their ligands. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 6, 407.
5. Ashkenazi, A., Marsters, S.A., Capon, D.J., Chamow, S.M., Figari, I.S., Pennica, D., Goeddel, D.V., Palladino, M.A. and Smith, D.H. (1991) Protection against endotoxic shock by a tumour necrosis factor receptor immunoadhesin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 10535.
6. Ashworth, A. and Kraft, A. (1990) Cloning of a potentially soluble receptor for human GM-CSF. Nucl. Acid Res. 18, 7178.
7. Aukurst, P., Liabakk, N.-B., Müller, F., Lieu, E., Espevik, T. and Froland, S.S. (1994) Serum levels of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and soluble TNF receptors in human immunodeficiency virus type I infection - Correlations to clinical, immunologic and virologie parameters. J. Infect. Dis. 169, 420.
8. Banks, R.E., Gearing, A.J.H., Hemingway, I.K., Norfolk, D.R., Perren, T.J. and Selby, P.J. (1993) Circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in human malignancies. Br. J. Cancer 68, 122.
9. Barinaga, M. (1992) Viruses launch their own 'star wars'. Science 258, 1730.
10. Bazil, V. (1995) Physiological enzymatic cleavage of leukocyte membrane molecules. Immunol. Today 16, 135.
11. Becker, J.C., Dummer, R., Hartmann, A.A., Burg, G. and Schmidt, R.E. (1991) Shedding of ICAM-1 from human melanoma cell lines induced by IFN-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α. J. Immunol. 147, 4398.
12. Becker, J.C., Termeer, C., Schmidt, R.E. and Bröcker, E.-B. (1993) Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 inhibits MHC-restricted specific T cell/tumour interaction. J. Immunol. 151, 7224.
13. Brakebusch, C., Varfolomeev, E.E., Batkin, M. and Wallach, D. (1994) Structural requirements for inducible shedding of the p55 tumour necrosis factor receptor. J. Biol., Chem. 269, 32488.
14. Brown, K.A., Vora, A., Biggerstaff, J., Edgell, C.-J.S., Oikle, S., Mazure, G., Taub, N., Meager, A., Hill, T., Watson, C. and Dumonde, D.C. (1993) Application of an immortalized human endothelial cell line to the leukocyte: endothelial adherence assay. J. Immunol. Methods 163, 13.
15. Carlos, T.M. and Harlan, J.M. (1994) Leukocyte-endothelial adhesion molecules. Blood 84, 2068.
16. Carlos, T.M., Schwartz, B.R., Kovach, N.L., Yee, E., Rosso M., Osborn, L., Chi Rosso, G., Newman, B., Lobb, R. and Harlan, J.M. (1990) Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 mediates lymphocyte adherence to cytokine-activated cultured human endothelial cells. Blood 76, 965.
17. Cartwright, J.E., Whitley, G.S.J. and Johnstone, A.P. (1995) The expression and release of adhesion molecules by human endothelial cell lines and their consequent binding of lymphocytes. Exp. Cell. Res. 217, 329.
18. Chilosi, M., Semenzato, G., Cetto, A., Ambrosetti, A., Fiore-Donati, L., Perona, G., Berton, G., Lestani, M., Scarpa A., Agostini, L., Trentin, R., Zambello, R., Masciarelli, M., Dazzi, F., Vinante, F., Caligaris-Cappio, F. and Pizzolo, G. (1987) Soluble interleukin-2 receptors in the sera of patients with hairy cell leukaemia: relationship with the effect of recombinant α-interferon therapy on clinical parameters and natural killer in vitro activity. Blood 70, 1530.
19. Collotta, F., Re, F., Muzio, M., Bertini, R., Polentarutti, N., Sironi, M., Giri, J.G., Dower, S.K., Sims, J.E. and Mantovani, A. (1993) Interleukin-1 type II receptor: a decoy target for IL-1 that is regulated by IL-4. Science 261, 472.
20. Colvin, R.B., Fuller, T.C., MacKeen, L., Kung, P.C., Ip, S.H. and Cosimi, A.B. (1987) Plasma interleukin-2 receptor levels in renal allograft recipients. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 43, 273.
21. Cope, A.P., Aderka, D., Doherty, M., Engelmann, H., Gibbons, D., Jones, A.C., Brennan, P.M., Maini, R.N., Wallach, D. and Feldman, M. (1992) Soluble tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptors are increased in the serum and synovial fluids of patients with rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum. 35, 1160.
22. Corti, A., Merli, S., Bagnasco, L., D'Ambrosio, F., Marino M. and Cassani, G. (1991) Identification of two forms (31-33 and 48 kD) of the urinary soluble p55 tumour necrosis factor receptor that are differentially N-and O-glycosylated. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 15, 143.
23. Cosman, D. (1993) The haematopoietin receptor superfamily. Cytokine 5, 95.
24. Cosman, D. (1994) A family of ligands for the TNF receptor superfamily. Stem Cells 12, 440.
25. Davis, S., Aldrich, T.H., Ip, N.Y., Stahl, N., Scherer, S., Farruggella, T., Di Stefano, P.S., Curtis, R., Panayotatos, N., Gascon, H., Chevalier, S. and Yancopoulos, G.D. (1993) Released form of CNTF receptor a component as a soluble mediator of CNTF responses. Science 251, 1736.
26. De Benedetti, F., Massa, M., Pignatti, P., Albani, S., Novick, D. and Martini, A. (1994) Serum soluble interleukin (IL-6) receptor and IL-6/soluble IL-6 receptor complex in systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J. Clin. Invest. 93, 2114.
27. Diez-Ruiz, A., Tilz, G.P., Zangerle, R., Baier-Bitterlich, G., Wachter, H. and Fuchs, D. (1995) Soluble receptors for tumour necrosis factor in clinical laboratory diagnosis. Eur. J. Haematol. 54, 1.
28. Dinarello, C.A. (1991) Interleukin-1 and interleukin-1 antagonism. Blood 77, 1627.
29. Dinarello, C.A. (1993) Cytokine therapy modalities for reducing interleukin-1 activity in disease. Trends Pharmacol. 14, 155.
30. Edgell, C.-J.S., McDonald, C.C. and Graham, J.B. (1983) Permanent cell line expressing human factor VIII-related antigen established by hybridization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 3734.
31. Engelmann, H., Aderka, D., Rubinstein, M., Rotman, D. and Wallach, D. (1989) A tumour necrosis factor-binding protein purified to homogeneity protects cells from tumour necrosis factor toxicity. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 11974.
32. Frieling, J.T.M., Sauerwein, R.W., Wijdenes, J., Hendriks, T. and van der Linden, C.J. (1994) Soluble interleukin-6 receptor in biological fluids from human origin. Cytokine 6, 376.
33. Fukunaga, R., Seto, Y., Mizushima, S. and Nagata, S. (1990) Three different mRNAs encoding human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 8702.
34. Gaillard, J.-P., Bataille, R., Brailly, H., Zuber, C., Yasukawa, K., Attal, M., Maruo, N., Taga, T., Kishimoto, T. and Klein, B. (1993) Increased and highly stable levels of functional soluble interleukin-6 receptor in sera of patients with monoclonal gammopathy. Eur. J. Immunol. 23, 820.
35. Gatanaga, T., Hwang, C., Kohr, W., Cappuccini, F., Lucci, J.A., Jeffes, E.W.B., Lentz, R., Tomich, J., Yamamoto, R.S. and Granger, G.P. (1990a) Purification and characterization of an inhibitor (soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor) for tumour necrosis factor and lymphotoxin from the serum ultrafiltrate of human cancer patients. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 8781.
36. Gatanaga, T., Lentz, R., Masunaka, I., Tomich, J., Jeffes, E.W.B., Baird, M. and Granger, G.A. (1990b) Identification of TNF-LT blocking factor(s) in the serum and ultrafiltrates of human cancer patients. Lymphokine Res. 9, 225.
37. Gearing, A.J.H. and Newman, W. (1993) Circulating adhesion molecules in disease. Immunol. Today 14, 506.
38. Girardin, E., Roux-Lombard, P., Grau, G.E., Suter, P., Gallati, H. and The J5 Study Group (1992) Imbalance between tumour necrosis factor-alpha and soluble TNF receptor concentrations in severe meningococcaemia. Immunology 76, 20.
39. Giri, J.G., Wells, J., Dower, S.K., McCall, C.E., Guzman, R.N., Slack, J., Bird, T.A., Shanebeck, K., Grabstein, K.H., Sims, J.E. and Alderson, M.R. (1994) Elevated levels of shed type II IL-1 receptor in sepsis: potential role for the type II receptor in regulation of IL-1 responses. J. Immunol. 153, 5802.
40. Godfried, M.H., Van der Poll, T., Weverling, G.J., Mulder, J.W., Jansen, J., Van Deventer, S.J.H. and Sauerwein, H.P. (1994) Soluble receptors for tumour necrosis factor as predictors of progression to AIDS in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus type I infection. J. Infect. Dis. 169, 739.
41. Goldberger, A., Middleton, K.A., Oliver, J.A., Paddock, C., Yan, H.-C., DeLisser, H.M., Albelda, S.M. and Newman, P.J. (1994) Biosynthesis and processing of the cell adhesion molecule PECAM-1 includes production of a soluble form. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 17183.
42. Gooding, L.R. (1992) Virus proteins that counteract host immune defences. Cell 71, 5.
43. Goodwin, R.G., Friend, D., Ziegler, S.F., Jerzy, R., Falk, B.A., Gimpel, S., Cosman, D., Dower, S.K., March, C.J., Namen, A.E. and Park, L.S. (1990) Cloning of the human and murine interleukin-7 receptors: demonstration of a soluble form and homology to a new receptor superfamily. Cell 60, 941.
44. Haak-Frendscho, M., Marsters, S.A., Mordenti, J., Brady, S., Gillett, N.A., Chen, S.A. and Ashkenazi, A. (1994) Inhibition of TNF by a TNF receptor immunoadhesin. J. Immunol. 152, 1347.
45. Hamblin, A.S., Shakoor, Z., Kapahi, P. and Haskard, D. (1994) Circulating adhesion molecules in sarcoidosis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 96, 335.
46. Haran, N., Bar-Khayim, Y., Frensdorff, A. and Barnard, G. (1991) Tumour necrosis factor (TNFα) binding proteins: interference in immunoassays of TNFα. Kidney Int. 40, 1166.
47. Hedman, H., Brändén, H. and Lundgren, E. (1992) Physical separation of ICAM-1 binding cells. J. Immunol. Methods 146, 203.
48. Holness, C.L. and Simmons, D.L. (1994) Structural motifs for recognition and adhesion in members of the immunoglobulin superfamily. J. Cell Sci. 107, 2065.
49. Holzmann, B., Lehmann, J.M., Ziegler-Heitbrock, H.W., Funke, I., Riethmüller, G. and Johnson, J.P. (1988) Glycoprotein p3.53, associated with tumour progression in malignant melanoma, is a novel leukocyte activation antigen. Int. J. Cancer 41, 542.
50. Honda, M., Yamamoto, S., Cheng, M., Yasukawa, K., Suzuki, H., Saito, T., Osugi, Y., Tokunaga, T. and Kishimoto, T. (1992) Human soluble IL-6 receptor: its detection and enhanced release by HIV infection. J. Immunol. 148, 2175.
51. Ishiwata, N., Takio, K., Katayama, M., Watanabe, K., Titani, K., Ikeda, Y. and Handa, M. (1994) Alternatively, spliced isoform of P-selectin is present in vivo as a soluble molecule. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 23708.
52. Jakobsen, P.H., Morris-Jones, S., Theander, T.G., Hviid, L., Hansen, M.B. and Bendtzen, K. (1994) Increased plasma levels of soluble IL-2R are associated with severe plasmodium falciparum malaria. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 96, 98.
53. Kapp, A., Piskorski, A. and Schöpf, E. (1988) Elevated levels of interleukin-2 receptor in sera of patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Br. J. Dermatol. 119, 707.
54. Keystone, E.C., Snow, K.M., Bombardier, C., Chang, C.-H., Nelson, D.L. and Rubin, D.L. (1988) Elevated soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in the sera and synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 31, 844.
55. Kishimoto, T., Akira, S. and Taga, T. (1992) Interleukin-6 and its receptor: a paradigm for cytokines. Science 258, 593.
56. Klein, B., Zhang, X.-G., Lu, Z.-Y. and Bataille, R. (1995) Interleukin-6 in human multiple myeloma. Blood 85, 863.
57. Kondo, N., Kondo, S., Shimizu, A., Honjo, T. and Hamuro, J. (1988) A soluble 'Anchorminus' interleukin-2 receptor suppresses in vitro interleukin-2-mediated immune response. Immunol. Lett. 19, 299.
58. Lai, R.B., Mainolfi, E. and Rothlein, R. (1992) Elevated levels of cICAM-1 in patients with human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 associated myelopathy and adult T-cell leukaemia. Blood 80, 2434.
59. Lai, C.K.W., Wong, K.C., Chan, C.H.S., Ho, S.S., Chung, S.Y., Haskard, D.O. and Lai, K.N. (1993) Circulating adhesion molecules in tuberculosis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 94, 522.
60. Lantz, M., Gulberg, U., Nilsson, E. and Olsson, I. (1990) Characterization in vitro of a human tumour necrosis factor-binding protein. A soluble form of tumour necrosis factor receptor. J. Clin. Invest. 86, 1396.
61. Layton, M.J., Cross, B.A., Metcalf, D., Ward, L.D., Simpson, R.J. and Nicola, N.A. (1992) A major binding protein for leukaemia inhibitory factor in normal mouse serum: identification as a soluble form of the cellular receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 8616.
62. Leca, G., Mansur, S.E. and Bensussan, A. (1995) Expression of VCAM-1 (CD106) by a subset of TCRγδ-bearing lymphocyte clones. J. Immunol. 154, 1069.
63. Liabakk, N.-B., Sundan, A., Waage, A., Brockhaus, M., Loetcher, H., Lesslauer, W. and Espevik, T. (1991) Development of immunoassays for the detection of soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors. J. Immunol. Methods 141, 237.
64. Lobb, R., Chi-Rosso, G., Leone, D.R., Rosa, M.D., Bixler, S., Newman, B.M., Luhowskyj, S., Benjamin, C.D., Douglas, I.G., Goelz, S.E., Hession, C. and Chow, E.P. (1991) Expression and functional characterization of a soluble form of endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1. J. Immunol. 147, 124.
65. Loetscher, H., Pan, Y.-C.E., Lahm, H.-W., Gentz, R., Brockhaus, M., Tabuchi, H. and Lesslauer, W. (1990) Molecular cloning and expression of the human 55 kd tumour necrosis factor receptor. Cell 61, 351.
66. Loetscher, H., Gentz, R., Zulauf, M., Lustig, A., Tabuchi, H., Schlaeger, E.J., Brockhaus, M., Gallati, H., Manneberg, M. and Lesslauer, W. (1991) Recombinant 55-kDa tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 18324.
67. Mackiewicz, A., Schooltink, H., Heinrich, P.C. and Rose-John, S. (1992) Complex of soluble human IL-6 receptor/IL-6 up-regulates expression of acute-phase proteins. J. Immunol. 149, 2021.
68. Marlin, S.D., Staunton, D.E., Springer, T.A., Stratowa, C., Sommergruber, W. and Merluzzi, V.J. (1990) A soluble form of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 inhibits rhinovirus infection. Nature 344, 70.
69. Martin, S., Rieckmann, P., Melchers, I., Wagner, R., Bertrams, J., Voskuyl, A.E., Roep, B.O., Zilasek, J., Heidenthal, E., Weichselbraun, I., Gallatin, W.M. and Kolb, H. (1995) Circulating forms of ICAM-3 (cICAM-3): elevated levels in autoimmune diseases and lack of association with cICAM-1. J. Immunol. 154, 1951.
70. Mason, J.C., Kapahi, P. and Haskard, D.O. (1993) Detection of increased levels of circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in some patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but not in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lack of correlation with levels of circulating vascular cell adhesion molecule. Arthritis Rheumat. 36, 519.
71. McCourt, P.A.G., Ek, B., Forsberg, N. and Gustafson, S. (1994) Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 is a cell surface receptor for hyaluronan. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 30081.
72. McEver, R.P. (1991) Leukocyte interactions mediated by selectins. Thromb. Haemostasis 66, 80.
73. Meager, A. (1987) Antibodies against interferons: characterization of interferons and immunoassays. In: M.J. Clemens, A.G. Morris and A.J.H. Gearing (Eds.), Lymphokines and Interferons: A Practical Approach. IRL Press, Oxford, p. 105.
74. Meager, A. (1994) The prospect for cell adhesion molecules analogues and antagonists in the treatment of inflammatory and other pathological conditions. J. Biotech. Healthcare 1, 49.
75. Meager, A. (1995) RIA, IRMA and ELISA assays for cytokines and their soluble receptors. In: F.R. Balkwill (Ed.), Cytokines - A Practical Approach, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 393.
76. Meager, A., Leung, H. and Woolley, J. (1989) Assay for TNF and related cytokines: A Review. J. Immunol. Methods 116, 1.
77. Minami, Y., Kono, T., Yamada, K. and Taniguchi, T. (1992) The interleukin-2 receptors: insights into a complex signalling mechanism. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1114, 163.
78. Mohler, K.M., Torrance, D.S., Smith, C.A., Goodwin, R.G., Stremler, K.E., Fung, V.P., Madani, H. and Widmer, M.B. (1993) Soluble tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptors are effective therapeutic agents in lethal endotoxaemia and function simultaneously as both TNF carriers and TNF antagon.sts. J. Immunol. 151, 1548,
79. Mosley, B., Beckmann, M.P., March, C.J., Idzerda, R.L., Gimpel, S.D., Vanden Bos, T., Friend, D., Alpert, A., Anderson, D., Jackson, J., Wignall, J.M., Smith, C., Gallis, B., Sims, J.E., Urdal, D., Widmer, M.B., Cosman, D. and Park, L.S. (1989) The murine interleukin-4 receptor: Molecular cloning and characterization of secreted and membrane bound forms. Cell 59, 335.
80. Mullarkey, M.F., Lerferman, K.M., Peters, M.S., Caro, I., Roux, E.R., Hanna, R.K., Rubin, A.S. and Jacobs, C.A. (1994) Human cutaneous allergic late-phase response is inhibited by soluble IL-1 receptor. J. Immunol. 152, 2033.
81. Narazaki, M., Yasukawa, K., Saito, T., Ohsugi, Y., Fukui, H., Koishihara, Y., Yancopoulos, G.D., Taga, T. and Kishimoto, T. (1993) Soluble forms of the interleukin-6 signal-transducing receptor component gp130 in human serum possessing a potential to inhibit signals through membrane-anchored gp130. Blood 82, 1120.
82. Nelson, D.L. (1986) Soluble interleukin-2 receptors: analysis in normal individuals and in certain disease states. Fed. Proc. 45, 377.
83. Newman, W., Beall, L.D., Carson, C.W., Hunder, G.G., Graben, N., Randlhawa, Z.I., Gopal, T.V., Wiener-Kronish, J. and Matthay, M.A. (1993) Soluble E-selectin is found in super-natants of activated endothelial cells and is elevated in the serum of patients with septic shock. J. Immunol. 150, 644.
84. Novick, D., Cohen, B. and Rubenstein, M. (1994) The human interferon α / β receptor: characterisation and molecular cloning. Cell 77, 391.
85. Olson, N.H., Kolatkar, P.R., Oliveira, M.A., Cheng, R.H., Greve, J.M., McCelland, A., Baker, T.S. and Rossmann, MG. (1993) Structure of a human rhinovirus complexed with its receptor molecule. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 507.
86. Olsson, I., Lantz, M., Nilsson, E., Peetre, C., Thysell, H., Grubb, A. and Adolf, G. (1989) Isolation and characterization of a tumour necrosis factor binding protein from urine. Eur. J. Haematol. 42, 270.
87. Olsson, I., Gatanaga, T., Gulberg, U., Lantz, M. and Granger, G.A. (1993) Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) binding proteins (soluble TNF receptor forms) with possible roles in inflammation and malignancy, Eur. Cytokine Netw. 4, 169.
88. Osborn, L., Hession, C., Tizard, R., Vassallo, C., Luhowskyj, S., Chi Rosso, G. and Lobb, R. (1989) Direct expression cloning of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, a cytokine-induced endothelial protein that binds to lymphocytes. Cell 59, 1203.
89. Pardi, R., Inverardi, L. and Bender, J.R. (1992) Regulatory mechanisms in leukocyte adhesion: flexible receptors for sophisticated travellers. Immunol. Today 13, 224.
90. Peetre, C., Thysell, H., Grubb, A. and Olsson, I. (1988) A tumour necrosis factor binding protein is present in human biological fluids. Eur. J. Haematol. 41, 414.
91. Pepinsky, B., Hession, C., Chen, L.-L., Moy, P., Burkly, L., Jakubowski, A., Chow, E.P., Benjamin, C., Chi Rosso, G., Luhowskyj, S. and Lobb, R. (1992) Structure/function studies on vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 17820.
92. Peppel, K., Crawford, D. and Beutler, B. (1991) A tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-IgG heavy chain chimeric protein as as bivalent antagonist of TNF activity. J. Exp. Med. 174, 1483.
93. Pigott, R., Needham, L.A., Edwards, R.M., Walker, C. and Power, C. (1991) Structural and functional studies of the endothelial activation antigen leucocyte adhesion molecule-1 using a panel of monoclonal antibodies. J. Immunol. 147, 130.
94. Pino-Otin, M.R., Vinas, O., de la Fuente, M.A., Juan, M., Font, J., Torradeflot, M., Pallarés, L., Lozano, F., Alberola-Ila, J., Martorell, J., Yagüe, J., Vives, J. and Gayá, A. (1995) Existence of a soluble form of CD50 (intercellular adhesion molecule-3) produced upon human lymphocyte activation. J. Immunol. 154, 3015.
95. Raines, M.A., Liu, L., Quan, S.G., Joe, V., Di Persio, J.F. and Golde, D.W. (1991) Identification and molecular cloning of a soluble human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 8203.
96. Richards, J.M., Mick, R., Latta, J.M., Daly, K., Ratain, M.J., Vardiman, J.W. and Golomb, H.M. (1990) Serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor is associated with clinical and pathologic disease status in hairy cell leukaemia. Blood 76, 1941.
97. Rose-John, S. and Heinrich, P.C. (1994) Soluble receptors for cytokines and growth factors: generation and biological function. Biochem. J. 300, 281.
98. Rothlein, R., Czajkowski, M., O'Neill, M.M., Marlin, S.D., Mainolfi, E. and Merluzzi, V.J. (1988) Induction of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 on primary and continuous cell lines by proinflammatory cytokines: regulation by pharmacologic agents and neutralising antibodies. J. Immunol. 141, 1665.
99. Rothlein, R., Mainolfi, E.A., Czajkowski, M. and Marlin, S.D. (1991) A form of circulating ICAM-1 in human serum. J. Immunol. 147, 3788.
100. Rubin, L.A., Kurman, C.C., Fritz, M.E., Biddison, W.E., Boutin, B., Yarchoan, R. and Nelson, D.L. (1985) Soluble interleukin-2 receptors are released from activated human lymphoid cells in vitro. J. Immunol. 135, 3172.
101. Rubin, L.A., Jay, G. and Nelson, D.L. (1986) The released interleukin-2 receptor binds interleukin-2 efficiently. J. Immunol. 137, 3841.
102. Schall, T.J., Lewis, M., Koller, K.J., Lee, A., Rice, G.C., Wong, G.H.W., Gatanaga, T., Granger, G.A., Lentz, R., Raab, H., Kohr, W.J. and Goeddel, D.V. (1990) Molecular cloning and expression of a receptor for human tumour necrosis factor. Cell 61, 361.
103. Schlüffenbaum, B., Spertini, O. and Tedder, T.F. (1992) Soluble L-selectin is present in human plasma at high levels and retains functional activity. J. Cell Biol. 119, 229.
104. Shappell, S.B. and Smith, C.W. (1993) Acute inflammatory response: granulocyte migration and activation. In: C.D. Wegner (Ed.), The Handbook of Immunopharmacology: Adhesion Molecules. Academic Press, London, p. 29.
105. Shimizu, Y., Newman, W., Tanaka, Y. and Shaw, S. (1992) Lymphocyte interactions with endothelial cells. Immunol. Today 13, 106.
106. Sims, J.E., Giri, J.G. and Dower, S.K. (1994) The two interleukin-1 receptors play different roles in IL-1 actions. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 72, 9.
107. Slack, J., McMahan, C.J., Waugh, S., Schooley, K., Spriggs, M.K., Sims, J.E. and Dower, S.K. (1993) Independent binding of interleukin-1 a and interleukin-1 β to type I and type II IL-1 receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 2513.
108. Smith, C.A., Davis, T., Anderson, D., Solam, L., Beckmann, M.P., Jerzy, R., Dower, S.K., Cosman, D. and Goodwin, R.G. (1990) A receptor for tumour necrosis factor defines an unusual family of cellular and viral proteins. Science 248, 1019.
109. Spertini, O., Callegari, P., Cordey, A.-S., Hauert, J., Joggi, J., Von Fliedner, V. and Schapira, M. (1994) High levels of the shed form of L-selectin are present in patients with acute leukaemia and inhibit blast cell adhesion to activated endothelium. Blood 84, 1249.
110. Spinas, G.A., Keller, U. and Brockhaus, M. (1992) Release of soluble receptors for tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in relation to circulating TNF during experimental endotoxaemia. J. Clin. Invest. 90, 533.
111. Springer, T.A. (1990) Adhesion receptors of the immune system. Nature 346, 425.
112. Spronk, P.E., Bootsma, H., Huitema, M.G., Limburg, P.C. and Kallenberg, C.G.M. (1994) Levels of soluble VCAM-1, soluble ICAM-1 and soluble E-selectin during disease exacerbations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); a long-term prospective study. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 97, 439.
113. Staunton, D.E., Merluzzi, V.J., Rothlein, R., Barton, R., Marlin, S.D. and Springer, T.A. (1989) A cell adhesion molecule ICAM-1 is the major surface receptor for rhinovirus. Cell 56, 849.
114. Staunton, D.E., Dustin, M.L., Erickson, H.P. and Springer, T.A. (1990) The arrangement of the immunoglobulin-like domains of ICAM-1 and the binding sites for LFA-1 and rhinovirus. Cell 61, 243.
115. 1 immunoadhesin mediates phagocytosis of malaria-infected erythrocytes. J. Exp. Med. 176, 1471.
116. Steis, R.G., Marcon, L., Clark, J., Urba, W., Longo, D.L., Nelson, D.L. and Maluish, A.E. (1988) Serum soluble IL-2 receptor as a tumour marker in patients with hairy cell leukaemia. Blood 71, 1304.
117. Symons, J.A., Wood, N.C., Di Giovine, F.S. and Duff, G.W. (1988) Soluble IL-2 receptor in rheumatoid arthritis. Correlation with disease activity, IL-1 and IL-2 inhibition. J. Immunol. 141, 2612.
118. Symons, J.A., Young, P.R. and Duff, G.W. (1995) Soluble type II interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor binds and blocks processing of IL-1β precursor and loses affinity for IL-1 receptor antagonist. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 1714.
119. Tamura, T., Udagawa, N., Takahashi, N., Miyaura, C., Tanaka, S., Yamada, Y., Koishihara, Y., Ohsugi, Y., Kumaki, K., Taga, T., Kishimoto, T. and Suda, T. (1993) Soluble interleukin-6 receptor triggers osteoclast formation by interleukin-6. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 11924.
120. Taniguchi, T. and Minami, Y. (1993) The IL-2/IL-2 receptor system: A current overview. Cell 73, 5.
121. Tartaglia, L.A. and Goeddel, D.V. (1992) Two TNF receptors. Immunol. Today 13, 151.
122. Tavernier, J., Tuypeus, T., Plaetinck, G., Verhee, A., Fiers, W. and Devos, R. (1992) Molecular basis of the membrane-anchored and two soluble isoforms of the human interleukin-5 receptor α subunit. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 7041.
123. Thornhill, M.H., Wellicome, S.M., Mahiouz, D.L., Lanchbury, J.S.S., Kyan-aung, U. and Haskard, D.O. (1991) Tumour necrosis factor combines with IL-4 or IFNγ to selectively enhance endothelial cell adhesiveness for T cells. The combination of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1-dependent and -independent binding mechanisms. J. Immunol. 146, 592.
124. Thorpe, R., Wadhwa, M., Bird, C.R. and Mire-Sluis, A.R. (1992) Detection and measurement of cytokines. Blood Rev. 6, 133.
125. Tokano, Y., Murashima, A., Takasaki, Y., Hashimoto, H., Okumura, K. and Hirose, S. (1989) Relation between soluble interleukin-2 receptor and clinical findings in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 48, 803.
126. Treiger, B.F., Leonard, W.J., Svetlik, P., Rubin, L.A., Nelson, D.E. and Greene, W.C. (1986) A secreted form of the human interleukin-2 receptor encoded by an 'anchor minus' cDNA. J. Immunol. 136, 4099.
127. Turner, A.M., Bennett, L.G., Lin, N.L., Wypych, J., Bartley, T.D., Hunt, R.W., Atkins, H.L., Langley, K.E., Parker, V., Martin, F. and Broudy, V.C. (1995) Identification and characterization of a soluble c-kit receptor produced by human hematopoietic cell lines. Blood 85, 2052.
128. Uzé, G., Lutfalla, G. and Gresser, I. (1990) Genetic transfer cf a functional human interferon α receptor into mouse cells: cloning and expression of its cDNA. Cell 60, 225.
129. Van Zee, K.J., Kohno, T., Fischer, E., Rock, C.S., Moldawer, L.L. and Lowry, S.F. (1992) Tumour necrosis factor soluble receptors circulate during experimental and clinical inflammation and can protect against excessive tumour necrosis factor-α in vitro and in vivo. Proc. Natt. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 4845.
130. Varki, A. (1994) Selectin ligands. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 7390.
131. Waage, A. and Steinshamm, S. (1993) Cytokine mediators of septic infections in the normal and granulocytopenic host. Eur. J. Haematol. 50, 243.
132. Ward, L.D., Hewlett, G.J., Discolo, G., Kasukawa, K., Hammacher, A., Moritz, R.L. and Simpson, R.J. (1994) High affinity interleukin-6 receptor is a hexameric complex consisting of two molecules each of interteukin-6, interleukin-6 receptor, and gp130. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 23286.
133. Welder, C.A., Lee, D.H.S. and Takei, F. (1993) Inhibition of celt adhesion by microspheres coated with recombinant soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1. J. Immunol. 150, 2203.
134. Wellicome, S.M., Kapahi, P., Mason, J.C., Lebranchu, Y., Yarwood, H. and Haskard, D.O. (1993) Detection of a circulating form of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; raised levels in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 92, 412.
135. Wypych, J., Bennett, L.G., Schwartz, M.G., Clogston, C.L., Lu, H.S., Broudy, V.C., Bartley, T.D., Parker, V.P. and Langley, K.E. (1995) Soluble kit receptor in human serum. Blood 85, 66.
136. Yasukawa, K., Futatsugi, K., Saito, T., Yawata, H., Narazaki, M., Suzuki, H., Taga, T. and Kishimoto, T. (1992) Associatior of recombinant soluble IL-6-signal transducer, gp130, with a complex of IL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor, and establishment of an ELISA for soluble gp130, Immunol. Lett. 31, 123.
137. Zangerle, R., Gallati, H., Sarcletti, M., Wachter, H. and Fuchs, D. (1994) Tumour necrosis factor alpha and soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors in individuals with immunodeficiency virus infection. Immunol. Lett. 41, 229.
138. Zorn, U., Dallmann, I., Große, J., Kirchner, H., Poliwoda, H. and Atzpodien, J. (1994) Soluble interleukin-2 receptors abrogate IL-2 induced activation of peripheral mononuclear cells. Cytokine 6, 358.