Serological and molecular diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infections;DIAGNOSTIC BIOLOGIQUE DES INFECTIONS PAR LE VIRUS DE L'HEPATITE C

Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 146-161

  Pawlotsky, Jean Michel ^a   Lunel, Françoise ^b   Zarski, Jean Pierre ^c   Laurent Puig, Pierre ^d   Bréchot, Christian ^e  

^a HENRI MONDOR HOSPITAL   (France)

^b ANGERS UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

^c GRENOBLE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

^d BICÊTRE HOSPITAL   (France)

^e HÔPITAL NECKER ENFANTS MALADES   (France)

Author keywords

genotyping; hepatitis C; PCR; quantification; serology

Indexed keywords

VIRUS RNA;

ACUTE HEPATITIS; CHRONIC HEPATITIS; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVIEW; SEROLOGY;

ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; HEPACIVIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C ANTIBODIES; HEPATITIS, CHRONIC; HUMANS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RNA, VIRAL;

EID: 0029897074     PISSN: 03998320     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (186)

1. Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science 1989;244:359-61.
2. Alter HJ, Purcell RH, Shih JW, Melpolder JC, Houghton M, Choo QL, et al. Detection of antibody to hepatitis C virus in prospectively followed transfusion recipients with acute and chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1494-500.
3. Hopf U, Möller B, Küther D, Steremowicz R, Lobeck H, Ludtke-Handjery A, et al. Long term follow-up of posttransfusion and sporadic chronic hepatitis non-A, non-B and frequency of circulating antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV). J Hepatol 1990;10:69-76.
4. Lunel F. Virus de l'hépatite C : le virus responsable de la plupart des hépatites non A non B. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1992;16:518-36.
5. Houghton M, Weiner AJ, Han J, Kuo G, Choo QL. Molecular biology of the hepatitis C viruses: implications for diagnosis, development and control of viral disease. Hepatology 1991;14:381-8.
6. Van Doorn LJ. Molecular biology of the hepatitis C virus. J Med Virol 1994;43:345-56.
7. Han JH, Shyamala V, Richman KH, Brauer MJ, Irvine B, Urdea MS, et al. Characterization of the terminal regions of hepatitis C viral RNA: identification of conserved sequences in the 5′ untranslated region and poly(A) tails at the 3′ end. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:1711-5.
8. Bukh J, Purcell RH, Miller RH. Sequence analysis of the 5′ non coding region of hepatitis C virus. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 1992;89:4942-6.
9. Grakoui A, Wychowski C, Lin C, Feinstone SM, Rice CM. Expression and identification of hepatitis C virus polyprotein cleavage products. J Virol 1993;67:1385-95.
10. Okamoto H, Kojima M, Okada SI, Yoshizawa H, Iizuka H, Tanaka T, et al. Genetic drift of hepatitis C virus during an 8.2 year infection in a chimpanzee: variability and stability. Virology 1992;190:894-9.
11. Simmonds P. Variability of hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 1995;21:570-83.
12. Weiner AJ, Geysen HM, Christopherson C, Hall JE, Mason TJ, Saracco G, et al. Evidence for immune selection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) putative envelope glycoprotein variants: potential role in chronic HCV infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:3468-72.
13. Farci P, Alter HJ, Wong D, Shapiro M, Purcell RH. Prevention of HCV infection in chimpanzees following antibody-mediated in vitro neutralization (abstract). Hepatology 1993;18:111A.
14. Martell M, Esteban JI, Quer J, Genesca J, Weiner A, Esteban R, et al. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) circulates as a population of different but closely related genomes: quasispecies nature of HCV genome distribution. J Virol 1992;66:3225-9.
15. Dienstag J. Non-A, non-B hepatitis. I. Recognition, epidemiology, and clinical features. Gastroenterology 1983;85: 439-62.
16. Farci P, Munoz S, Alter H, Shimoda A, Govindarajan S, Chung L, et al. Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated fulminant hepatitis and its transmission to a chimpanzee (abstract). Hepatology 1994;20:265A.
17. Saito I, Miyamura T, Ohbayashi A, Harada H, Katayama T, Kikuchi S, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:6547-9.
18. Roudot-Thoraval F, Bastie A, Pawlotsky JM, Dhumeaux D, and the Groupe d'Étude de la Prévalence et de l'Epidemiologie des Hépatites C. Chronic active hepatitis C: alcoholism and HBV, coinfection contributors for the severity of the disease (abstract). Hepatology 1994;20:254A.
19. De Mitri MS, Poussin K, Baccarini P, Pontisso P, D'Errico A, Simon N, et al. HCV-associated liver cancer without cirrhosis. Lancet 1995;345:413-5.
20. Chung HT, Lee SAJ, Lok ASF. Prevention of posttransfusion hepatitis B and C by screening for antibody to hepatitis C virus and antibody to HBcAg. Hepatology 1993;18:1045-9.
21. Lelie PN, Cuypers TM, Reesink HW, Van der Poel CL, Winkel I, Bakker E, et al. Patterns of serological markers in transfusion-transmitted hepatitis C virus infection using second-generation HCV assays. J Med Virol 1992;37:203-9.
22. Nakatsuji Y, Matsumoto A, Tanaka E, Ogata H, Kiyosawa K. Detection of chronic hepatitis C virus infection by four diagnostic systems: first-generation and second-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, second-generation recombinant immunoblot assay and nested polymerase chain reaction analysis. Hepatology 1992;16:300-5.
23. Wang JT, Wang TH, Sheu JC, Lin JT, Wang CY, Chen DS. Posttransfusion hepatitis revisited by hepatitis C antibody assays and polymerase chain reaction. Gastroenterology 1992;103:609-16.
24. Frost EH. Investigation of sera reactive to hepatitis C virus by second-generation enzyme immunoassay. J Clin Microbiol 1993;31:163-4.
25. Katayama T, Mazda T, Kikuchi S, Harada S, Matsuura Y, Chiba J, et al. Improved serodiagnosis of non-A, non-B hepatitis by an assay detecting antibody to hepatitis C virus core antigen. Hepatology 1992;15:391-4.
26. Fong TL, Valinluck B, Govindarajan S, Rolon L, Lee SR, Page E, et al. Marked improvement in sensitivity of second-generation tests for acute hepatitis C virus infection. J Infect Dis 1993;168:519-20.
27. Chemello L, Cavalletto D, Pontisso P, Bortolotii F, Donada C, Donadon V, et al. Patterns of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in patients with chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis and their relationship to viral replication and liver disease. Hepatology 1993;17:179-82.
28. Chaudary RK, McLean C. Detection of antibody to hepatitis C virus by second-generation enzyme immunoassay. Am J Clin Pathol 1993;99:702-4.
29. Sayers MH, Gretch DR. Recombinant immunoblot and polymerase chain reaction testing in volunteer whole blood donors screened by a multi-antigen assay for hepatitis C virus antibodies. Transfusion 1993;3:809-13.
30. Wejstal R. Serodiagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection. Serodiagn Immunother Infect Dis 1993;5:67-70.
31. Hofmann H, Konczer A. Commercial test kits in diagnosis of hepatitis C. Serodiagn Immunother Infect Dis 1993;5:76-80.
32. Alter HJ. New kit on the block: evaluation of second-generation assays for detection of antibody to the hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 1992;15:350-3.
33. Gretch D, Lee W, Corey L. Use of aminotransferase, hepatitis C antibody, and hepatitis C polymerase chain reaction RNA assays to establish the diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection in a diagnostic virology laboratory. J Clin Microbiol 1992;30:2145-9.
34. François M, Dubois F, Brand D, Bacq Y, Guerois C, Mouchet C, et al. Prevalence and significance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) viremia in HCV antibody-positive subjects from various populations. J Clin Microbiol 1993;31:1189-93.
35. Nordenfelt E, Löfgren B, Widell A, Hansson BG, Zhang YY, Hagstam KE, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis patients in Southern Sweden: epidemiological, clinical, and diagnostic aspects. J Med Virol 1993;40:266-70.
36. Huang CS, Ho MS, Yang CS, Lee CL, Tan CA. Hepatitis C markers in hemodialysis patients. J Clin Microbiol 1993;31:1764-9.
37. Bukh J, Wantzin P, Krogsgaard K, Knudsen F, Purcell RH, Miller RH, et al. High prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in dialysis patients: failure of commercially available antibody tests to identify a significant number of patients with HCV infection. J Infect Dis 1993;168:1343-8.
38. Chan TM, Lok ASF, Cheng IKP, Chan RT. A prospective study of hepatitis C virus infection among renal transplant recipients. Gastroenterology 1993;104:862-8.
39. Lau JYN, Davis GL, Brunson ME, Qian KP, Lin HJ, Quan S, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in kidney transplant recipients. Hepatology 1993;18:1027-31.
40. Quan CM, Krajden M, Grigoriew GA, Salit IE. Hepatitis C virus infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis 1993;17:117-9.
41. Bryan JP, Sjogren MH, Malone JL, McArthy P, Kao TC, Wagner K, et al. Recombinant immunoblot assay for hepatitis C in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected US Navy personnel. J Infect Dis 1993;167:715-9.
42. Ragni MV, Ndimbie OK, Rice EO, Bontempo FA, Nedjar S. The presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody in human immunodeficiency virus-positive hemophilic men undergoing HCV « seroreversion ». Blood 1993;82:1010-5.
43. Aach RD, Stevens CE, Hollinger FB, Mosley JW, Peterson DA, Taylor PE, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in posttransfusion hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1325-9.
44. McHutchison JG, Kuo G, Houghton M, Choo QL, Redeker AG. Hepatitis C virus antibodies in acute icteric and chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1991;101:1117-9.
45. Lee SD, Hwang SJ, Lu RH, Lai KH, Tsai YT, Lo KJ. Antibodies to hepatitis C virus in prospectively followed patients with posttransfusion hepatitis. J Infect Dis 1991;163:1354-7.
46. Puoti M, Zonaro A, Ravaggi A, Marin MG, Castelnuovo F, Cariani E. Hepatitis C virus RNA and antibody response in the clinical course of acute hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 1992;16:877-81.
47. Peters T, Mohr L, Scheiffele F, Schlayer HJ, Preisler S, Berthold H, et al. Antibodies and viremia in acute post-transfusion hepatitis C: a prospective study. J Med Virol 1994;42:420-7.
48. Shieh YSC, Shim KS, Lampertico P, Balart LA, Jeffers LJ, Thung SN, et al. Detection of hepatitis C virus sequences in liver tissue by the polymerase chain reaction. Lab Invest 1991;65:408-11.
49. e Congrès National de la Société Française de Microbiologie. Tours : Société Française de Microbiologie, 1995:JE88.
50. McFarlane IG, Smith HM, Johnson PJ, Bray GP, Vergani D, Williams R. Hepatitis C virus antibodies in chronic active hepatitis: pathogenic factor of false-positive result? Lancet 1990;335:754-7.
51. Wong DC, Diwan AR, Rosen L, Gerin JL, Johnson RG, Polito A, et al. Non-specificity of anti-HCV test for seroepidemiological analysis. Lancet 1990;336:750-1.
52. Follett EAC, Dow BC, McOmish F, Yap PL, Hughes W, Mitchell R, et al. HCV confirmatory testing of blood donors. Lancet 1991;338:1024.
53. Shev S, Foberg U, Fryden A, Hermodsson S, Lindh G. Lindholm A, et al. Second-generation hepatitis C ELISA antibody tests confirmed by the four-antigen recombinant immunoblot assay correlate well with hepatitis C viremia and chronic liver disease in Swedish blood donors. Vox Sang 1993;65.32-7.
54. Leon A, Canton R, Elia M, Mateos M. Second-generation RIBA to confirm diagnosis of HCV infection. Lancet 1991;337:912.
55. Marcellin P, Martinot-Peignoux M, Boyer N, Pouteau M, Aumont P, Erlinger S, et al. Second generation (RIBA) test in diagnosis of chronic hepatitis C. Lancet 1991;337-551.
56. Yuki N, Hayashi N, Hagiwara H, Takehara T, Oshita M, Kasahara A, et al. Serodiagnosis of chronic hepatitis C in Japan by second-generation recombinant immunoblot assay. J Hepatol 1993;17:170-4.
57. Van der Poel CL, Cuypers HTM, Reesink HW, Weiner AJ, Quan S, DiNello R, et al. Confirmation of hepatitis C virus infection by new four-antigen recombinant immunoblot assay. Lancet 1991;337:317-9.
58. Bresters D, Zaaijer HL, Cuypers HTM, Reesink HW, Winkel IN, Van Exel-Oehlers PJ, et al. Recombinant immunoblot assay reaction patterns and hepatitis C virus RNA in blood donors and non-A, non-B hepatitis patients. Transfusion 1993; 33:634-8.
59. Waumans L, Claeys H, Verhaert H, Mertens W, Vermylen C. Hepatitis C virus confirmation in blood donor screening. Vox Sang 1993;64:145-9.
60. Garcia-Samaniego J, Enriquez A, Soriano V, Gutierrez M, Baquero M, Munoz F. Third-generation recombinant immunoblot assay to confirm hepatitis C virus-indeterminate serological samples. Vox Sang 1993;64:191-2.
61. Pawtotsky JM. Significance of indeterminate second generation RIBA and resolution by third generation RIBA. In: Hepatitis C virus: new diagnostic tools. Groupe Français d'Études Moléculaires des Hépatites (GEMHEP), ed. Paris: John Libbey Eurotext, 1994:17-27.
62. Boudart D, Lucas JC, Adjou C, Muller JY. HCV confirmatory testing of blood donors. Lancet 1992;339:372.
63. Lunel F, Perrin M, Frangeul L, Aumont P, Opolon P, Huraux JM. Sensitivity of third generation Ortho HCV ELISA and RIBA in 143 patients with indeterminate second generation RIBA. Proceedings of the fourth International Symposium on HCV. Ortho Diagnostic Systems and Chiron Corporation. Tokyo, 1993:72.
64. Martinot-Peignoux M, Marcellin P, Branger M, Gabriel F, Elias A, Larzrul D, et al. HCV infection assessed with third-generation anti-HCV testing and polymerase chain reaction. Proceedings of the fourth International Symposium on HCV. Ortho Diagnostic Systems and Chiron Corporation. Tokyo, 1993:70.
65. Pawlotsky JM, Maisonneuve P, Duval J, Dhumeaux D, Noel L. Significance of NS5-« indeterminate » third-generation anti-hepatitis C virus serologic assays. Transfusion 1995;35:453-4.
66. Pawlotsky JM, Fleury A, Choukroun V, Deforges L, Roudot-Thoraval F, Aumont P, et al. Significance of highly positive c22-3 « indeterminate » second-generation hepatitis C virus (HCV) recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA) and resolution by third generation HCV RIBA. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:1357-9.
67. Buffet C, Charnaux N, Laurent-Puig P, Chopineau S, Quichon JP, Briantais MJ, et al. Enhanced detection of antibodies to hepatitis C virus by use of a third-generation recombinant immunoblot assay. J Med Virol 1994;43:259-61.
68. Lamoril J, Lunel F, Laurent-Puig P, Defer C, Loiseau P, Lefrère JJ, et al. Indeterminate third-generation recombinant immunoblot assay in hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol 1994;21:133-4.
69. Pawlotsky JM, Bastie A, Pellet C, Rémiré J, Darthuy F, Wolfe L, et al. Significance of indeterminate third-generation hepatitis C virus (HCV) recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA). J Clin Microbiol 1996;34:80-3.
70. Pawlotsky JM, Rémiré J, Darthuy F, Intrator L, Udin L, Dhumeaux D, et al. Is the detection of anti-hepatitis C virus core IgM influenced by the presence of serum rheumatoid factor? J Med Virol 1995;45:68-70.
71. Clemens JM, Taskar S, Chau K, Vallari D, Shih JWK, Alter HJ, et al. IgM antibody response in acute hepatitis C viral infection. Blood 1992;79:169-72.
72. Quiroga JA, Campillo ML, Castillo I, Bartolomé J, Porres JC, Carreno V. IgM antibody to hepatitis C virus in acute and chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 1991;14:38-43.
73. Chen PJ, Wang JT, Hwang LH, Yang YH, Hsieh CL, Kao JH, et al. Transient immunoglobulin M antibody response to hepatitis C virus capsid antigen in posttransfusion hepatitis C: putative serological marker for acute viral infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:5971-5.
74. Pawlotsky JM, Darthuy F, Rémiré J, Pellet C, Udin L, Stuyver L, et al. Significance of anti-hepatitis C virus core IgM antibodies in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Med Virol 1995;47:285-91.
75. Tassopoulos NC, Hatzakis AE, Papatheoridis GV, Karvountzis G, Troonen H, Lennanz L. Early prediction of successful alpha-interferon therapy of chronic hepatitis C by core-IgM antibodies to hepatitis C virus. J Hepatol 1994;20:305-11.
76. Hellström UB, Sylvan SPE, Decker RH, Sonnerborg A. Immunoglobulin M reactivity towards the immunologically active region sp75 of the core protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in chronic HCV infection. J Med Virol 1993;39:325-32.
77. Zaaijer HL, Mimms LT, Cuypers HTM, Reesink HW, Van der Poel CL, Taskar S, et al. Variability of IgM response in hepatitis C virus infection. J Med Virol 1993;40:184-7.
78. Tabone M, Galatola G, Secreto P, Marini C, Molinaro G, Arico S. Serum levels of anti-hepatitis C virus IgM core antibodies may predict the response to interferon alpha therapy in chronic hepatitis C. J Viral Hepatitis 1994;1:155-7.
79. Torronteras R, Sanchez-Quijano A, Abad MA, Soto B, Andreu J, Medrano FJ, et al. Predictive value of IgM antibodies to hepatitis C virus in patients with chronic hepatitis C undergoing interferon-alpha therapy. Analysis by two different methods. J Viral Hepatitis 1994;1:159-61.
80. Japanese Red Cross non-A, non-B Hepatitis Research Group. Effect of screening for hepatitis C virus antibody and hepatitis B virus core antibody on incidence of post-transfusion hepatitis. Lancet 1991;338:1040-1.
81. Donahue JG, Munoz A, Ness PM, Brown DE, Yawn DH, McAllister HA, et al. The declining risk of post-transfusion hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 1992;327:369-73.
82. Prince AM, Brotman B, Huima T, Pascual D, Jaffery M, Inchauspé G. Immunity in hepatitis C infection. J Infect Dis 1992;165:438-43.
83. Prince AM, Brotman B, Inchauspé G, Pascual D, Nasoff M, Hosein B, et al. Patterns and prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis. J Infect Dis 1993,167:1296-9.
84. Aach RD, Stevens CE, Hollinger FB, Mosley JW, Peterson DA, Taylor PE, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in posttransfusion hepatitis. An analysis with first- and second-generation assays. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1325-9.
85. Thiers V, Lunel F, Valla D, Azar N, Fretz C, Frangeul L, et al. Post-transfusional anti-HCV-negative non-A non-B hepatitis: serological and polymerase chain reaction analysis for hepatitis C and hepatitis B viruses. J Hepatol 1993;18:34-9.
86. Lunel F, Cadranel JF, Moussalli J, Perrin M, Ghoussoub JJ, Desruenne M, et al. Delayed anti-HCV antibody seroconversion in 41 heart transplanted patients with non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis (abstract). J Hepatol 1991;13:547.
87. Lazizi Y, Elfassi E, Pillot J. Detection of hepatitis C sequences in sera with controversial serology by nested polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 1992;30:931-4.
88. Lau JYN, Davis GL, Brunson ME, Qian KP, Lin HJ, Quan S, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in kidney transplant recipients. Hepatology 1993;18:1027-31.
89. Lok ASF, Chien D, Choo QL, Chan TM, Chiu KW, Cheng IKP, et al. Antibody response to core, envelope and non-structural hepatitis C virus antigens: comparison of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients. Hepatology 1993;18:497-502.
90. Poterucha J, Rakela J, Lumeng L, Lee C, Taswell H, Weisner R. Diagnosis of chronic hepatitis C after liver transplantation by the detection of viral sequences with polymerase chain reaction. Hepatology 1992;15:42-5.
91. Puoti M, Zonaro A, Ravaggi A, Marin MG, Castelnuovo F, Cariani E. Hepatitis C virus RNA and antibody response in the clinical course of acute hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 1992;16:877-81.
92. Giuberti T, Marin MG, Ferrari C, Marchelli S, Schianchi C, Degli Antoni AM, et al. Hepatitis C virus viremia following clinical resolution of acute hepatitis C. J Hepatol 1994;20:666-71.
93. Barrera JM, Bruguera M, Ercilla G, Gil C, Celis R, Gil MP, et al. Persistent hepatitis C viremia after acute self-limiting posttransfusion hepatitis C. Hepatology 1995;21:639-44.
94. Esteban JI, Gonzalez A, Hernandez JM, Viladomiu L, Sanchez C, Lopez-Talavera JC, et al. Evaluation of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in a study of transfusion-associated hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1107-12.
95. Van der Poel CL, Reesink HW, Lelie PN, Leentvaar-Kuypers A, Choo QL, Kuo G, et al. Anti-hepatitis C antibodies and non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis in the Netherlands. Lancet 1989;2:297-8.
96. Saiki RK, Scharf SJ, Faloona F, Mullis KB, Horn GT, Erlich HA, et al. Enzymatic amplification of beta-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for the diagnosis of sickle-cell anemia. Science 1985;230:1350-4.
97. Weiner AJ, Kuo G, Bradley DW, Bonino F, Saracco G, Lee C, et al. Detection of hepatitis C viral sequences in non-A, non-B hepatitis. Lancet 1990;335:1-3.
98. Garson JA, Tedder RS, Briggs M, Tuke P, Glazebrook JA, Trute A, et al. Detection of hepatitis C viral sequences in blood donations by « nested » polymerase chain reaction and prediction of infectivity. Lancet 1990;335:1419-22.
99. Zaarjer HL, Cuypers HTM, Reesink HW, Winkel IN, Gerken G, Lelie PN. Reliability of polymerase chain reaction for detection of hepatitis C virus. Lancet 1993;341:722-4.
100. French Study Group for the Standardization of Hepatitis C Virus PCR. Improvement of hepatitis C virus RNA polymerase chain reaction through a multicentre quality control study. J Virol Methods 1994;49:79-88.
101. Young KKY, Resnick RM, Myers TW. Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA by a combined reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. J Clin Microbiol 1993;31: 882-6.
102. Wolfe L, Tamatsukuri S, Sayada C, Ryff JC. Detection of HCV RNA in serum using a single-tube, single-enzyme PCR in combination with a colorimetric microwell assay. In: Hepatitis C virus: new diagnostic tools. Groupe Français d'Études Moléculaires des Hépatites (GEMHEP), ed. Paris: John Libbey Eurotext, 1994:83-94.
103. Nolte FS, Thurmond C, Fried MW. Preclinical evaluation of Amplicor hepatitis C virus test for detection of hepatitis C virus RNA. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:1775-8.
104. Kwok S, Higuchi R. Avoiding false positives with PCR. Nature 1989;339:237-8.
105. Kievits T, Van Gemen B, Van Strijp D, Schukkink R, Dircks M, Adriaanse H, et al. NASBA isothermal enzymatic in vitro nucleic acid amplification optimized for the diagnosis of HIV-1 infection. J Virol Methods 1991;35:273-86.
106. Sillekens P, Kok W, Van Gemen B, Lens P, Huisman H, Cuypers T, et al. Specific detection of HCV RNA using NASBA as a diagnostic tool. In: Hepatitis C virus: new diagnostic tools. Groupe Français d'Etudes Moléculaires des Hépatites (GEMHEP), ed. Paris: John Libbey Eurotext, 1994:71-82.
107. Kolberg J, Sanchez-Pescador R, Detmer J, Collins M, Sheridan P, Neuwald P, et al. Branched DNA (bDNA) quantitation of hepatitis C viral RNA in patient sera. In: Hepatitis C virus: new diagnostic tools. Groupe Français d'Études Moléculaires des Hépatites (GEMHEP), ed. Paris: John Libbey Eurotext, 1994:57-69.
108. Lau JYN, Davis GL, Kniffen J, Qian KP, Urdea M, Chan CS, et al. Significance of serum hepatitis C virus RNA levels in chronic hepatitis C. Lancet 1993;341:1501-4.
109. Féray C, Gigou M, Samuel D, Bernuau J, Reynes M, Bismuth H, et al. Hepatitis C virus RNA and hepatitis B virus DNA in serum and liver of patients with fulminant hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1993;104:549-55.
110. Kato N, Yokosuka O, Omata M, Hosoda K, Ohto M. Detection of hepatitis C virus ribonucleic acid in the serum by amplification with polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Invest 1990;86:1764-7.
111. Gunji T, Kato N, Mori S, Ootsuyama Y, Hijikata M, Imawari M, et al. Correlation between the serum level of hepatitis C virus RNA and disease activities in acute and chronic hepatitis C. Int J Cancer 1992;52:726-30.
112. Porchon C, Kremsdorf D, Pol S, Lunel-Fabiani F, Driss F, Opolon P, et al. Serum hepatitis C virus RNA and hepatitis B virus DNA in Non-A, Non-B post transfusional and sporadic chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol 1992;16:184-9.
113. Cristiano K, Di Bisceglie AM, Hoofnagle JH, Feinstone SM. Hepatitis C viral RNA in serum of patients with chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis: detection by the polymerase chain reaction using multiple primer sets. Hepatology 1990;14:51-5.
114. Farci P, Alter HJ, Wong D, Miller RH, Shih JW, Jett B, et al. A long term study of hepatitis C virus replication in non-A, non-B hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1991;25:98-104.
115. Alberti A, Morsica G, Chemello L, Cavalletto D, Noventa F, Pontisso P, et al. Hepatitis C viraemia and liver disease in symptom-free individuals with anti-HCV. Lancet 1992;340:697-8.
116. Brillantini S, Foli M, Gaiani S, Masci C, Miglioli M, Barbara L. Persistent hepatitis C viraemia without liver disease. Lancet 1993;341:464-5.
117. Pawlotsky JM, Marcellin P, Trépo C, Dhumeaux D. Traitement des hépatites virales C. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1994;18:362-73.
118. Chayama K, Saitoh S, Arase Y, Ikeda K, Matsumoto T, Sakai Y, et al. Effect of interferon administration on serum hepatitis C virus RNA in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 1991;13:1040-3.
119. Douglas DD, Rakela J, Hsiang JL, Hollinger FB, Taswell HF, Czaja AJ, et al. Randomized controlled trial of recombinant alpha-2a interferon for chronic hepatitis C. Comparison of alanine aminotransferase normalization versus loss of HCV RNA and anti-HCV IgM. Dig Dis Sci 1993;38:601-7.
120. Marcellin P, Boyer N, Martinot-Peignoux M, Areias J, Giostra E, Degon C, et al. Long-term histologic changes and detection of serum HCV-RNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in patients with chronic hepatitis C having responded to recombinant alpha-interferon (abstract). Hepatology 1992;16:65A.
121. Michieletto L, Pipan C, Bibiani S, Tempesta D, Botta GA, D'Aquino M. Value of HCV RNA as a predictive long-term response tool in patients with chronic hepatitis treated with interferon (abstract). Proceedings of the 1993 International Symposium on Viral hepatitis and Liver Disease (the 8th Triennieal Congress). Tokyo, 1993:246.
122. Saracco G, Rosina F, Abate ML, Chiandussi L, Gallo V, Cerutti E, et al. Long term follow-up of patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with different doses of interferon alpha-2b. Hepatology 1993;18:1300-5.
123. Boyer N, Marcellin P, Duchatelle V, Maninot M, Kilani A, Pouteau M, et al. Sustained response after alpha interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C (abstract). Hepatology 1995;22:291A.
124. Romeo R, Pol S, Berthelot P, Bréchet C. Eradication of hepatitis C virus RNA after alpha-interferon therapy. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:276-7.
125. Roudot-Thoraval F, Bastie A, Pawlotsky JM, Dhumeaux D, et le Groupe d'Étude de la Prévalence et de l'Epidemiologie des Hépatites C. Prévalence, gravité et facteurs de risque des hépatites chroniques C en France : enquête nationale (résumé). Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1994;18:1080.
126. Ulrich PP, Romeo JM, Lane PK, Kelly I, Daniel LJ, Vyas GN. Detection, semiquantification, and genetic variation in hepatitis C virus sequences amplified from the plasma of blood donors with elevated alanine aminotransferase. J Clin Invest 1990;86:1609-14.
127. Villa E, Feretti I, De Palma M, Melegari M, Scaglioni PP, Trande P, et al. HCV RNA in serum of asymptomatic blood donors involved in post-transfusion hepatitis (PTH). J Hepatol 1991;13:256-9.
128. Serfaty L, Chazouillères O, Pawlotsky JM, Andréani T, Pellet C, Poupon R. Level of viremia, genotype, histological features and effect of interferon (IFN) therapy in hepatitis C virus (HCV) carriers with persistently normal ALT activity (abstract). Gastroenterology 1996;110:291-5.
129. Lunel F, Musset C, Cacoub P, Frangeul L, Cresta P, Perrin M, et al. Cryoglobulinemia in chronic liver diseases: role of hepatitis C virus and liver damage. Gastroenterology 1994; 106:1291-300.
130. Agnello V, Chung RT, Kaplan LM. A role for hepatitis C virus infection in type II cryogiobulinemia. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1490-5.
131. Johnson RJ, Gretch DR, Yamabe H, Hart J, Bacchi CE, Hartwell P, et al. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 1993;328:465-70.
132. Cacoub P, Lunel-Fabiani F, Le Thi Huong D. Polyarteritis nodosa and hepatitis C virus infection. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:605-6.
133. Deny P, Bonacorsi S, Guillevin L, Quint L. Association between hepatitis C virus and polyarteritis nodosa. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1992;10:319-24.
134. Pawlotsky JM, Ben Yahia M, André C, Voisin MC, Intrator L, Roudot-Thoraval F, et al Immunological disorders in C virus chronic active hepatitis: a prospective case-control study. Hepatology 1994;19:841-8.
135. Pawlotsky JM, Roudot-Thoraval F, Simmonds P, Mellor J, Ben Yahia M, André C, et al. Extra-hepatic immunological manifestations in chronic hepatitis C and hepatitis C virus serotypes. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:169-73.
136. Abuaf N, Lunel F, Giral P, Borotto E, Laperche S, Poupon R, et al. Non-organ specific autoantibodies associated with chronic C virus hepatitis. J Hepatol 1993;18:359-64.
137. Pawlotsky JM, Abuaf N, André C, Deforges L, Duval J, Dhumeaux D. Serum anti-liver cytosol antibodies type 1 in hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol 1994;21:480.
138. Jubert C, Pawlotsky JM, Pouget F, André C, Deforges L, Bretagne S, et al. Lichen planus and hepatitis C virus-related chronic active hepatitis. Arch Dermatol 1994;130:73-6.
139. Pawlotsky JM, Dhumeaux D, Bagot M. Hepatitis C virus in dermatology. A review. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:1185-93.
140. Haddad J, Deny P, Munz-Gotheil C, Ambrosini JC, Trinchet JC, Pateron D, et al. Lymphocytic sialadenitis of Sjogren's syndrome associated with chronic hepatitis C virus liver disease. Lancet 1992;339:321-3.
141. Herrero C, Vicente A, Bruguera M, Ercilla MG, Barrera JM, Vidal J, et al. Is hepatitis C virus infection a trigger of porphyria cutanea tarda? Lancet 1993;341:788-9.
142. Lacour JP, Bodokh I, Castanet J, Bekri S, Ortonne JP. Porphyria cutanea tarda and antibodies to hepatitis C virus. Br J Dermatol 1993;128:121-3.
143. Wright T, Hsu H, Donegan E. Hepatitis C virus not found in fulminant Non-A Non-B hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:111-2.
144. Hibbs J, Frickhofen D, Rosenfeld S, Feinstone F, Kojima S, Bacigalupo A, et al. Aplastic anemia and viral hepatitis : non-A, non-B, non-C. Hepatology 1992;17:340-2.
145. Pol S, Driss F, Devergie A, Brechet C, Berthelot P, Gluckman E. Is hepatitis C virus involved in hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia? Ann Intern Med 1990;113:435-7.
146. Koretz RL, Brezina M, Polito AJ, Quan S, Wilber J, DiNello R, et al. Non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis: comparing C and non-C hepatitis. Hepatology 1993;17:361-5.
147. Thiers V, Lunel-Fabiani F, Valla D, Azar N, Fretz C, Frangeul L, et al. Post-transfusional anti-HCV negative non-A, non-B hepatitis (II): serological and polymerase chain reaction analysis for hepatitis C and hepatitis B viruses. J Hepatol 1993;18:34-9.
148. Romeo R, Pol S, Demeret C, Thiers V, Kremsdorf D, Cuillerier E, et al. Evidence of non-A, non-B, non-C infection in chronic hepatitis by polymerase chain reaction testing for hepatitis B and C viruses. J Hepatol 1995;22:125-9.
149. Simons JN, Leary TP, Dawson GJ, Pilot-Marias TJ, Muerhoff AS, Schlauder GG, et al. Isolation of novel virus-like sequences associated with human hepatitis. Nature Med 1995;1:564-9.
150. Kim JP, Linnen J, Wages J, Shih J, Nakatsuji Y, Fry K, et al. Identification of a new hepatitis virus (HGV) and its implication in post-transfusion hepatitis (abstract). Hepatology 1995;22:218A.
151. Fong TL, Shindo M, Feinstone SM, Hoofnagle JH, Di Bisceglie AM. Detection of replicative intermediates of hepatitis C viral RNA in liver and serum of patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Clin Invest 1991;88:1058-60.
152. Paterlini P, Driss F, Pisi E, Franco D, Berthelot P, Bréchot C. Persistence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C viral genomes in primary liver cancers from HBsAg negative patients: a study of a low endemic area. Hepatology 1993;17:20-9.
153. Shindo M, Di Bisceglie AM, Biswas R, Mihalik K, Feinstone SM. Hepatitis C virus replication during acute infection in the chimpanzee. J Infect Dis. 1992;166:424-7.
154. Takehara T, Hayashi NR, Mita E, Hagiwara H, Ueda K, Katayama K, et al. Detection of the minus strand of hepatitis C virus RNA by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction: implications for hepatitis C virus replication in infected tissue. Hepatology 1992;15:387-90.
155. Gerber MA, Shieh YSC, Shim KS, Thung SN, Demetris AJ, Schwartz M, et al. Detection of replicative hepatitis C virus sequences in hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Pathol 1992;141: 1271-7.
156. Müller HM, Pfaff E, Goeser T, Kallinowski B, Solbach C, Theilmann L. Peripheral blood leukocytes serve as a possible extrahepatic site for hepatitis C virus replication. J Gen Virol 1993;74:669-76.
157. Zignego A, Macchia D, Monti M, Thiers V, Mazzeti M, Foschi M, et al. Infection of peripheral mononuclear blood cells by hepatitis C virus. J Hepatol 1992;15:382-6.
158. Cilia G, Perez-Trallero E, Iturriza M, Carcedo A, Echeverria J. Maternal-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis 1992;11:417.
159. Lam JPH, McOmish F, Burns SM, Yap PL, Mok JYQ, Simmonds P. Infrequent vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus. J Infect Dis 1993;167:572-6.
160. Roudot-Thoraval F, Pawlotsky JM, Thiers V, Deforges L, Girollet PP, Guillot F, et al. Lack of mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus in human immunodeficiency virus-seronegative women: a prospective study with hepatitis C virus RNA testing. Hepatology 1993;17:772-7.
161. Wejstal R, Hermodsson S, Iwarson S, Norkrans G. Mother to infant transmission of hepatitis C virus infection. J Med Virol 1990;30:178-80.
162. Ohto H, Terazawa S, Sasaki N, Sasaki N, Hino K, Ishiwata C, et al. Transmission of hepatitis C virus from mothers to infants. N Engl J Med 1994;330:744-50.
163. Giovannini M, Tagger A, Ribero ML, Zuccotti G, Pogliani L, Grossi A, et al. Maternal-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus and HIV infections : a possible interaction. Lancet 1990;335:1166.
164. Novati R, Thiers V, D'Arminio Monforte A, Maisonneuve P, Principi N, Conti M, et al. Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus detected by nested polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis. 1992;165:720-3.
165. Thaler MM, Park CK, Landers DV, Wara DW, Houghton M, Veereman-Wauters G, et al. Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus. Lancet 1991;338:17-8.
166. Pol S, Jaffredo F, Nalpas B, Sayada C, Berthelot P, Bréchot C. Predictive value of HCV viremia after 3 months in the monitoring of antiviral treatments (abstract). Hepatology 1994;20:159A.
167. Duvoux C, Pawlotsky JM, Cherqui D, Tran Van Nhieu J, Métreau JM, Fagniez PL, et al. Serial quantitative determination of hepatitis C virus RNA levels after liver transplantation. A useful test for diagnosis of hepatitis C virus reinfection. Transplantation 1995;60:457-61.
168. Nousbaum JB, Pol S, Nalpas B, Landais P, Berthelot P, Bréchot C, et al. Hepatitis C virus type 1b (II) infection in France and Italy. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:161-8.
169. Martinot-Peignoux M, Marcellin P, Pouteau M, Castelnau C, Boyer N, Poliquin M, et al. Pretreatment serum HCV RNA levels and HCV genotype are the main and independent prognostic factors of sustained response to alpha interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 1995;22: 1050-6.
170. Pawlotsky JM, Roudot-Thoraval F, Bastie A, Darthuy F, Rémiré J, Métreau JM, et al. Prediction of the responses to interferon alpha in chronic hepatitis C according to their definition (biochemical or virological) and time of assessment. J Infect Dis 1996; in press.
171. Pawlotsky JM, Tsakiris L, Roudot-Thoraval F, Pellet C, Stuyver L, Duval J, et al. Relationship between hepatitis C virus genotypes and sources of infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Infect Dis 1995;171:1607-10.
172. Silini E, Bono F, Cividmi A, Cerino A, Maccabruni A, Tinelli C, et al. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection among intravenous drug users. J Hepatol 1995;22:691-5.
173. Féray C, Gigou M, Samuel D, Paradis V, Mishiro S, Maertens G, et al. Influence of the genotypes of hepatitis C virus on the severity of recurrent liver disease after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 1995;108:1088-96.
174. Pozzato G, Moretti M, Franzin F, Croce L, Tiribelli C, Masayu M. Severity of liver disease with different hepatitis C viral clones. Lancet 1991;338:509.
175. McOmish F, Chan SW, Dow BC, Gillon J, Frame WD, Crawford FJ, et al. Detection of three types of hepatitis C virus in blood donors: investigation of type-specific differences in serologic reactivity and rate of alanine aminotransferase abnormalities. Transfusion 1993;33:7-13.
176. Pawlotsky JM, Roudot-Thoraval F, Pellet C, Aumont P, Danhuy F, Rémiré J, et al. Influence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes on HCV recombinant immunoblot assay patterns. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:1357-9.
177. Pawlotsky JM, Roudot-Thoraval F, Bastie A, Pellet C, Duval J, Dhumeaux D. Are hepatitis C virus genotypes 1a and 1b so different? Hepatology 1996; in press.
178. Okamoto H, Sugiyama Y, Okada S, Kurai K, Akahane Y, Sugai Y, et al. Typing hepatitis C virus by polymerase chain reaction with type-specific primers: application to clinical surveys and tracing infectious sources. J Gen Virol 1992;73:673-9.
179. Davidson F, Simmonds P, Ferguson JC, Jarvis LM, Dow BC, Follett EAC, et al. Survey of major genotypes and subtypes of hepatitis C virus using RFLP of sequences amplified from the 5′ non-coding region. J Gen Virol 1995;76:1197-204.
180. Qu D, Hantz O, Gouy M, Vitvitski L, Li JS, Berby F, et al. Heterogeneity of hepatitis C virus genotypes in France. J Gen Virol 1994;75:1063-70.
181. Stuyver L, Rossau R, Wyseur A, Duhamel M, Vanderborght B, Van Heuverswyn H, et al. Typing of hepatitis C virus isolates and characterization of new subtypes using a line probe assay. J Gen Virol 1993;74:1093-102.
182. Simmonds P, Rose KA, Graham S, Chan SW, McOmish F, Dow BC, et al. Mapping of serotype-specific, immunodominant epitopes in the NS4 region of hepatitis C virus (HCV): use of type-specific peptides to serologically differentiate infections with HCV types 1, 2 and 3. J Clin Miciobiol 1993;31: 1493-503.
183. Bhattacherjee V, Prescott LE, Pike I, Rodgers B, Bell H, El-Zayadi AR, et al. Use of NS-4 peptides to identify type-specific antibody to hepatitis C virus genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. J Gen Virol 1995;76:1737-48.
184. Dixit V, Quan S, Martin P, Larson D, Brezina M, DiNello R, et al. Evaluation of a novel serotyping system for hepatitis C virus: strong correlation with standard genotyping methodologies. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:2978-83.
185. Martinot M, Marcellin P, Pellet C, Le Breton V, Darthuy F, Rémiré J, et al. Serological assay to determine HCV genotype: comparison with PCR-based HCV genotyping (abstract). Hepatology 1995;22:358A.
186. Pawlotsky JM, Dussaix E, Simmonds P, Prescott L, Pellet C, Laurent-Puig P, et al. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype determination: genotyping versus serotyping (abstract). Hepatology 1995;22:358A.