Neurotoxicity resulting from coexposure to pyridostigmine bromide, deet, and permethrin: Implications of gulf war chemical exposures

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health - Part A

Volumn 48, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 35-56

  Abou Donia, Mohamed B ^a   Wilmarth, Kenneth R ^a,e   Jensen, Karl F ^b   Oehme, Frederick W ^c   Kurt, Thomas L ^d  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^c KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^e ENVIRON INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHOLINESTERASE; DIETHYLTOLUAMIDE; ESTERASE; PERMETHRIN; PYRIDOSTIGMINE;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CHEMICAL INTERACTION; CHEMICAL WARFARE; CHICKEN; CONTROLLED STUDY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HYDROLYSIS; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; ANIMALS; BRAIN; CHEMICAL WARFARE; CHICKENS; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS; CHOLINESTERASES; DEET; DRUG SYNERGISM; FEMALE; HUMANS; INJECTIONS, SUBCUTANEOUS; INSECT REPELLENTS; INSECTICIDES; NERVOUS SYSTEM; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PERMETHRIN; PYRETHRINS; PYRIDOSTIGMINE BROMIDE; SCIATIC NERVE; SPINAL CORD; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

ANIMALIA; GALLUS GALLUS; INSECTA; ZEA MAYS;

EID: 0029896417     PISSN: 15287394     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/009841096161456     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Abou-Donia, M. B., Makkawy, H. M., and Graham, D. G. 1982. The relative neurotoxicities of 2-hexane, methyl n-butyl ketone, 2,5-hexanediol, and 2,5-hexanedione, following oral or intraperitoneal administration to hens. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 62:369-389.
2. Abou-Donia, M. B. 1994. Organophosphorus pesticides. In Handbook of Neurotoxicology, eds. L. W. Chang and R. S. Dyer, pp. 419-473. New York: Marcel Dekker.
3. Ahmad, S., and Forgash, K. A. J. 1976. Nonoxidative enzymes in the metabolism of insecticides. Drug Metab. Rev. 5:141-164.
4. Aldridge, W. N. 1990. An assessment of the toxicological properties of pyrethroids and their neurotoxicity. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 21:89-104.
5. Ambrose, A. M., Huffman, D. K., and Salamone, R. T. 1959. Pharmacological and toxicologic studies on N,N-diethyltoluamide N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1:99-115.
6. Birtley, R. D., Roberts, J. B., Thomas, B. H., and Wilson, A. 1966. Excretion and metabolism of [14C]-pyridostigmine in the rat. Br. J. Pharmacol. 26:393-402.
7. Blick, D. W., Kerenyi, S. Z., Miller, S., Murphy, M. R., Brown, G. C., and Hartgraves, S. L. 1991. Behavioral toxicity of anticholinesterases in primates: Chronic pyridostigmine and soman interactions. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 38:527-532.
8. 14C-N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in the animal body. II. Distribution and excretion after cutaneous application. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 41:235-243.
9. Breyer-Pfaff, U., Maier, U., Brinkmann, A. M., and Schumm, F. 1985. Pyridostigmine kinetics in healthy subjects and patients with myasthenia gravis. Clin. Pharmacol. Therapy 37:495-501.
10. Breyer-Pfaff, U., Schmezer, A., Maier, U., Brinkmann, A., and Schumm, F. 1990. Neuromuscular function and plasma drug levels in pyridostigmine treatment of myasthenia gravis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 53:502-506.
11. Casida, J. E., Gamman, D. W., Glickman, A. H., and Lawrence, L. J. 1983. Mechanisms of selective action of pyrethroid insecticides. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 23:413-438.
12. de Garbino, J. P., and Laborde, A. 1983. Toxicity of an insect repellent: N,N-diethyltoluamide. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 25:422-423.
13. Edwards, D. L., and Johnson, C. E. 1987. Insect-repellent-induced toxic encephalopathy in a child. Clin. Pharmacol. 6:496-498.
14. Ehrlich, G., Ginzberg, D., Loewenstein, Y., Glick, D., Kerem, B., Ben-Ari, S., Zakut, H., and Soreq, H. 1994. Population diversity and distinct haplotype frequencies associated with AChE and BChE genes of Israeli Jews from trans-caucasian Georgia and from Europe. Genomics 22:288-295.
15. Eiermann, B., Sommer, N., Winne, D., Schumm, F., Maier, U., and Breyer-Pfaff, U. 1993. Renal clearance of pyridostigmine in myasthenic patients and volunteers under the influence of ranitidine and pirenzepine. Xenobiotica 23:1263-1275.
16. Ellman, G. L., Courtney, K. D., Andres, V., and Featherstone, R. M. 1961. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 7:88-95.
17. Gaughau, L. C., Robinson, R. A., and Casida, J. E. 1978. Distribution and metabolic fate of trans- and cis-permethrin in lactating jersey cows. J. Agric. Food Chem. 26:613-618.
18. Gryboski, J., Weinstein, D., and Ordway, N. K. 1961. Toxic encephalopathy apparently related to the use of an insect repellent. N. Engl. J. Med. 264:289-291.
19. Heick, H. M. C., Shipman, R. T., Norman, M. E., and James, W. 1980. Reye-like syndrome associated with the use of insect repellent in a presumed heterozygote for ornithine carbamoyl transferase deficiency. J. Pediatr. 97:471-473.
20. Hussain, A. S., and Ritschel, W. A. 1988. Influence of dimethylacitamide, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide and 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one on ex vivo permeation of phosphonoformic and through rat skin. Meth. Find. Expert. Clin. Pharmacol. 10:691-694.
21. Institute of Medicine. 1995. Health consequences of service during the Persian Gulf War: Initial findings and recommendations for immediate action. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
22. Jonckheere, A. R. 1954. A distribution-free k-sample test against ordered alternations. Biometrik 41:133-145.
23. Kalow, W., and Davis, R. O. 1958. The activity of various esterase inhibitors towards atypical human serum cholinesterase. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1:183-192.
24. Keeler, J. R., Hurst, C. G., and Dunn, M. A. 1991. Pyridostigmine used as a nerve agent pretreatment under wartime conditions. JAMA 266:693-695.
25. Koplovitz, I., Harris, L. W., Anderson, D. R., Lennox, W. J., and Stewart, J. R. 1992. Reduction by pyridostigmine pretreatment of the efficacy of atropine and 2-PAM treatment of sarin and UX poisoning in rodents. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 18:102-106.
26. 14C-labeled pyridostigmine in myasthenia gravis: Evidence for multiple metabolites. Neurology 20:634-641.
27. 14C metabolism in myasthenia gravis. Neurology 21:550-552.
28. Lehmann, H., and Liddell, J. 1964. Genetical variants of human serum pseudocholinesterase. Prog. Med. Gen. 3:75-105.
29. Lockridge, O. 1990. Genetic variants of serum cholinesterase influence metabolism of the muscle relaxant succinylcholine. Pharmacol. Ther. 47:35-60.
30. Loewenstein-Lichtenstein, Y., Schwarz, M., Glick, D., Nørgaard-Pedersen, B., Zakut, H., and Soreq, H. 1995. Genetic predisposition to adverse consequences of anti-cholinesterases n "atypical" BChE carriers. Nat. Med. 10:1082-1085.
31. McCain, W. C. 1995. Acute oral toxicity study of pyridostigmine bromide, permethrin, and DEET in the laboratory rat. Toxicological study 75-48-2665, Fredrick, MD: U.S. Army Medical Research and Material Command, Fort Detrick.
32. McConnell, R., Fidler, A. T., and Chrislip, D. 1986. Health hazard evaluation determination report no. 83-085. Washington, DC: NIOSH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
33. McGuire, M. C., Nogueira, C. P., Bartels, C. F., Lightstone, H., Hajra, A., Van der Spek, A. F., Lockridge, O., and La Du, B. N. 1989. Identification of the structural mutation responsible for the dibucaine-resistant (atypical) variant form of human serum cholinesterase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86:953-957.
34. McMahon, R. E., and Sullivan, H. R. 1965. The metabolism of the herbicide diphenamid in rats. Biochem. Pharmacol. 14:1085-1092.
35. Moody, R. P., Riedel, D., Ritter, L., and Franklin, C. A. 1987. The effect of DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) on dermal persistence and absorption of the insecticide fenitrothion in rats and monkeys. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 22:471-479.
36. Narahashi, T. 1985. Nerve membrane ionic channels as the primary target of pyrethriod. Neurotoxicology 6:3-22.
37. Neville, L. F., Gnatt, A., Loewenstein, Y., Seidman, S., Ehrlich, G., and Soreq, H. 1992. Intramoleclar relationships in cholinesterases revealed by oocyte expression of site-directed and natural variants of human BChE. EMBO J. 11:1641-1649.
38. Pelligrini, G., and Santi, R. 1972. Potentiation of toxicity of organophosphorus compounds containing carboxylic acid functions towards warm-blooded animals by some organophosphorus impurities. J. Agric. Food Chem. 20:944-950.
39. Pressley, T. A., and Longbotton, J. E. 1982. The determination of organonitrogen pesticides in industrial and municipal wastewater. Method 633, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH.
40. Randles, R. H., and Wolfe, D. A. 1979. Introduction to the theory of nonparametric statistics. New York: Wiley.
41. Robbins, P. J., and Cherniack, M. G. 1986. Review of the biodistribution and toxicity of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 18:503-525.
42. Roland, E. H., Jan, J. E., and Rigg, J. M. 1985. Toxic encephalopathy in a child after brief exposure to insect repellents. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 132:155-156.
43. Rose, G. P., and Dewar, A. J. 1983. Intoxication with four synthetic pyrethroids fails to show any correlation between neuromuscular dysfunction and neurochemical abnormalities in rats. Arch. Toxicol. 53:297-316.
44. Schoening, G. P., Hartngel, Jr., R. E., Schardein, J. L., and Vorhees, C. V. 1993. Neurotoxicity evaluation of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) in rats. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 21:355-365.
45. Selim, S., Hartnagel, Jr., R. E., Osimitz, T. G., Gabriel, K. L., and Schoenig, G. P. 1995. Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of N,N-diethyl-m-tobiamide following dermal application to human volunteers. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 25:95-100.
46. Shiloff, J. D., and Clement, J. D. 1986. Effects of subchronic pyridostigmine pretreatment on the toxicity of soman. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 64:1047-1049.
47. Smith, P. K., Krahn, R. I., Hermanson, G. T., Mallia, A. K., Gartner, L. H., Provenzano, M. D., Fujimoto, E. K., Goeke, N. M., Olson, B. J., and Dlenk, D. D. 1985. Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid. Anal. Biochem. 150:76-85.
48. Snodgrass, H. L., Nelson, D. C., and Weeks, M. H. 1982. Dermal penetration and potential for placental transfer of the insect repellent, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 43:747-753.
49. Spencer, T. S., Hill, J. A., Feldmann, R. J., and Maibach, H. I. 1979. Evaporation of diethyltoluamide from human skin in vivo and in vitro. J. Invest. Dermatol. 72:317-319.
50. Teichman, S. L., Ferrick, A., Kim, S. G., Matos, J. A., Waspe, L. E., and Fisher, J. D. 1987. Disopyramide-pyridostigmine interaction: Selective reversal of anticholinergic symptoms with preservation of antiarrhythmic effect. JACC 10:633-641.
51. Verschoyle, R. D., Brown, A. W., Nolan, C., Ray, D. E., and Lister, T. 1990. A comparison of the acute toxicity, neuropathology, and electrophysiology of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide and N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide in rats. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 18:79-88.
52. Viby-Mogensen, J. 1981. Succinylcholine neuromuscular blockade in subjects heterozygous for abnormal plasma cholinesterase. Anesthesiology 55:429-434.
53. Whittaker, M. 1964. The psuedocholinesterase variants: Esterase levels and increased resistance to fluoride. Acta Genet. Basel. 14:281-285.
54. Williams, F. M. 1987. Clinical significance of esterase in man. Clin. Pharmacokinetic. 10:392-403.
55. Windheuser, J. J., Haslan, J. L., Caldwell, L., and Shaffer, R. D. 1982. The use of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide to enhance dermal and transdermal delivery of drugs. J. Pharm. Sci. 71:1211-1213.
56. Wu, A., Pearson, M. L., Shekoski, D. L., Soto, R. J., and Stewart, R. D. 1979. High resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometric characterization of urinary metabolites of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) in man. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. Commun. 2:558-562.
57. Yeung, J. M., and Taylor, W. G. 1988. Metabolism of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) by liver microsomes from male and female rats. J. Metab. Dispos. 16:600-604.
58. Zadikoff, C. M. 1979. Toxic encephalopathy associated with use of insect repellent. J. Pediatr. 95:140-142.