Tetrapolar fungal mating types: Sexes by the thousands

FEMS Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 65-87

  Kothe, Erika ^a  

^a PHILIPPS UNIVERSITY MARBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

fungal mating type; homeodomain transcription factor; pheromone receptor system; tetrapolar incompatibility

Indexed keywords

GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; HOMEODOMAIN PROTEIN; PHEROMONE; RECEPTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

BASIDIOMYCETES; FUNGUS; GENE LOCUS; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; MATING; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; REVIEW; SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0029895709     PISSN: 01686445     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0168-6445(96)00003-4     Document Type: Review

References (210)

1. Raper, J.R. (1966) Genetics of sexuality in higher fungi. Ronald Press, New York.
2. Kuhn, J. and Parag, Y. (1972) Protein subunit aggregation model for self-incompatibility in higher fungi. J. Theor. Biol. 35, 77-91.
3. Metzenberg, R.L. (1990) The role of similarity and difference in fungal mating. Genetics 125, 457-462.
4. Raper, J.R. and Miles, P.G. (1958) The genetics of Schizophyllum commune. Genetics 43, 530-546.
5. Ullrich, R.C. (1978) On the regulation of gene expression: incompatibility in Schizophyllum. Genetics 88, 709-722.
6. Ahmad, M. (1953) The mating system of Saccharomyces. Annals Bot. 17, 329-342.
7. Hicks, J., Strathern, J.N. and Klar, A.J.S. (1979) Transposable mating type genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nature 282, 478-483.
8. Banno, I. (1967) Studies on the sexuality of Rhodotorula. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 13, 167-196.
9. Elliott, C.G. (1994) Reproduction in fungi. Genetical and physiological aspects. Chapman and Hall, London.
10. Esser, K. (1971) Breeding systems in fungi and their significance for genetic recombination. Microbial Gen. Genet. 110, 86-100.
11. Ko, W.H., Lee, C.J. and Su, H.J. (1986) Chemical regulation of mating type in Phytophtora parasitica. Mycologia 78, 134-136.
12. Kües, U. and Casselton, L.A. (1992) Fungal mating type genes - regulators of sexual development. Mycol. Res. 96, 993-1006.
13. Raper, C.A. (1983) Controls for development and differentiation in the dikaryon of basidiomycetes. In: Secondary Metabolism and Differentiation in Fungi (Bennett, J. and Ciegler, A., Eds.), pp. 195-238. Marcel Dekker, New York.
14. Raper, C.A. (1988) Schizophyllum commune, a model for genetic studies of the basidiomycetes. In: Genetics of Plant Pathogenic Fungi (Sidhu, G.S., Ed.), pp. 511-522. Academic Press, London.
15. Ullrich, R.C., Specht, C.A., Stankis, M.M., Yang, H., Giasson, L. and Novotny, C.P. (1991) Molecular biology of mating-type determination in Schizophyllum commune. In: Genetic Engineering: Principles and Methods (Setlow, J.K., Ed.), Vol. 14, pp. 279-306. Plenum Press, New York.
16. Burgeff, H. (1924) Untersuchungen über Sexualität und Parasitismus bei Mucorineen. Bot. Abhandlungen 4, 1-135.
17. Bu'Lock, J.D., Jones, B.E. and Winskill, N. (1976) The apocarotenoid system of sex hormones and prohormones in Mucorales. Pure Appl. Chem. 47, 191-202.
18. Sutter, R.P., Harrison, T.L. and Galasko, G. (1974) Trisporic acid biosynthesis in Blakeslea trispora via mating type-specific precursors. J. Biol. Chem. 249, 2282-2284.
19. Kellner, M., Burmester, A., Wöstemeyer, A. and Wöstemeyer, J. (1993) Transfer of genetic information from the mycoparasite Parasitella parasitica to its host Absidia glauca. Curr. Genet. 23, 334-337.
20. Hayles, J. and Nurse, P. (1992) Genetics of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Annu. Rev. Genet. 26, 373-402.
21. Perkins, D.D. (1987) Mating-type switching in filamentous ascomycetes. Genetics 115, 384-392.
22. Strathern, J. N., Spatola, E., McGill, C. and Hicks, J. B. (1980) Structure and organisation of transposable mating type cassettes in Saccharomyces yeasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 2839-2843.
23. Nasmyth, K.A. and Thatchell, K. (1980) The structure of the transposable yeast mating type loci. Cell 19, 753-764.
24. Rine, J., Jensen, R., Hagen, D., Blair, L. and Herskowitz, I. (1981) Pattern of switching and fate of the replaced cassette in yeast mating type interconversion. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. 45, 951-960.
25. Bender, A. and Sprague, G.F. (1987) MATal protein, a yeast transcription activator, binds synergistically with a second protein to a set of cell type-specific genes. Cell 50, 681-691.
26. Goutte, C. and Johnson, A.D. (1988) al protein alters the DNA binding specificity of α2 repressor. Cell 52, 875-882.
27. Froeliger, E.H. and Leong, S.A. (1991) The a mating-type alleles of Ustilago maydis are ideomorphs. Gene 100, 113-122.
28. Glass, N.L., Vollmer, S.J., Staben, C., Grotelueschen, J., Metzenberg, R.L. and Yanofsky, C. (1988) DNAs of the two mating type alleles of Neurospora crassa are highly dissimilar. Science 241, 570-573.
29. Glass, N.L. and Staben, C. (1990) Genetic control of mating in Neurospora crassa. Seminars in Dev. Biol. 1, 177-184.
30. Metzenberg, R.L. and Glass, N.L. (1990) Mating type and mating strategies in Neurospora. BioEssays 12, 53-59.
31. Esser, K. (1959) Die Inkompatibilitätsbeziehungen zwischen geographischen Rassen von Podospora anserina. V. Die Wirkungsweise der semi-Incompatibilitätsgene. Zeitschrift für Vererbungslehre 90, 29-52.
32. Glass, N.L. and Lorimer, I.A.J. (1991) Ascomycete mating type genes. In: More Gene Manipulation in Fungi (Bennett, J.W. and Lasure, L.L., Eds.), pp. 194-216. Academic Press, San Diego.
33. Glass, N.L., Metzenberg, R.L. and Raju, N.B. (1990) Homothallic Sordariaceae from nature: the absence of strains containing only the a mating type sequence. Exp. Mycol. 14, 274-289.
34. Picard, M., Debuchy, R. and Coppin, E. (1991) Cloning the mating types of the heterothallic fungus Podospora anserina: developmental features of haploid transformants carrying both mating types. Genetics 128, 539-547.
35. Kniep, H. (1920) Über morphologische und physiologische Geschlechtsdifferenzierung (Untersuchungen an Basidiomyzeten). Verhandlungen der Physikalisch-Medizinischen Gesellschaft in Würzburg 46, 1-18.
36. Kniep, H. (1922) Über Geschlechtsbestimmung und Reduktionsteilung. Verhandlungen der Physikalisch-Medizinischen Gesellschaft in Würzburg 47, 1-28.
37. Banuett, F. and Herskowitz, I. (1994). Morphological transitions in the life cycle of Ustilago maydis and their genetic control by the a and b loci. Exp. Mycol. 18, 247-266.
38. Banuett, F. (1991) Genes required for filamentous growth and tumor induction by the corn smut fungus Ustilago maydis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 3922-3926.
39. Banuett, F. (1992) Ustilago maydis, the delightful blight. Trends Genet. 8, 174-180.
40. Holliday, R. (1961) The genetics of Ustilago maydis. Genet. Res. 2, 204-230.
41. Rowell, J.B. (1955) Functional role of compatibility factors and an in vitro test for sexual compatibility with haploid lines of Ustilago zeae. Phytopathol. 45, 370-374.
42. Rowell, J.B. and DeVay, J.E. (1954) Genetics of Ustilago zeae in relation to basic problems of its pathogenicity. Phytopathol. 44, 356-362.
43. Banuett, F. and Herskowitz, I. (1989) Different a alleles of Ustilago maydis are necessary for maintenance of filamentous growth but not for meiosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 5878-5882.
44. Bölker, M. and Kahmann, R. (1993) Sexual pheromones and mating response in fungi. Plant Cell 5, 1461-1469.
45. Bölker, M., Urban, M. and Kahmann, R. (1992) The a mating type locus of U. maydis specifies cell signaling components. Cell 68, 441-450.
46. Spelling, T., Bölker, M., Lottspeich, F., Frank, R.W. and Kahmann, R. (1994) Pheromones trigger filamentous growth in Ustilago maydis. EMBO J. 7, 1620-1627.
47. Herskowitz, I. (1989) A regulatory hierarchy for cell specialization in yeast. Nature, 342, 749-757.
48. Day, P.R., Anagnostakis, S.L. and Puhalla, J.E. (1971) Pathogenicity resulting from mutation at the b locus of Ustilago maydis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 68, 533-535.
49. Puhalla, J.E. (1970) Genetic studies on the b incompatibility locus of Ustilago maydis. Genet. Res. 16, 229-232.
50. Gillissen, B., Bergemann, J., Sandmann, C., Schroeer, B., Bölker, M. and Kahmann, R. (1992) A two-component regulatory system for self/non-self recognition in Ustilago maydis. Cell 68, 647-657.
51. Kronstad, J.W. and Leong, S.A. (1989) Isolation of two alleles of the b locus of Ustilago maydis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 978-982.
52. Kronstad, J.W. and Leong, S.A. (1990) The b mating type locus of Ustilago maydis contains variable and constant regions. Genes Dev. 4, 1384-1395.
53. Schulz, B., Banuett, F., Dahl, M., Schlesinger, R., Schäfer, W., Martin, T., Herskowitz, I. and Kahmann, R. (1990) The b alleles of U. maydis, whose combination program pathogenic development, code for polypeptides containing a homeodomain-related motif. Cell 60, 295-306.
54. Yee, A.R. and Kronstad, J.W. (1993) Construction of chimeric alleles with altered specificity at the b incompatibility locus of Ustilago maydis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 664-668.
55. Spelling, T., Regenfelder, E., Reichmann, M., Schauwecker, F., Bohlmann, R., Urban, M., Bölker, M., Kämper, J. and Kahmann, R. (1994) Control of mating and development in Ustilago maydis. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 65, 191-197.
56. Kämper, J., Reichmann, M., Romeis, T., Bölker, M. and Kahmann, R. (1995) Multiallelic recognition: nonself-dependent dimerization of the bE and bW homeodomain proteins of Ustilago maydis. Cell 81, 73-83.
57. Bakkeren, G. and Kronstad, J.W. (1993) Conservation of the b mating type gene complex among bipolar and tetrapolar fungi. Plant Cell 5, 123-136.
58. Elliott, T.J. (1978) Comparative sexuality in Agaricus species, J. Gen. Microbiol. 107, 113-122.
59. Kemp, R.F.O. (1980) Production of oidia by dikaryons of Flammulina velutipes. Transact. Br. Mycol. Soc. 74, 355-360.
60. Niederpruem, D.J. (1980) Direct studies of dikaryotization in Schizophyllum commune. I. Live intercellular nuclear migration patterns. Arch. Microbiol. 128, 162-171.
61. Snider, P.J. and Raper, J.R. (1958) Nuclear migration in the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune. Am. J. Bot. 45, 538-546.
62. Ross, I.K. (1976) Nuclear migration rates in Coprinus congregatus: a new record? Mycologia 68, 418-422.
63. Swiezynski, K.M. and Day, P.R. (1960) Migration of nuclei in Coprinus lagopus. Genet. Res. 1, 129-139.
64. Miles P.G. and Raper, J.R. (1956) Recovery of component strains from dikaryotic mycelia. Mycologia 48, 484-494.
65. Giasson, L., Specht, C.A., Milgrim, C., Novotny, C.P and Ullrich, R.C. (1989) Cloning and comparison of Aα mating-type alleles of the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune. Mol. Gen. Genet. 218, 72-77.
66. Parag, Y. and Nachman, B. (1966) Diploidy in the tetrapolar heterothallic basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune. Heredity 21, 151-154.
67. Raper, C.A. and Raper, J.R. (1964) Mutations affecting heterokaryosis in Schizophyllum commune. Am. J. Bot. 51, 503-513.
68. Schuren, F.H.J. and Wessels, J.G.H. (1990) Two genes specifically expressed in fruiting dikaryons of Schizophyllum commune: homologies with a gene not regulated by mating-type genes. Gene 90, 199-20.
69. Koltin, Y. and Flexer, A.S. (1969) Alteration of nuclear distribution in B-mutant strains of Schizophyllum commune. J. Cell Sci. 4, 739-749.
70. Niederpruem, D.J. (1971) Kinetic studies of septum synthesis, erosion and nuclear migration in a growing B-mutant of Schizophyllum commune. Arch. Microbiol. 75, 189-196.
71. Niederpruem, D.J. (1980) Direct studies of dikaryotization in Schizophyllum commune. II. Behaviour and fate of multikaryotic hyphae. Arch. Microbiol. 128, 172-178.
72. Raudaskoski, M. (1973) Light and electron microscopic study of unilateral mating between a secondary mutant and a wild-type strain of Schizophyllum commune. Protoplasma 76, 35-48.
73. Snider, P.J. and Raper, J.R. (1965) Nuclear ratios and complementations in common-A heterokaryons of Schizophyllum commune. Am. J. Bot. 52, 547-552.
74. Hintz, W.E.A., Anderson, J.B. and Horgen, P.A. (1988) Nuclear migration and mitochondrial inheritance in the mushroom Agaricus bitorquis. Genetics 119, 35-41.
75. Kamada, T., Hirai, K. and Fujii, M. (1993) The role of the cytoskeleton in the pairing and positioning of the two nuclei in the apical cell of the dikaryon of the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus. Exp. Mycol. 17, 338-344.
76. Lange, V.I. (1966) Das Bewegungsverhalten der Kerne in fusionierten Zellen von Polystictus versicolor (L.). Flora 158, 487-497.
77. May, G. and Taylor, J.W. (1988) Patterns of mating and mitochondrial DNA inheritance in the agaric basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus. Genetics 118, 213-220.
78. Giesy, R.M. and Day, P.R. (1965) The septal pores of Coprinus lagopus in relation to nuclear migration. Am. J. Bot. 52, 287-293.
79. Jersild, R., Mishkin, S. and Niederpruem, D.J. (1967) Origin and ultrastructure of complex septa in Schizophyllum commune development. Arch. Mikrobiol. 57, 20-32.
80. Marchant, R. and Wessels, J.G.H. (1974) An ultrastructural study of septal dissolution in Schizophyllum commune. Arch. Microbiol. 96, 175-182.
81. Mayfield, J.E. (1974) Septal involvement in nuclear migration in Schizophyllum commune. Arch. Microbiol. 95, 115-124.
82. Oakley, B.R. and Morris, N.R. (1980) Nuclear movement is γ-tubulin-dependent in Aspergillus nidulans. Cell 19, 255-262.
83. Omerod, W., Francis, S. and Margulis, L. (1976) Delay in appearance of clamp connections in Schizophyllum commune by inhibitors of microtubule protein assembly. Microbios 17, 189-205.
84. Raudaskoski, M. (1972) Occurrence of microtubules in the hyphae of Schizophyllum commune during intercellular migration. Arch. Mikrobiol. 86, 91-100.
85. Raudaskoski, M. and Koltin, Y. (1973) Ultrastructural aspects of a mutant of Schizophyllum commune with continuous nuclear migration. J. Bacteriol. 116, 981-988.
86. Raudaskoski, M., Mao, W.Z. and Yli-Mattila, T. (1994) Microtubule cytoskeleton in hyphal growth. Response to nocodazole in a sensitive and a tolerant strain of the homobasidiomycete Schizophyllum commune. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 64, 131-141.
87. Russo, P., Juuti, J.T. and Raudaskoski, M. (1992) Cloning, sequence and expression of a β-tubulin-encoding gene in the homobasidiomycete Schizophyllum commune. Gene 119, 175-182.
88. Salo, V., Niini, S.S., Virtanen, I. and Raudaskoski, M. (1989) Comparative immunocytochemistry of the cytoskeleton in filamentous fungi with dikaryotic and multinucleate hyphae. J. Cell Sci. 94, 11-24.
89. Koltin, Y. (1968) The genetic structure of the incompatibility factors of Schizophyllum commune: comparative studies of primary mutations in the B factor. Mol. Gen. Genet. 102, 196-203.
90. Parag, Y. (1962) Mutations in the B incompatibility factor of Schizophyllum commune. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 48, 743-750.
91. Specht, C.A. (1995) Isolation of the Bα and Bβ mating-type loci of Schizophyllum commune. Curr. Genet. 28, 374-379.
92. Stamberg, J., Koltin, Y. and Tamarkin, A. (1974) Deletion mapping of wild-type and mutant alleles at the B incompatibility factor of Schizophyllum. Mol. Gen. Genet. 157, 183-187.
93. Raper, J.R., Boyd, D.H. and Raper, C.A. (1965) Primary and secondary mutations at the incompatibility loci in Schizophyllum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 53, 1324-1332.
94. Raudaskoski, M., Stamberg, J., Bawnik, N. and Koltin, Y. (1976) Mutational analysis of natural alleles at the B incompatibility factor of Schizophyllum commune: α2 and β6. Genetics 88, 507-516.
95. Casselton, L.A. (1978) Dikaryon formation in higher basidiomycetes. In: The Filamentous Fungi, Developmental Mycology (Smith, J.E. and Berry, D.R., Eds.), Vol. 3, pp. 275-297. Edward Arnold, London.
96. Koltin, Y. and Raper, J.R. (1968) Dikaryosis: genetic determination in Schizophyllum. Science 160, 85-86.
97. Esser, K., Saleh, F. and Meinhardt, F. (1979) Genetics of fruit-body production in higher basidiomycetes. II. Monokaryotic and dikaryotic fruiting in Schizophyllum commune. Curr. Genet. 1, 85-88.
98. Horton, J.S. and Raper, C.A. (1995) The mushroom-inducing gene Frtl of Schizophyllum commune encodes a putative nucleotide-binding protein. Mol. Gen. Genet. 247, 358-366.
99. Ross, I.K., Loftus, M.G. and Foster, L.M. (1991) Homokaryon-dikaryon phenotypic switching in an arginine requiring mutant of Coprinus congregatus. Mycol. Res. 95, 776-781.
100. Springer, J. and Wessels, J.G.H. (1989) A frequently occuring mutation that blocks the expression of fruiting genes in Schizophyllum commune. Mol. Gen. Genet. 219, 486-488.
101. Lu, B.C. (1972) Dark dependence of meiosis at elevated temperatures in the basidiomycete Coprinus lagopus. J. Bacteriol. 111, 833-834.
102. Madelin, M.F. (1956) The influence of light and temperature on fruiting of Coprinus lagopus in pure culture. Annals Bot. 20, 467-480.
103. Morimoto, N. and Oda, Y. (1974) Photoinduced karyogamy in a basidiomycete, Coprinus macrorhizus. Plant Cell Physiol. 15, 183-186.
104. Raudaskoski, M. and Viitanen, H. (1982) Effects of aeration and light on fruit-body induction in Schizophyllum commune. Transact. Br. Mycol. Soc. 78, 89-96.
105. Ruiters, M.H.J., Sietsma, J.H. and Wessels, J.G.H. (1988) Expression of dikaryon-specific mRNAs of Schizophyllum commune in relation to incompatibility genes, light, and fruiting. Exp. Mycol. 12, 60-69.
106. Sietsma, J.H., Rast, D. and Wessels, J.G.H. (1977) The effect of carbon dioxide on fruiting and on the degradation of a cell-wall glucan in Schizophyllum commune. J. Gen. Microbiol. 102, 385-389.
107. Tan, K.K. and Epton, H.A.S. (1974) Further studies on light and sporulation in Botrytis cinerea. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 62, 105-112.
108. Yli-Mattila, T., Ruiters, M.H.J. and Wessels, J.G.H. (1989) Effect of inbreeding and light on monokaryotic and dikaryotic fruiting in the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune. Mycol. Res. 93, 535-542.
109. Yli-Mattila, T., Ruiters, M.H.J. and Wessels, J.G.H. (1989) Photoregulation of dikaryon-specific mRNAs and proteins by UV-A light in Schizophyllum commune. Eur. J. Biochem. 101, 251-260.
110. Radu, M., Steinlauf, R. and Koltin, Y. (1974) Meiosis in Schizophyllum commune: Chromosomal behaviour and the synaptonemal complex. Arch. Microbiol. 98, 301-310.
111. de Vries, O.M.H., Hoge, J.H.C. and Wessels, J.G.H. (1980) Regulation of the pattern of protein synthesis in Schizophyllum commune by the incompatibility genes. Dev. Biol. 74, 22-36.
112. Moore, D., Elhiti, M.M.Y. and Butler, R.D. (1979) Morphogenesis of the carpophore of Coprinus cinereus. New Phytol. 83, 695-722.
113. Mulder, G.H. and Wessels, J.G.H. (1986) Molecular cloning of RNAs differentially expressed in monokaryons and dikaryons of Schizophyllum commune in relation to fruiting. Exp. Mycol. 10, 214-227.
114. Raper, J.R. and Esser, K. (1961) Antigenic difference due to the incompatibility factors in Schizophyllum commune. Zeitschrift für Vererbungslehre 92, 439-444.
115. Raudaskoski, M. and Salonen, M. (1983) Interrelationships between vegetative development and basidiocarp initiation. In: The Ecology and Physiology of the Fungal Mycelium (Jennings, D.H. and Rayner, A.D.M., Eds.), pp. 291-322. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
116. Ruiters, M.H.J. and Wessels, J.G.H. (1989) In situ localization of specific mRNAs in whole fruiting colonies of Schizophyllum commune. J. Gen. Microbiol. 135, 1747-1754.
117. Schuren, F.H.J., Asgeirsdóttir, S.A., Kothe, E.M., Scheer, J.M.J. and Wessels, J.G.H. (1993) The Sc7/Sc14 gene family of Schizophyllum commune codes for extracellular proteins specifically expressed during fruit-body formation. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139, 2083-2090.
118. Schuren, F.H.J., van der Lende, T.R. and Wessels, J.G.H. (1993) Fruiting genes of Schizophyllum commune are transcriptionally regulated. Mycol. Res. 97, 538-542.
119. Wang, C.S. and Raper, J.R. (1970) Isozyme patterns and sexual morphogenesis in Schizophyllum commune. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 66, 882-884.
120. Wessels, J.G.H. (1993). Fruiting in higher fungi. Adv. Microbiol. Physiol. 34, 147-202.
121. Wessels, J.G.H., de Vries, O.M.H., Asgeirsdóttir, S.A. and Schuren, F.H.J. (1991) Hydrophobin genes involved in formation of aerial hyphae and fruit bodies in Schizophyllum. Plant Cell 3, 793-799.
122. Wood, D.A. and Goodenough, P.W. (1977) Fruiting of Agaricus bisporus: changes in extracellular enzyme activities during growth and fruiting. Arch. Microbiol. 114, 161-165.
123. Zantinge, B., Hoge, J.H.C. and Wessels, J.G.H. (1981) Frequency and diversity of RNA sequences in different cell types of the fungus Schizophyllum commune. Eur. J. Biochem. 113, 381-389.
124. Kawai, G., Ikeda, Y. and Tubaki, K. (1985) Fruiting of Schizophyllum commune induced by certain ceramides and cerebrosides from Penicillium fumiculosum. Agric. Biol. Chem. 49, 2137-2146.
125. Leonard, T.J. and Dick, S. (1968) Chemical induction of haploid fruiting bodies in Schizophyllum commune. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 59, 745-751.
126. Rusmin, S. and Leonard, T.J. (1975) Biochemical induction of fruiting bodies in Schizophyllum commune: a bioassay and its application. J. Gen. Microbiol. 90, 217-227.
127. Schwalb, M.N. (1974) Effect of adenosine 3́,5́-cyclic monophosphate on the morphogenesis of fruit bodies of Schizophyllum commune. Arch. Microbiol. 96, 17-20.
128. Uno, I., Yamaguchi, M. and Ishikawa, T. (1974) The effect of light on fruiting body formation and adenosine 3́,5́-cyclic monophosphate metabolism in Coprinus macrorhizus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 479-483.
129. Koltin, Y., Stamberg, J. and Lemke, P.A. (1972) Genetic structure and evolution of the incompatibility factors in higher fungi. Bacteriol. Rev. 36, 156-171.
130. Raper, J.R., Baxter, M.G. and Middleton, R.B. (1958) The genetic structure of the incompatibility factors in Schizophyllum commune. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 44, 889-900.
131. Stamberg, J. and Koltin, Y. (1973) The organization of the incompatibility factors in the higher fungi: the effect of structure and symmetry on breeding. Heredity 30, 15-26.
132. Stamberg, J. and Koltin, Y. (1973) The origin of specific incompatibility alleles: a deletion hypothesis. Am. Naturalist 107, 35-45.
133. Stamberg, J. and Koltin, Y. (1974) Recombinational analysis at an incompatibility locus of Schizophyllum. Mol. Gen. Genet. 135, 45-50.
134. Raper, J.R., Baxter, M.G. and Ellingboe, A.H. (1960) The genetic structure of the incompatibility factors of Schizophyllum commune: the A factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 46, 833-842.
135. Koltin, Y., Raper, J.R. and Simchen, G. (1967) The genetic structure of the incompatibility factors of Schizophyllum commune: the B factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 57, 55-62.
136. Stamberg, J. and Koltin, Y. (1971) Selectively recombining B incompatibility factors of Schizophyllum commune. Mol. Gen. Genet. 113, 157-165.
137. Casselton, L.A., Lewis, D. and Marchant, R. (1971) Septal structure and mating behaviour of common-A diploid strains of Coprinus lagopus. J. Gen. Microbiol. 66, 273-278.
138. Day, P.R. (1960) The structure of the A mating type locus in Coprinus lagopus. Genetics 45, 641-650.
139. Haylock, R.W., Economou, A. and Casselton, L.A. (1980) Dikaryon formation in Coprinus cinereus: selection and identification of B factor mutants. J. Gen. Microbiol. 121, 17-26.
140. Kües, U. and Casselton, L.A. (1993) The origin of multiple mating types in mushrooms. J. Cell Sci. 104, 227-230.
141. Luo, Y.H., Ullrich. R.C. and Novotny, C.P. (1994) Only one of the paired Schizophyllum commune A a mating-type, putative homeobox genes encodes a homeodomain essential for Aα-regulated development. Mol. Gen. Genet. 244, 318-324.
142. Magae, Y., Novotny, C. and Ullrich, R. (1995) Interaction of the Aα Y and Z mating type homeodomain proteins of Schizophyllum commune detected by the two-hybrid system. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 211, 1071-1076.
143. Specht, C.A., Stankis, M.M., Giasson, L., Novotny, C.P. and Ullrich, R.C. (1992) Functional analysis of the homeodomain-related proteins of the Aα locus of Schizophyllum commune. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 7174-7178.
144. Specht, C.A., Stankis, M.M., Novotny, C.P. and Ullrich, R.C. (1994) Mapping the heterogeneous DNA region that determines the 9 Aα mating-type specificities of Schizophyllum commune. Genetics 137, 709-714.
145. Stankis, M.M., Specht, C.A., Yang, H., Giasson, L., Ullrich, R.C. and Novotny, C.P. (1992) The α mating locus of Schizophyllum commune encodes two dissimilar multiallelic homeodomain proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 7169-7173.
146. Kües, U., Asante-Owusu, R.N., Mutasa, E.S., Tymon, A.M., Pardo, E.H., O'Shea, S.F., Göttgens, B. and Casselton, L.A. (1994) 2 classes of homeodomain proteins specify the multiple A mating types of the mushroom Coprinus cinereus. Plant Cell 6, 1467-1475.
147. Kües, U., Richardson, W.V.J., Tymon, A.M., Mutasa, E.S., Göttgens, B., Gaubatz, S., Gregoriades, A. and Casselton, L.A. (1992) The combination of dissimilar alleles of the Aα and Aβ complexes, whose proteins contain homeo domain motifs, determines sexual development in the mushroom Coprinus cinereus. Genes Dev. 6, 568-577.
148. Kües, U., Tymon, A.M., Richardson, W.V.J., May, G. Gieser, P.T. and Casselton, L.A. (1994) A mating-type factors of Coprinus cinereus have variable numbers of specificity genes encoding 2 classes of homeodomain proteins. Mol. Gen. Genet. 245, 45-52.
149. May, G, LeChevanton L. and Pukkila, P.J. (1991) Molecular analysis of the Coprinus cinereus mating type A factor demonstrates an unexpectedly complex structure. Genetics 128, 529-538.
150. Mutasa, E.S., Tymon. A.M., Göttgens, B., Mellon F.M., Little, P.F.R. and Casselton, L.A. (1990) Molecular organization of an A mating type factor of the basidiomycete fungus Coprinus cinereus. Curr. Genet. 18, 223-229.
151. Richardson, W.V.J., Kües, U. and Casselton, L.A. (1993) The A mating-type genes of the mushroom Coprinus cinereus are not differentially transcribed in monokaryons and dikaryons. Mol. Gen. Genet. 238 304-307.
152. Tymon, A.M., Kües, U., Richardson, W.V.J. and Casselton, L.A. (1992) A fungal mating type protein that regulates sexual and asexual development contains a POU-related domain. EMBO J. 11, 1805-1813.
153. Banham, A.H., Asante-Owusu, R.N., Göttgens, B., Thompson, S.A.J., Kingsnorth, C.S., Mellor, E.J.C. and Casselton, L.A. (1995) An N-terminal dimerization domain permits homeodomain proteins to choose compatible partners and initiate sexual development in the mushroom Coprinus cinereus. Plant Cell 7, 773-783.
154. Kües, U. and Casselton, L.A. (1992) Homeodomains and regulation of sexual development in basidiomycetes. Trends Genet. 8, 154-155.
155. Kües, U. and Casselton, L.A. (1992) Molecular and functional analysis of the mating type genes of Coprinus cinereus. In: Genetic Engineering, Principles and Methods (Setlow, J.K., Ed.), Vol. 14, pp. 251-268. Plenum Press, New York.
156. Scott, M.P., Tamkun, J.W. and Hartzell, G.W. (1989) The structure and function of the homeodomain. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 989, 25-48.
157. Kües, U., Göttgens, B., Stratmann, R., Richardson, W.V.J., O'Shea, S.F. and Casselton, L.A. (1994) A chimeric homeodomain protein causes self compatibility and constitutive sexual development in the mushroom Coprinus cinereus. EMBO J. 13, 4054-4059.
158. Shen, G.-P., Park, D.-C. Ullrich, R.C. and Novotny, C.P. (1995) Cloning and characterization of a Schizophyllum gene with Aβ6 mating-type activity. Curr. Genet., in press.
159. Wendland, J., Vaillancourt, L.J., Hegner, J., Lengeier, K.B., Laddison, K.J., Specht, C.A., Raper, C.A. and Kothe, E. (1995) The mating type locus Bα 1 of Schizophyllum commune contains a pheromone receptor and putative pheromone genes. EMBO J. 14, 5271-5278.
160. Burkholder, A.C. and Hartwell, L.H. (1985) The yeast a-factor receptor: structural properties deduced from the sequence of the STE2 gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 13, 8463-8475.
161. Nakayama, N., Miyajima, A. and Arai, K. (1985) Nucleotide sequences of STE2 and STE3, cell type-specific sterile genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J. 4, 2643-2648.
162. Baldwin, J.M. (1994) Structure and function of receptors coupled to G-proteins. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 6, 180-190.
163. Buck, L. and Axel, R. (1991) A novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors: a molecular basis for odor recognition. Cell 65, 175-187.
164. Cartwright, C.P. and Tipper, D.J. (1991) In vivo topological analysis of Ste2, a yeast plasma membrane protein, by using β-lactamase gene fusions. Mol. Cell Biol. 11, 2620-2628.
165. Hargrave, P.A. and McDowell, J.H. (1992) Rhodopsin and phototransduction: a model system for G protein-linked receptors. FASEB J. 6, 2323-2331.
166. Henderson, R. and Schertler, G.F. (1990) The structure of bacteriorhodopsin and its relevance to the visual opsins and other seven-helix G-protein coupled receptors. Philosoph. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Br. Biol. Sci. 326, 379-389.
167. Cronet, P., Sander, C. and Vriend, G. (1993) Modeling of transmembrane seven helix bundles. Protein Eng. 6, 59-64.
168. Dohlman, H.G., Thorner, J., Caron, M.G. and Lefkowitz, R.J. (1991) Model systems for the study of seven-transmembrane-segment receptors. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 60, 653-688.
169. Jeansonne, N.E. (1994) Yeast as a model system for mammalian seven-transmembrane segment receptors. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 206, 35-44.
170. Zhou, W., Flanagan, C., Ballesteros, J.A., Konvicka, K., Davidson, J.S., Weinstein, H., Millar, R.P. and Sealfon, S.C. (1994) A reciprocal mutation supports helix 2 and helix 7 proximity in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor. Mol. Pharmacol. 45, 165-170.
171. Du, P. and Alkorta, I. (1994) Sequence divergence analysis for the prediction of seven-helix membrane protein structures: I. Comparison with bacteriorhodopsin. Protein Eng. 7, 1221-1229.
172. Hansen, O.K., Pompejus, M. and Fritz, H.-J. (1994) Two-chain bateriorhodopsin synthesized by Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 375, 715-719.
173. Sasaki, J., Brown, L.S., Chon, Y.-S., Kandori, H., Maeda, A., Needleman, R. and Lanyi, J.K. (1995) Conversion of bacteriorhodopsin into a chloride ion pump. Science 269, 73-75.
174. Teufel, M., Pompejus, M., Humbel, B., Friedrich, K. and Fritz, H.-J. (1993) Properties of bacteriorhodopsin derivatives constructed by insertion of an exogenous epitope into extra-membrane loops. EMBO J. 12, 3399-3408.
175. Boone, C., Davis, N.G. and Sprague, G.F. Jr. (1993) Mutations that alter the third cytoplasmic loop of the a-factor receptor lead to a constitutive and hypersensitive phenotype. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 9921-9925.
176. Clark, C.D., Palzkill, T. and Botstein, D. (1994) Systematic mutagenesis of the yeast mating pheromone receptor third intracellular loop. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 8831-8841.
177. MacKenzie, R.G., Steffey, M.E., Manelli, A.M., Pollock, N.J. and Frail, D.E. (1993) A D1/D2 chimeric dopamine receptor mediates a D1 response to a D2-selective agonist. FEBS Lett. 323, 59-62.
178. Marullo, S., Emorine, L.J., Strosberg, A.D. and Delavier-Klutchko, C. (1990) Selective binding of ligands to β1, β2 or chimeric β1/β2-adrenergic receptors involves multiple subsites. EMBO J. 9. 1471-1476.
179. Munch, G., Dees, C., Hekman, M. and Palm, D. (1991) Multisite contacts involved in coupling of the β-adrenergic receptor with the stimulatory guanine-nucleotide-binding regulatory protein. Structural and functional studies by β-receptor-site-specific synthetic peptides. Eur. J. Biochem. 198, 357-364.
180. Reddy, A.P., Tallon, M.A., Becker, J.M. and Naider, F. (1994) Biophysical studies on fragments of the a-factor receptor protein. Biopolymers 34, 679-689.
181. Stefan, C.J. and Blumer, K.J. (1994) The third cytoplasmatic loop of a yeast G-protein-coupled receptor controls pathway activation, ligand discrimination, and receptor internalization. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 3339-3349.
182. Benya, R.V., Fathi, Z., Battey, J.F. and Jensen, R.T. (1993) Serines and threonines in the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor carboxyl terminus mediate internalization. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 20285-20290.
183. Inglese, J., Koch, W.J., Caron, M.G. and Lefkowitz, R.J. (1992) Isoprenylation in regulation of signal transduction by G-protein-coupled receptor kinases. Nature 359, 147-150.
184. Lefkowitz, R.J. (1993) G-protein-coupled receptor kinases. Cell 74, 409-412.
185. Marcus, S., Caldwell, G.A., Miller, D., Xue, C.B., Naider, F. and Becker, J.M. (1991) Significance of C-terminal cysteine modifications to the biological activity of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae a-factor mating pheromone. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11, 3603-3612.
186. Rohrer, J., Benedetti, H., Zanolari, B. and Riezman, H. (1993) Identification of a novel sequence mediating regulated endocytosis of the G protein-coupled a-pheromone receptor in yeast. Mol. Biol. Cell 4, 511-521.
187. Ross, E.M. (1995) Palmitoylation in G-protein signaling pathways. Curr. Biol. 5, 107-109.
188. Schandel, K.A. and Jenness, D.D. (1994) Direct evidence for ligand-induced internalization of the yeast a-factor pheromone receptor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 7245-7255.
189. Tan, P.K., Davis, N.G., Sprague, G.F. and Payne, G.S. (1993) Clathrin facilitates the internalization of seven transmembrane segment receptors for mating pheromones in yeast. J. Cell Biol. 123, 1707-1716.
190. Clarke, S. (1992) Protein isoprenylation and methylation at carboxyl-terminal cysteine residues. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 61, 355-386.
191. Coughlin, S.R. (1994) Expanding horizons for receptors coupled to G proteins: diversity and disease. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 6, 191-197.
192. Akada, R., Kai, J., Yamashita, I., Miyakawa, T. and Fukui, S (1989) Genomic organization of multiple genes coding for rhodotorucine A, a lipopeptide mating pheromone of the basidiomycetous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides. Arch. Microbiol. 152, 484-487.
193. Anderegg, R.J., Betz, R., Carr, S.A., Crabb, J.W. and Duntze, W. (1988) Structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating hormone a-factor. J. Biol. Chem. 363, 18236-18240.
194. Duntze, W., Betz, R. and Popping, B. (1993) Lipopeptide pheromones of yeast and basidiomycetes involved in mating. In: Signal Transduction: Prokaryotic and Simple Eukaryotic Systems (Kurjan, J. and Taylor, B.L., Eds.), pp. 239-254. Academic Press, San Diego.
195. Ishibashi, Y., Sakagami, Y., Isogai, A. and Suzuki, A. (1984) Structure of tremerogens A-9291-I and A-9291-VIII: peptide sex hormones of Tremella brasiliensis. Biochemistry 23, 1399-1404.
196. Moore, T.D.E. and Edman, J.C. (1993) The α-mating type locus of Cryptococcus neoformans contains a peptide pheromone gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 1962-1970.
197. Sakagami, Y., Yoshida, M., Isogai, A. and Suzuki, A. (1981) Peptidyl sex hormones inducing conjugation tube formation in compatible mating type cells of Tremella mesenterica. Science 212, 1525-1527.
198. Fields, S. (1990) Pheromone response in yeast. Trends Biochem. Sci. 15, 270-273.
199. Herskowitz, I. (1995) MAP kinase pathways in yeast for mating and more. Cell 80, 187-197.
200. Kurjan, J. (1992) Pheromone response in yeast. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 61, 1097-1129.
201. Reed, S.I. (1991) Pheromone signaling pathways in yeast. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 1, 391-396.
202. Whiteway, M. and Errede, B. (1993) Signal transduction pathway for pheromone response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In: Signal Transduction: Prokaryotic and Simple Eukaryotic Systems (Kurjan, J. and Taylor, B.L., Eds.), pp. 189-237. Academic Press, San Diego.
203. Urban, M., Kahmann, R. and Bölker, M. (1996) The biallelic a mating type locus of Ustilago maydis: remnants of an additional pheromone gene indicate evolution from a multiallelic ancestor. Mol. Gen. Genet., in press.
204. Cole, G.M., Stone, D.E. and Reed, S.I. (1990) Stoichiometry of G protein subunits affects the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating pheromone signal transduction pathway. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10, 510-517.
205. Whiteway, M., Hougan, L. and Thomas, D.Y. (1990) Over-expression of the STE4 gene leads to mating response in haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell Biol. 10, 217-222.
206. Bender, A. and Sprague, G.F. (1986) Yeast peptide pheromones, a-factor and a-factor, activate a common response mechanism in their target cells. Cell 47, 929-937.
207. Neiman, A.M., Stevenson, B.J., Xu, H.P., Sprague, G.F., Herskowitz, I., Wigler, M. and Marcus, S. (1993) Functional homology of protein kinases required for sexual differentiation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae suggests a conserved signal transduction module in eukaryotic organisms. Mol. Biol. Cell 4, 107-120.
208. Banuett, F. and Herskowitz, I. (1994) Identification of fuz7, a Ustilago maydis MEK/MapKK homolog required for a-locus-dependent and a-locus-independent steps in the fungal life cycle. Genes Dev. 8, 1367-1378.
209. Sugimoto, A., Lino, Y., Maeda, T., Watanabe, Y. and Yamamoto, M. (1991) Schizosaccharomyces pombe ste11+ encodes a transcription factor with an HMG motif that is a critical regulator of sexual development. Genes Dev. 5, 1990-1999.
210. Kahmann, R., Romeis, T., Bölker, M. and Kämper, J. (1995) Control of mating and development in Ustilago maydis. Curr. Opinions Genet. Dev. 5, 559-564.