The Nature and Function of Putative Gonadotropin Surge-Attenuating/Inhibiting Factor (GnSAF/IF)

Endocrine Reviews

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 103-120

  Fowler, Paul A ^a   Templeton, Allan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACTIVIN; FOLLISTATIN; GONADOTROPIN; GONADOTROPIN SURGE ATTENUATING FACTOR; INHIBIN; LUTEINIZING HORMONE;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMAL CELL; DRUG MECHANISM; GONADOTROPIN SECRETING CELL; HORMONAL REGULATION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; NONHUMAN; OVARY CYCLE; OVARY FOLLICLE DEVELOPMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ISOLATION; PROTEIN PURIFICATION; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; FEMALE; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; GONADAL HORMONES; GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; GRANULOSA CELLS; HUMANS; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; MALE; OVARIAN FOLLICLE; PROTEINS; SERTOLI CELLS;

EID: 0029892358     PISSN: 0163769X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/edrv-17-2-103     Document Type: Article

References (240)

1. de Jong FH, Welschen R, Hermans WP, Smith SD, van der Molen HJ 1979 Effects of factors from ovarian follicular fluid and Sertoli cell culture medium on in-vivo and in-vitro release of pituitary gonadotrophins in the rat: an evaluation of systems for the assay of inhibin. J Reprod Fertil [Suppl] 26:47-59
2. Templeton A, Fowler PA, Messinis IE 1992 Non-steroidal control of gonadotrophin secretion: the role of gonadotrophin surge-attenuating factor (GnSAF). In: Genazzani AR, Petraglia F (eds) Hormones in Gynecological Endocrinology. The Parthenon Publishing Group, Carnforth, U.K., pp 125-133
3. Danforth DR, Hodgen GD 1988 The regulation of pituitary gonadotropin secretion by gonadotropin surge-inhibiting factor (GnSIF), inhibin. In: Hodgen GD, Rosenwater Z, Spreller JM (eds) Non-steroidal Gonadal Factors - Physiological Roles, Possibilities in Contraceptive Development. Jones Institute Press, Norfolk, VA, pp 221-232
4. Whitehead SA 1990 A gonadotrophin surge attenuating factor? J Endocrinol 126:1-4
5. Balen AH, Jacobs HS 1991 Gonadotrophin surge attenuating factor: a missing link in the control of LH secretion. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 35:399-402
6. Messinis IE, Templeton AA 1991 Evidence that gonadotrophin surge-attenuating factor exists in man. J Reprod Fertil 92:217-223
7. Shoham Z, Schachter M, Loumaye E, Weissman A, MacNamee M, Insler V 1995 The luteinizing hormone surge - the final stage in ovulation induction: modern aspects of ovulation triggering. Fertil Steril 64:237-251
8. Leyendecker G, Waibel-Treber S, Wildt L 1990 The central control of follicular maturation, ovulation in the human. In: Milligan SR (ed) Oxford Reviews of Reproductive Biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K., vol 12:93-146
9. Hillier SG 1985 Sex steroid metabolism, follicular development in the ovary. In: Clarke RJ (ed) Oxford Reviews of Reproductive Biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K., vol 7:168-222
10. Karsch FJ, Dierschke DJ, Weick RF, Yamaji T, Hotchkiss J, Knobil E 1973 Positive and negative feedback control by estrogen of luteinizing hormone secretion in the rhesus monkey. Endocrinology 92:799-804
11. Nett TM, Flores JA, Carnevali F, Kile JP 1990 Evidence for direct negative effect of estradiol at the level of the pituitary gland in sheep. Biol Reprod 43:554-558
12. Lasley BL, Wang CF, Yen SSC 1992 The effects of estrogen and progesterone on the functional capacity of the gonadotrophs. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 41:820-826
13. Yen SSC, Lein A 1976 The apparent paradox of the negative and positive feedback control system on gonadotropin secretion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 126:942-953
14. Wang CF, Lasley BL, Lein A, Yen SCC 1976 The functional changes of the pituitary gonadotrophs during the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 42:718-728
15. Docke F, Rohde W, Sturzebecher B, Ledwon P, Dorner G 1990 Evidence that desensitization of the negative feedback of oestrogen and priming for the positive feedback of oestrogen depend upon a common mechanism of oestrogen action in rats. J Endocrinol 126:395-402
16. Kasa-Vubu JZ, Dahl GE, Evans NP, Thrun LA, Moenter SM, Padmanabhan V, Karsch FJ 1992 Progesterone blocks the estradiol-induced gonadotropin discharge in the ewe by inhibiting the surge of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Endocrinology 131:208-212
17. Terasawa E, Krook C, Eman S, Watanabe G, Bridson WE, Sholl SA, Hei DL 1987 Pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) release during the progesterone-induced LH surge in the female rhesus monkey. Endocrinology 120:2265-2271
18. Plant TM 1986 Gonadal regulation of hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone release in primates. Endocr Rev 7:75-88
19. Keye Jr WR, Jaffe RB 1975 Strength-duration characteristics of estrogen effects on gonadotropin response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in women. I. Effects of varying duration of estradiol administration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 41:1003-1008
20. Kesner JS 1988 Site of action for estradiol-induced luteinizing hormone surge in farm animals and primates. Domest Anim Endocrinol 5:265-281
21. Moenter SM, Caraty A, Karsch FJ 1990 The estradiol-induced surge of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone in the ewe. Endocrinology 127:1375-1384
22. Zhiwen Z, Carson RS, Herington AC, Lee VWK, Burger HG 1987 Follicle-stimulating hormone and somatomedin-C stimulate inhibin production by rat granulosa cells in vitro. Endocrinology 120:1633-1638
23. Sollenberger MJ, Carlsen EC, Johnson ML, Veldhuis JD, Evans WS 1990 Specific physiological regulation of luteinising hormone secretory events throughout the human menstrual cycle: new insights into the pulsatile mode of gonadotropin release. J Neuroendocrinol 2:845-852
24. Backstrom CT, McNeilly AS, Leask RM, Baird DT 1982 Pulsatile secretion of LH, FSH, prolactin, oestradiol and progesterone during the human menstrual cycle. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 17:29-42
25. Filicori M, Flamigni C, Campaniello E, Ferrari P, Meriggiola MC, Michelacci L, Pareschi A, Valdiserri A 1989 Evidence for a specific role of GnRH pulse frequency in the control of the human menstrual cycle. Am J Physiol 257:E930-E936
26. Marshall JC, Griffin ML 1993 The role of changing pulse frequency in the regulation of ovulation. Human Reprod 8[Suppl 2]:57-61
27. Shiozaki M, Sakai R, Tabuchi M, Shinohara M, Kosaka M, Saito S, Eto Y 1992 The existence of activin A/erythroid differentiation factor and its inhibitor in human serum: comparison of normal and chronic renal failure sera. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 183:273-279
28. Evans NP, Dahl GE, Glover BH, Karsch FJ 1994 Central regulation of pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion by estradiol during the period leading up to the preovulatory GnRH surge in the ewe. Endocrinology 134:1806-1811
29. Witkin JW, Ferrin M, Popilskis SJ, Silverman A-J 1991 Effects of gonadal steroids on the ultrastructure of GnRH neurons in the rhesus monkey: synaptic input and glial apposition. Endocrinology 129:1083-1092
30. King JC, Letourneau RJ 1994 Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone terminals in the median eminence of rats undergoing dramatic changes after gonadectomy, as revealed by electron microscopic image analysis. Endocrinology 134:1340-1351
31. Wu JC, Sealfon SC, Miller WL 1994 Gonadal hormones and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) alter messenger ribonucleic acid levels for GnRH receptors in sheep. Endocrinology 134:1846-1850
32. Speight A, Fink G 1981 Changes in responsiveness of dispersed pituitary cells to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone at different times of the oestrous cycle of the rat. J Endocrinol 89:129-134
33. Fallest PC, Schwartz NB 1991 Acute inhibitory effects of 17β-estradiol are observed on gonadotrophin secretion from perfused pituitary fragments of metestrous, but not proestrous, rats. Endocrinology 128:273-279
34. Laws SC, Webster JC, Miller WL 1990 Estradiol alters the effectiveness of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in ovine pituitary cultures: GnRH receptors versus responsiveness to GnRH. Endocrinology 127:381-386
35. Gregg DW, Allen MC, Nett TM 1990 Estradiol-induced increase in number of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors in cultured ovine pituitary cells. Biol Reprod 43:1032-1036
36. Huang ES, Miller WL 1980 Effects of estradiol-17β on basal and luteinising hormone releasing hormone-induced secretion of luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone by ovine pituitary cell culture. Biol Reprod 23:124-134
37. Speight A, Fink G 1981 Comparison of steroid and LH-RH effects on the responsiveness of hemipiruitary glands and dispersed pituitary cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 24:267-281
38. Byrne B, Fowler PA, Fraser M, Culler M, Templeton A 1995 GnSAF bioactivity in serum from superovulated women is not blocked by inhibin antibody. Biol Reprod 52:88-95
39. Fowler PA, Townsend C, Messinis IE, Cunningham P, Templeton A 1992 Gonadotrophin surge-attenuating factor attenuates in-vitro LH secretion induced by gonadotrophin-releasing hormone from cultured ovine pituitary cells only during the breeding season. J Endocrinol 135:221-227
40. Fowler PA, Messinis IE, Cunningham P, Fraser M, Templeton AA 1993 Effects of gonadotrophin surge attenuating factor on the two pools of GnRH-induced LH secretion. Hum Reprod 8:822-828
41. Ramey JW, Highsmith RF, Wilfinger WW, Baldwin DM 1987 The effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and estradiol on luteinizing hormone biosynthesis in cultured rat anterior pituitary cells. Endocrinology 120:1503-1513
42. Geiger JM, Plas-Roser S, Aron C 1980 Mechanisms of ovulation in female rats treated with FSH at the beginning of the estrous cycle: changes in pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone (LHRH). Biol Reprod 22:837-845
43. Leigh AJ, Chapman AJ, Shakil T, Wilson CA 1994 The physiochemical, immunological and biological properties of rat pituitary and plasma LH. J Reprod Fertil 101:489-499
44. Waring DW, Turgeon JL 1992 A pathway for luteinizing hormone releasing-hormone self-potentiation: cross-talk with the progesterone receptor. Endocrinology 130:3275-3282
45. Laws SC, Begg MJ, Webster JC, Miller WL 1990 Inhibin increases and progesterone decreases receptors for gonadotrophin-releasing hormone in ovine pituitary culture. Endocrinology 127:373-380
46. McLachlan RI, Robertson DM, de Kretser DM, Burger HG 1988 Advances in the physiology of inhibin and inhibin-related peptides. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 29:77-114
47. Franchimont P, Hazee-Hagelstein M-T, Jaspar J-M, Charlet-Renard C, Demoulin A 1989 Inhibin and related peptides: mechanisms of action and regulation of secretion. J Steroid Biochem 32:193-197
48. de Kretser DM, Robertson DM 1989 The isolation and physiology of inhibin and related proteins. Biol Reprod 40:33-47
49. McNeilly AS, Tsonis CG, Baird DT 1988 Inhibin. Hum Reprod 3:45-49
50. DePaolo LV, Bicsak TA, Erickson GF, Shimasaki S, Ling N 1991 Follistatin and activin: a potential intrinsic regulatory system within diverse tissues. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 198:500-512
51. Fraser HM, Lunn SF 1993 Does inhibin have an endocrine function during the menstrual cycle? Trends Endocrinol Metab 4:187-194
52. Burger HG 1993 Clinical utility of inhibin measurements. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76:1391-1396
53. Ying S-Y 1988 Inhibins, activins, and follistatins: gonadal proteins modulating the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone. Endocr Rev 9:267-293
54. Hillier SG 1991 Regulatory functions for inhibin and activin in human ovaries. J Endocrinol 131:171-175
55. Strauss JF, Steinkampf MP 1995 Pituitary-ovarian interactions during follicular maturation and ovulation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 172:726-735
56. Baird DT, Smith KB 1993 Inhibin and related peptides in the regulation of reproduction. [review]. Oxf Rev Reprod Biol 15:191-232
57. Ackland JF, Schwartz NB, Mayo KE, Dodson RE 1992 Nonsteroidal signals originating in the gonads. Physiol Rev 72:731-787
58. Mathews LS 1994 Activin receptors and cellular signaling by the receptor serine kinase family. Endocr Rev 15:310-325
59. Woodruff TK, Mather JP 1995 Inhibin, activin and the female reproductive axis. Annu Rev Physiol 57:219-244
60. Culler MD, Negro-Vilar A 1989 Endogenous inhibin suppresses only basal follicle-stimulating hormone secretion but suppresses all parameters of pulsatile luteinising hormone secretion in the diestrous female rat. Endocrinology 124:2944-2953
61. Rush ME, Ashiru OA, Lipner H, Williams AT, McRae C, Blake CA 1981 The actions of porcine follicular fluid and estradiol on periovulatory secretion of gonadotropic hormones in rats. Endocrinology 108:2316-2323
62. Wallace JM, Martin GB, McNeilly AS 1988 Changes in the secretion of LH pulses, FSH and prolactin during the preovulatory phase of the oestrous cycle of the ewe and the influence of treatment with bovine follicular fluid during the luteal phase. J Endocrinol 116: 123-135
63. Henderson KM, Frisk MD, Hudson N, Ball K, McNatty KP, Lunn S, Heath D, Kieboom LE, McDiarmid J 1986 Use of bovine follicular fluid to increase ovulation rate or prevent ovulation in sheep. J Reprod Fertil 76:623-635
64. Medhamurthy R, Carruthers TD, Manns JG 1987 Effects of bovine follicular fluid on serum gonadotrophin concentrations in ewes during oestrus. J Reprod Fertil 81:91-98
65. de Greef WJ, Eilers GA, de Koning J, Karels B, de Jong FH 1987 Effects of ovarian inhibin on pulsatile release of gonadotrophins and secretion of LHRH in ovariectomized rats: evidence against a central action of inhibin. J Endocrinol 113:449-455
66. Brooks J, Crow WJ, McNeilly JR 1992 Relationship between gonadotrophin subunit gene expression, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone receptor content and pituitary and plasma gonadotrophin concentrations during the rebound release of FSH after treatment of ewes with bovine follicular fluid during the luteal phase of the cycle. J Mol Endocrinol 8:109-118
67. Wheaton JE, Carlson KM, Kusina NT 1992 Active and passive immunoneutralization of inhibin increases follicle-stimulating hormone levels and ovulation rate in ewes. Biol Reprod 47:361-367
68. Mann GE, Campbell BK, McNeilly AS, Baird DT 1992 The role of inhibin and oestradiol in the control of FSH secretion in the sheep. J Endocrinol 133:381-391
69. 43 subunit of inhibin impairs fertility in sheep. Endocrinology 124:3122-3124
70. Mizumachi M, Voglmayr JK, Washington DW, Chen C-LC, Bardin CW 1990 Superovulation of ewes immunized against human recombinant inhibin α-subunit associated with increased pre-and postovulatory follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Endocrinology 126:1058-1063
71. Culler MD 1992 In vivo evidence that inhibin is a gonadotropin surge-inhibiting/attenuating factor. Endocrinology 131:1556-1558
72. Fowler PA, Cunningham P, Fraser M, McGregor F, Byrne B, Pappas A, Messinis IE, Templeton A 1994 Circulating gonadotrophin surge-attenuating factor from superovulated women suppresses in-vitro gonadotrophin releasing-hormone self-priming. J Endocrinol 143:45-54
73. Campen CA, Vale W 1988 Interaction between purified ovine inhibin and steroids on the release of gonadotropins from cultured rat pituitary cells. Endocrinology 123:1320-1328
74. Attardi B, Keeping HS, Winters SJ, Kotsuji F, Troen P 1989 Effect of inhibin from primate sertoli cells and GnRH on gonadotrophin subunit mRNA in rat pituitary cell cultures. Mol Endocrinol 3:1236-1242
75. Attardi B, Keeping HS, Winters SJ, Kotsuji F, Troen P 1991 Comparison of the effects of cyclohexamide and inhibin on the gonadotropin subunit messenger ribonucleic acid. Endocrinology 128: 119-125
76. Braden TD, Farnworth PG, Burger HG, Conn PM 1990 Regulation of the synthetic rate of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone receptors in rat pituitary cell cultures by inhibin. Endocrinology 127:2387-2392
77. Wang QF, Farnworth PG, Findlay JK, Burger HG 1989 Inhibitory effects of pure 31-kilodalton bovine inhibin on gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-induced up-regulation of GnRH binding sites in cultured rat anterior pituitary cells. Endocrinology 124:363-368
78. Wang QF, Farnworth PG, Findlay JK, Burger HG 1988 Effects of purified 31 kDa bovine inhibin on the specific binding of GnRH to rat anterior pituitary cells in culture. Endocrinology 123:2161-2166
79. Huang ES-R, Miller WL1984 Porcine ovarian inhibin preparations sensitize cultured ovine gonadotrophs to luteinising hormone-releasing hormone. Endocrinology 115:513-519
80. r 32 000) form on gonadotrophin production by ovine pituitary cells in vitro: inhibin enhances gonadotrophin-releasing hormone-induced release of LH. J Endocrinol 127:149-159
81. Stouffer RL, Woodruff TK, Dahl KD, Hess DL, Mather JP, Molskess TA 1993 Human recombinant activin-a alters pituitary luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone secretion, follicular development, and steroidogenesis, during the menstrual cycle in rhesus monkeys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77:241-248
82. Rivier C, Vale W 1991 Effects of recombinant activin-A on gonadotrophin secretion in the female rat. Endocrinology 129:2463-2465
83. Cataldo NA, Rabinovici J, Fujimoto VY, Jaffe RB 1994 Follistatin antagonizes the effects of activin-a on steroidogenesis in human luteinizing granulosa cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:272-277
84. Sadatsuki M, Tsutsumi O, Sakai R, Eto Y, Hayashi N, Takentani Y 1993 Presence and possible function of activin-like substance in human follicular fluid. Hum Reprod 8:1392-1395
85. Nakamura T, Takio K, Eto Y, Shibai H, Titani K, Sugino H 1990 Activin-binding protein from rat ovary is follistatin. Science 247: 836-838
86. Sugino K, Kurosawa N, Nakamura T, Takio K, Shimaski S, Ling N, Titani K 1993 Molecular heterogeneity of follistatin, an activin-binding protien. Highe affinity of the carboxl-terminal truncated forms for heparin sulphate proteoglycans on the ovarian granulosa cell. J Biol Chem 268:15579-15587
87. Schneyer AL, O'Neil DA, Crowley Jr WF 1992 Activin-binding proteins in human serum and follicular fluid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74:1320-1324
88. Kogawa K, Nakamura T, Sugino K, Takio K, Titani K, Sugino H 1991 Activin-binding protein is present in the pituitary. Endocrinology 128:1434-1440
89. Kaiser UB, Lee BL, Carroll RS, Unabia G, Chin WW, Childs GV 1992 Follistatin gene expression in the pituitary: localization in gonadotropes and folliculostellate cells in diestrous rats. Endocrinology 130:3048-3056
90. Halvorson LM, Weiss J, Bauer-Dantoin AC, Jameson JL 1994 Dynamic regulation of pituitary follistatin messenger ribonucleic acids during the rat estrous cycle. Endocrinology 134:1247-1253
91. DePaolo LV, Mercado M, Guo Y, Ling N 1993 Increased follistatin (activin-binding protein) gene expression in rat anterior pituitary tissue after ovariectomy may be mediated by pituitary activin. Endocrinology 132:2221-2228
92. Kirk SE, Dalkin AC, Yasin M, Haisenleder DJ, Marshall JC 1994 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency regulates expression of pituitary follistatin messenger ribonucleic acid: a mechanism for differential gonadotrope function. Endocrinology 135: 876-880
93. Vale W, Rivier J, Vaughan J, McClintock R, Corrigan A, Woo W, Karr D, Spiess J 1986 Purification and characterization of an FSH releasing protein from porcine ovarian follicular fluid. Nature 19-25;321:776-779
94. Schwall RH, Szonyl E, Mason AJ, Nikolics K 1988 Activin stimulates secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone from pituitary cells desensitized to gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 151:1099-1104
95. Katayama T, Shiota K, Takahashi M 1990 Activin A increases the number of follicle-stimulating hormone cells in anterior pituitary cultures. Mol Cell Endocrinol 69:179-185
96. Muttukrishna S, Knight PG 1991 Inverse effects of activin and inhibin on the synthesis and secretion of FSH and LH by ovine pituitary cells in vitro. J Mol Endocrinol 6:171-178
97. Gregg DW, Schwall RH, Nett TM 1991 Regulation of gonadotropin secretion and number of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors by inhibin, activin-A and estradiol. Biol Reprod 44:725-732
98. Braden TD, Conn PM 1992 Activin-a stimulates the synthesis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors. Endocrinology 130:2101-2105
99. Wang QF, Farnworth PG, Findlay JK, Burger HG 1990 Chronic inhibitory effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-suppressing protein (FSP) or follistatin on activin- and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone-stimulated FSH synthesis and secretion in cultured rat anterior pituitary cells. Endocrinology 127:1385-1393
100. Muttukrishna S, George L, Fowler PA, Groome NP, Knight PG 1995 Serum concentrations of "total" activin-A during the human menstrual cycle and pregnancy. J Reprod Fertil Abstr Ser 15:226-220
101. Watanabe G, Taya K, Sasamoto S 1990 Dymanics of ovarian inhibin secretion during the oestrous cycle of the rat. J Endocrinol 126:151-157
102. Muttukrishna S, Fowler PA, Groome N, Robertson WR, Knight PG 1994 Serum concentrations of dimeric inhibin during the spontaneous human menstrual cycle and after treatment with exogenous gonadotrophin. Hum Reprod 9:1634-1642
103. Khoury RH, Wang QF, Crowley WF, Hall JE, Schneyer AL, Toth T, Midgley AR, Sluss PM 1995 Serum follistatin levels in women: evidence against an endocrine function of ovarian follistatin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:1361-1368
104. Demura R, Suzuki T, Tajima S, Mitsuhashi S, Odagiri E, Demura H, Ling N 1993 Human plasma free activin and inhibin levels during the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76:1080-1082
105. Ling N, DePaolo LV, Bicsak TA, Shimasaki S 1990 Novel ovarian regulatory peptides: inhibin, activin, and follistatin. [review]. Clin Obstet Gynecol 33:690-702
106. Yen SSC, VandenBerg G, Siler TM 1974 Modulation of pituitary responsiveness to LRF by estrogen. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39: 170-177
107. Hoff JD, Quigley ME, Yen SSC 1983 Hormonal dynamics at midcycle: a reevaluation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 57:792-796
108. Yen SSC, VandenBerg G, Rebar R, Ehiara Y 1972 Variation of the pituitary responsiveness to synthetic LRF during different phases of the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 35:931-934
109. Sollenberger MJ, Carlsen EC, Booth RAJ, Johnson ML, Veldhuis JD, Evans WS 1990 Nature of gonadotropin-releasing hormone self-priming of luteinizing hormone secretion during the normal menstrual cycle. Am J Obstet Gynecol 163:1529-1534
110. Taylor AE, Whitney H, Hall JE, Martin K, Crowley WF 1995 Midcycle levels of sex steroids are sufficient to recreate the follicle-stimulating hormone, but not the luteinizing hormone midcycle surge: evidence for the contribution of other ovarian factors to the surge in normal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:1541-1547
111. Danforth DR, Elkind-Hirsch K, Hodgen GD 1990 In vivo and in vitro modulation of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone metabolism by estradiol and progesterone. Endocrinology 127:319-324
112. Liu JH, Yen SSC 1983 Induction of midcycle gonadotropin surge by ovarian steroids in women: a critical evaluation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 57:797-802
113. Hoff JD, Lasley BL, Wang CF, Yen SCC 1977 The two pools of pituitary gonadotropin: regulation during the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 44:302-312
114. Kamel F, Balz JA, Kubajak CJ, Schneider VA 1987 Gonadal steroids modulate pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion by perifused rat anterior pituitary cells. Endocrinology 120:1651-1657
115. Pau K-YF, Berna M, Hess DL, Spies HG 1993 Preovulatory gonadotropin-releasing hormone surge in ovarian-intact rhesus macaques. Endocrinology 133:1650-1656
116. Rossmanith WG, Liu CH, Laughlin GA, Mortola JF, Suh BY, Yen SS 1990 Relative changes in LH pulsatility during the menstrual cycle: using data from hypogonadal women as a reference point. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 32:647-660
117. Sutherland IA, Chambers GR, Polson DW, Sagle M, Kiddy D, Mason HD, Franks S 1988 Pulsatile infusion of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH): investigative and therapeutic applications. J Biomed Eng 10:110-112
118. Fink G 1995 The self-priming effect of LHRH: a unique servomechanism and possibly cellular model for memory. Front Neuroendocrinol 16:183-190
119. Simpson J, Johnson MS, Mitchell R 1993 H7-resistant protein kinase C substrate in two-dimensional gels of proestrous rat anterior pituitary gland. Biochim Biophys Acta 1220:69-75
120. Ison AJ, MacEwan DJ, Johnson MS, Clegg RA, Connor K, Mitchell R 1993 Evidence for a distinct H7-resistant form of protein kinase C in rat anterior pituitary gland. FEBS Lett 329:199-204
121. Johnson MS, Mitchell R, Thomson FJ 1992 The priming effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) but not LHRH-induced gonadotropin release, can be prevented by certain protein kinase c inhibitors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 85:183-193
122. 2 in the mechanism of LHRH priming in rat anterior pituitary tissue. J Endocrinol 141:15-31
123. Mitchell R, Johnson M, Ogier S-A, Fink G 1988 Facilitated calcium mobilization and inositol phosphate production in the priming effect of LH-releasing hormone in the rat. J Endocrinol 119:295-301
124. Brann DW, Mahesh VB 1991 Endogenous excitatory amino acid involvement in the preovulatory and steroid-incuced surge of gonadotropins in the female rat. Endocrinology 128:1541-1547
125. Stojilkovic SS, Reinhart J, Catt KJ 1994 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors: structure and signal transduction pathways. Endocr Rev 15:462-499
126. de Koning J, van Dieten JAMJ, van Rees GP 1979 Studies on a protein synthesis dependent step in LH release by LH-RH. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 92:648-657
127. de Koning J, van Dieten JAMJ, van Rees GP 1976 LH-RH-dependent synthesis of protein necessary for LH release from rat pituitary glands in vitro. Mol Cell Endocrinol 5:151-160
128. 6-mono-butryl cyclic AMP plus theophylline mediated release of luteinizing hormone induced by luteinizing hormone releasing hormone from rat pituitary glands in vitro. J Endocrinol 88:329-338
129. Curtis A, Lyons V, Fink G 1985 The priming effect of LH-releasing hormone: effects of cold and involvement of new protein synthesis. J Endocrinol 105:163-167
130. Kaplitt MG, Keopoulos SP, Pfaff DW, Mobbs CV 1993 Estrogen increases HIP-70/PLC-α messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat uterus and hypothalamus. Endocrinology 133:99-104
131. Mobbs CV, Fink G, Pfaff DW 1990 HIP-70: a protein induced by estrogen in the brain and LH-RH in the pituitary. Science 247: 1477-1479
132. Haisenleder DJ, Ortolano GA, Yasin M, Dalkin AC, Marshall JC 1993 Regulation of gonadotropin subunit messenger ribonucleic acid expression by gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse amplitude in vitro. Endocrinology 132:1292-1296
133. Turgeon JL, Waring DW 1990 Rapid augmentation by progesterone of agonist-stimulated luteinizing hormone secretion by cultured pituitary cells. Endocrinology 127:773-780
134. Moll GWMJ, Rosenfield RL 1984 Direct inhibitory effect of estradiol on pituitary luteinizing hormone responsiveness to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone is specific and of rapid onset. Biol Reprod 30:59-66
135. Turgeon JL, Waring DW 1994 Activation of the progesterone receptor by gonadotropin-releasing hormone self-priming signaling pathway. Mol Endocrinol 8:860-869
136. Kalra SP 1993 Mandatory neuropeptide-steroid signaling for the preovulatory luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone discharge. Endocr Rev 14:507-538
137. Currie RWJ, McNeilly AS 1995 Mobilization of LH secretory granules in gonadotrophs in relation to gene expression, synthesis and secretion of LH during the preovulatory phase of the sheep oestrous cycle. J Endocrinol 147:259-270
138. Ceda GP, Davis RG, Rosenfeld RG, Hoffman AR 1987 The growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone (GHRH)-GH-somatomedin axis: evidence for rapid inhibition of GHRH-elicited GH release by insulin-like growth factors I and II. Endocrinology 120:1658-1662
139. Evans NP, Dahl GE, Mauger D, Karsch FJ 1995 Estradiol induces both qualitative and quantitative changes in the pattern of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion during the presurge period in the ewe. Endocrinology 136:1603-1609
140. Evans NP, Dahl GE, Glover BH, Karsch FJ 1994 Central regulation of pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion by estradiol during the period leading up to the preovulatory GnRH surge in the ewe. Endocrinology 134:1806-1811
141. Karsch FJ, Dahl GE, Evans NP, Manning JM, Mayfield KP, Moenter SM, Foster DL 1993 Seasonal changes in gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion in the ewe: alteration in response to the negative feedback action of estradiol. Biol Reprod 49:1377-1383
142. Clarke IJ 1995 Evidence that the switch from negative to positive feedback at the level of the pituitary gland is an important timing event for the onset of the preovulatory surge in LH in the ewe. J Endocrinol 145:271-282
143. Couzinet B, Schaison G 1993 The control of gonadotrophin secretion by ovarian steroids. Hum Reprod 8[Suppl 2]:97-101
144. Ferraretti AP, Garcia JE, Acosta AA, Jones G 1983 Serum luteinizing hormone during ovulation induction with human menopausal gonadotrophin for in vitro fertilization in normally menstruating women. Fertil Steril 40:742-747
145. Littman BA, Hodgen GD 1984 Human menopausal gonadotrophin stimulation in monkeys: blockade of the luteinising hormone surge by a highly transient ovarian factor. Fertil Steril 41:440-447
146. Schenken RS, Hodgen GD 1983 Follicle-stimulating hormone induced ovarian hyperstimulation in monkeys: blockade of the luteinising hormone surge. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 57:50-55
147. Messinis IE, Templeton AA 1989 Pituitary response to exogenous LHRH in superovulated women. J Reprod Fertil 87:633-639
148. Sopelak VM, Hodgen GD 1984 Blockade of the estrogen-induced luteinizing hormone surge in monkeys: a nonsteroidal, antigenic factor in porcine follicular fluid. Fertil Steril 41:108-113
149. Schenken RS, Hodgen GD 1986 Follicle-stimulating hormone blocks estrogen-positive feedback during the early follicular phase in monkeys. Fertil Steril 45:556-560
150. Koppenaal DW 1991 GnSIF: Physiology and Mechanism of Action. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
151. Koppenaal DW, van Dieten JAMJ, Tijssen AMI, de Koning J 1993 Induction of the gonadotrophin surge-inhibiting factor by FSH and its elimination: a sex difference in the efficacy of the priming effect of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone on the rat pituitary gland. J Endocrinol 138:191-201
152. Messinis IE, Templeton A 1990 In vivo bioactivity of gonadotrophin surge attenuating factor (GnSAF). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 33: 213-218
153. Messinis IE, Templeton A 1986 The effect of pulsatile follicle stimulating hormone on endogenous luteinizing hormone surge in women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 25:633-640
154. Messinis IE, Hirsch P, Templeton AA 1991 Follicle stimulating hormone stimulates the production of gonadotrophin surge attenuating factor (GnSAF) in vivo. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 35:403-407
155. Messinis IE, Lolis D, Papadopoulos L, Tsahalina T, Papanikolaou N, Seferiadis K, Templton AA 1993 Effect of varying concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone on the production of gonadotrophin surge attenuating factor (GnSAF) in women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 39:45-50
156. Messinis IE, Lolis D, Zikopoulos K, Tsahalina E, Seferiadis K, Templeton AA 1994 Effect of an increase in FSH on the production of gonadotrophin surge-attenuating factor in women. J Reprod Fertil 101:689-695
157. Busbridge NJ, Buckley DM, Cornish M, Whitehead SA 1988 Effects of ovarian hyperstimulation and isolated preovulatory follicles on LH responses to GnRH in rats. J Reprod Fertil 82:329-336
158. Schenken RS, Anderson WH, Hodgen GD 1984 Follicle-stimulating hormone increases ovarian vein nonsteroidal factors with gonadotropin-inhibiting activity. Fertil Steril 42:785-790
159. Messinis IE, Templeton A 1990 Superovulation induction in women suppresses luteinising hormone secretion at the pituitary level. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 32:107-114
160. Messinis IE, MacTavish A, Templeton AA 1993 Activity of gonadotrophin surge-attenuating factor during the luteal phase in superovulated women. J Reprod Fertil 97:271-275
161. Messinis IE, Lolis D, Papastergiopoulou L, Milingos S, Tsahalina E, Seferiadis K, Templeton AA 1994 Effect of follicle stimulating hormone treatment on the pituitary response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in post-menopausal women. Hum Reprod 9:241-244
162. Messinis IE, Templeton AA 1988 The endocrine consequences of multiple folliculogenesis. J Reprod Fertil [Suppl] 36:27-37
163. Messinis IE, Templeton AA 1990 Effects of supraphysiological concentrations of progesterone on the characteristics of the oestradiol-induced gonadotrophin surge in women. J Reprod Fertil 88:513-519
164. Messinis IE, Mademtzis I, Zikopoulos K, Tsahalina E, Seferiadis K, Tsolas O, Templeton AA 1992 Positive feedback effect of oestradiol in superovulated women. Hum Reprod 7:469-474
165. Aiyer MS, Chiappa SA, Fink G 1974 A priming effect of luteinizing hormone releasing factor on the anterior pituitary gland in the female rat. J Endocrinol 62:573-588
166. Messinis IE, Lolis D, Zikopoulos K, Tsahalina E, Seferiadis K, Templeton AA 1994 Modulation of the action of gonadotrophin surge-attenuating factor by gonadotrophin-releasing hormone. Hum Reprod 9:1437-1441
167. Messinis IE, Templeton A 1991 Attenuation of gonadotrophin release and reserve in superovulated women by gonadotrophin surge attenuating factor. Clin
168. Koppenaal DW, Tijssen AMI, van Dieten JAMJ, de Koning J 1991 The self-priming action of LHRH is under negative FSH control through a factor released by the ovary: observations in female rats in vivo. J Endocrinol 129:205-211
169. van Dieten JAMJ, de Koning J, van Rees GP 1989 Regulation by ovarian factors of the LHRH-induced LH response in pituitary glands in situ or grafted under the kidney capsule in intact and ovariectomised rats. J Endocrinol 123:41-45
170. de Koning J, Tijssen AMI, van Rees GP 1987 The involvement of ovarian factors in maintaining the pituitary glands of female rats in a state of low LH responsiveness to LHRH. J Endocrinol 112: 265-273
171. de Koning J, Westhoff WE, Koppenaal DW, van Dieten JAMJ 1994 On the dynamics between gonadotrophin surge-inhibiting factor and gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH): role of self-priming and desensitization in the luteinising hormone response to GnRH after follicle stimulating hormone treatment. Hum Reprod 9:1600-1606
172. Lagace L, Labrie F, Lorenzen J, Schwartz NB, Channing CP 1979 Selective inhibitory effect of procine follicular fluid on follicle stimulating hormone secretion in anterior pituitary cells in culture. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 10:401-405
173. Koppenaal DW, Tijssen AMI, de Koning J 1992 The effect of gonadotrophin surge-inhibiting factor on the self-priming action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone in female rats in vitro. J Endocrinol 134:427-436
174. de Koning J, Tijssen AMI, van Ress GP 1989 The self-priming action of LHRH increases the low pituitary LH and FSH response caused by ovarian factors: observations in vitro. J Endocrinol 120: 439-447
175. Danforth DR, Sinosich MJ, Anderson TL, Cheng CY, Bardin CW, Hodgen GD 1987 Identification of gonadotropin surge-inhibiting factor (GnSIF) in follicular fluid and its differentiation from inhibin. Biol Reprod 37:1075-1082
176. Fowler PA, Messinis IE, Templeton AA 1990 Inhibition of LHRH-induced LH and FSH release by gonadotrophin surge-attenuating factor (GnSAF) from human follicular fluid. J Reprod Fertil 90: 587-594
177. Knight PG, Lacey M, Peter JLT, Whitehead SA 1990 Demonstration of a nonsteroidal factor in human follicular fluid that attenuates the self-priming action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone on pituitary gonadotropes. Biol Reprod 42:613-618
178. Busbridge NJ, Chamberlain GV, Griffiths A, Whitehead SA 1990 Non-steroidal follicular factors attenuate the self-priming action of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on the pituitary gonadotroph. Neuroendocrinology 51:493-499
179. Byrne B, Fowler PA, Templeton A 1995 Gonadotropin surge attenuating factor (GnSAF) reduces progesterone augmentation of unprimed GnRH-induced LH secretion. Biol Reprod 52[Suppl 1]:86-80
180. Byrne B, Fowler PA, Templeton A 1996 Role of progesterone and non-steroidal ovarian factors in regulating GnRH self-priming in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, in press
181. Scott RS, Burger HG, Quigg H, Dobos M, Robertson DM, de Kretser DM 1982 The specificity of inhibin bioassay using cultured pituitary cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 27:307-316
182. Byrne B, Fowler PA, Messinis IE, Templeton A 1993 Gonadotrophin surge-attenuating factor secretion varies during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle of spontaneously cycling women. J Endocrinol 139[ Suppl]:P53
183. Miyake A, Tanizawa O, Aono T, Kurachi K 1977 Pituitary responses in LH secretion to LHRH during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 49:549-551
184. Rubinstein LM, Parlow AF, Derzko C, Hershman J 1978 Pituitary gonadotropin response to LHRH in human pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 52:172-175
185. Keye Jr WR, Jaffe RB 1976 Changing patterns of FSH and LH response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the puerperium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 42:1133-1138
186. Al-Gubory KH, Blanc MR, Poirer JC 1994 Effect of pregnancy and hysterectomy on pituitary gonadotrophins secretion in the ewe. Anim Reprod Sci 35:209-221
187. Chamley WA, Findlay JK, Cumming IA, Buckmaster JM, Goding JR 1974 Effect of pregnancy on the LH response to synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the ewe. Endocrinology 94:291-293
188. Chamley WA, Jonas HA, Parr RA 1976 Content of LH, FSH, and growth hormone in the pituitaries of pregnant and anestrous sheep. Endocrinology 98:1535-1538
189. Wise ME, Sawyer Jr HR, Nett TM 1986 Functional changes in luteinizing hormone-secreting cells from pre- and postpartum ewes. Am J Physiol 250:E282-E287
190. Reeves JJ, Tarnavsky GK, Platt T 1982 Pituitary and ovarian luteinizing hormone releasing hormone receptors during the estrous cycle, pregnancy and lactation in the rat. Biol Reprod 27:316-319
191. Koiter TR, van der Schaaf-Verdonk GC, Schuiling GA 1987 Pituitary responsiveness to LHRH during pregnancy in the rat: effect of progesterone. J Endocrinol 115:247-254
192. Siler-Khodr TM, Kang IS, Jones MA, Harper MJ, Khodr GS, Rhode J 1989 Characterization and purification of a placental protein that inactivates GnRH, TRH and angiotensin II. Placenta 10: 283-296
193. Al-Gubory KH, Blanc MR, Martinet J 1989 Role of the corpus luteum of pregnancy in controlling pituitary gonadotrophin secretion during the early post-partum period in the ewe. J Reprod Fertil 86:697-703
194. Al-Gubory KH, Martinet J, Blanc MR, Poirer JC, Solari A 1992 Evidence for a gonadal non-steroidal factor that specifically inhibits release of luteinizing hormone in ewes. J Reprod Fertil 96:509-519
195. Al-Gubory KH, Blanc MR, Poirier JC, Solari A, Martinet J 1989 Evidence that the corpus luteum of pregnancy contributes to the control of tonic secretion of LH in the ewe. J Reprod Fertil 85:125-131
196. Muttukrishna S, George L, Fowler PA, Groome NP, Knight PG 1995 Measurement of serum concentrations of dimeric inhibin during human pregnancy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 42:391-397
197. Kettel LM, Roseff SJ, Bangah ML, Burger HG, Yen SSC 1991 Circulating levels of inhibin in pregnant women at term: simultaneous disappearance with oestradiol and progesterone after delivery. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 34:19-23
198. Tovanabutra S, Illingworth PJ, Ledger WL, Glasier AF, Baird DT 1993 The relationship between peripheral immunoactive inhibin, human chorionic gonadotrophin, oestradiol and progesterone during human pregnancy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 38:101-107
199. de Kretser DM, Foulds LM, Hancock M, Robertson DM 1994 Partial characterization of inhibin, activin, and follistatin in the term human placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:502-507
200. Yokoyama Y, Nakamura T, Nakamura R, Irahara M, Aono T, Sugino H 1995 Identification of activins and follistatin proteins in human follicular fluid and placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80: 915-921
201. de Kretser DM, Foulds LM, Hancock M, McFarlane J, Goss N, Jenkin G 1994 The isolation of activin from ovine amniotic fluid. Endocrinology 134:1231-1237
202. Smith MS 1980 Role of prolactin in regulating gonadotropin secretion and gonad function in female rats. Fed Proc 39:2571-2576
203. Cheung CY 1983 Prolactin suppresses luteinizing hormone secretion and pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone by a direct action at the anterior pituitary. Endocrinology 113:632-638
204. Spellacy WN, Cantor B, Kalra PS, Buhi WC, Birk SA 1978 The effect of varying prolactin levels on pituitary luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Am J Obstet Gynecol 132:157-164
205. Denef C, Andries M 1983 Evidence for paracrine interaction between gonadotrophs and lactotrophs in pituitary cell aggregates. Endocrinology 112:813-822
206. Larrea F, Mendez I, Parra A, de los Monteros AE 1993 Serum pattrn of different molecular forms of prolactin during normal human pregnancy. Hum Reprod 8:1617-1622
207. Fowler PA, Knight PG, Templeton A 1995 Evidence for gonadotropin surge-attenuating factor (GnSAF) in serum from pregnant women. Biol Reprod 52[Suppl 1]:87-80
208. Fowler PA, Fraser M, Cunningham P, Knight PG, Byrne B, McLaughlin E, Wardle PG, Hull MGR, Templeton A 1994 Higher gonadotrophin surge-attenuating factor (GnSAF) bioactivity is found in small follicles from superovulated women. J Endocrinol 143:33-44
209. Kita M, Tali S, Kataoka N, Shimatsu A, Nakao K, Mori T 1994 Changes in gonadotrophin surge inhibiting/attenuating factor activity in pig follicular fluid in relation to follicle size. J Reprod Fertil 101:59-66
210. Balen AH, Er J, Rafferty B, Rose M 1995 In vitro bioactivity of gonadotrophin surge attenuating factor is not affected by an antibody to human inhibin. J Reprod Fertil 104:285-289
211. Lorenzen JR, Schwartz NB, Channing CP 1978 Preliminary characterization of folliculostatin - an FSH suppressing substance of ovarian follicular fluid. Fed Proc 37:296
212. Fowler PA, Templeton A, Messinis IE 1993 The ovarian modulation of GnRH-induced LH secretion in women. Hum Reprod 8[Suppl 2]:112-116
213. Danforth DR, Cheng CY 1993 The identification of gonadotropin surge inhibiting factor and its role in the regulation of pituitary gonadotrophin secretion. Hum Reprod 8[Suppl 2]:117-122
214. Danforth DR, Cheng CY 1994 Identification of gonadotropin surge inhibiting factor (GnSIF) activity in bovine follicular fluid. Biol Reprod 50[Suppl 1]:182
215. Pappas A, Seferiadis K, Tsolas O, Marselos M, Messinis IE 1995 Partial purification of gonadotrophin surge attenuating factor (GnSAF) from human follicular fluid. J Endocrinol 144[Suppl]:P130
216. Mroueh JM, Fowler PA, Arbogast L, Danforth DR 1995 Identification of gonadotropin surge inhibiting factor (GnSIF) activity in human follicular fluid. J Soc Gynecol Invest 2:356
217. Mroueh JM, Arbogast LK, Fowler PA, Templeton A, Friedman CI, Danforth DR 1996 Identification of gonadotropin surge inhibiting factor (GnSIF) in human follicular fluid. Hum Reprod, in press
218. Byrne B, Arbogast L, Fowler PA, Danforth DR 1995 Purification of gonadotrophin surge attenuating factor in serum from superovulated women. J Endocrinol 144[Suppl]:P139-P130
219. Fowler PA, Melvin WT, Fraser M, Cunningham P, Templeton A 1995 Isolation of GnSAF bioactivity to 2 protein bands using an antibody raised against an enriched follicular fluid fraction. J Endocrinol 144[ Suppl]:P140
220. Tio S, Koppenaal D, Bardin CW, Cheng YC 1994 Purification of gonadotropin surge-inhibiting factor from Sertoli cell-enriched culture medium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 199:1229-1236
221. Danforth DR, Cheng CY 1995 Purification of a candidate gonadotropin surge inhibiting factor from porcine follicular fluid. Endocrinology 136:1658-1665
222. Miyake T, Irahara M, Shitukawa K, Yasui T, Aono T 1993 Interaction of activin a and gonadal steroids on FSH secretion from primary cultured rat anterior pituitary cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 194:413-419
223. Fukuda M, Miyamoto K, Hasegawa Y, Ibuki Y, Igarashi M 1987 Action mechanism of inhibin in vitro - cycloheximide mimics inhibin actions on pituitary cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 51:41-45
224. Byrne B, Fowler PA, Templeton A 1995 GnSAF suppresses progesterone augmented GnRH self-priming. J Reprod Fertil Abstr Ser 16:3
225. Fowler PA, Fahy U, Culler MD, Knight PG, Wardle PG, McLaughlin EA, Cunningham P, Fraser M, Hull MGR, Templeton A 1995 GnSAF bioactivity is present in follicular fluid from naturally cycling women. Hum Reprod 10:68-74
226. Wilson Y, Fowler PA, Templeton A 1995 Is GnSAF present in human granulosa cell-conditioned medium. J Reprod Fertil Abstr Ser 15:8
227. Seo SH, Danforth DR 1994 Porcine granulosa cells produce gonadotropin surge inhibiting factor (GnSIF) activity in vitro. Serono Symposia Xth Ovarian Workshop. Raven Press, New York, p 62
228. Fowler PA, Messinis IE, Templeton AA 1991 Gonadotrophin surge attenuating factor (GnSAF) attenuates both pools of gonadotrophin secretion from ovine pituitaries and has a long half-life in vitro. J Reprod Fertil Abstr Ser 7:52
229. Khar A, Debebyuk L, Justisz M 1978 Biosynthesis of gonadotropins by rat pituitary cells in culture and in pituitary homogenates: effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Mol Cell Endocrinol 12:53-61
230. Tse A, Tse FW, Almers W, Hille B 1993 Rythmic exocytosis stimulated by GnRH-induced calcium oscillations in rat gonadotropes. Science 260:82-84
231. Fowler PA, Fraser M, Cunningham P, Templeton A 1995 GnSAF suppresses both the synthesis and release of LH induced by GnRH. J Reprod Fertil Abstr Ser 15:55-50
232. Cowking L, Fowler PA, Templeton A 1995 Acute exposure to ovarian steroids and a PKC activator do not overcome GnSAF bioactivity in vitro. J Reprod Fertil Abstr Ser 15:56-50
233. Byrne B, Fowler PA, Templeton A 1994 Steroids do not antagonise GnSAF bioactivity in vitro. J Reprod Fertil Abstr Ser 13:39
234. Kile JP, Nett TM 1994 Differential secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from ovine pituitary cells following activation of protein kinase A, protein kinase C or increased intracellular calcium. Biol Reprod 50:49-54
235. Byrne B, Fowler PA, Templeton A 1995 Additive effects of follistatin and GnSAF on suppression of GnRH-induced LH secretion. J Reprod Fertil Abstr Ser 15:53-50
236. Robertson DM, Farnworth PG, Clarke L, Jacobsen CJ, Cahir NF, Burger HG, de Kretser DM 1990 Effects of bovine 35 kDa FSH-suppressing protein on FSH and LH in rat pituitary cells in vitro: a comparison with bovine 31 kDa inhibin. J Endocrinol 124:417-423
237. Fowler PA, Bramley TA, MacGregor F, Templeton A 1994 Does GnSAF act through the pituitary protein kinase C pathway? J Reprod Fertil Abstr Ser 13:40
238. Cheung AP, Chang RJ 1995 Pituitary responsiveness to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist stimulation: a dose-response comparison of luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone secretion in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and normal women. Hum Reprod 10:1054-1059
239. Filicori M, Flamigni C, Campaniello E, Valdiserri A, Ferrari P, Meriggiola MC, Michelacci L, Pareschi A 1989 The abnormal response of polycystic ovarian disease patients to exogenous pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone: characterization and management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 69:825-831
240. Nada AS, Ward WR, Dobson H 1991 Lack of LH response to oestradiol treatment in cows with cystic ovarian disease and effect of progesterone treatment or manual rupture. Res Vet Sci 51:180-184