Apoptosis - Molecular mechanisms and biomedical implications

Molecular Aspects of Medicine

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 1-3

  McConkey, David J ^a,b   Zhivotovsky, Boris ^a   Orrenius, Sten ^a  

^a KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; CANCER; CELL DEATH; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; HOMEOSTASIS; IMMUNITY; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY;

EID: 0029891162     PISSN: 00982997     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0098-2997(95)00006-2     Document Type: Review

References (539)

1. Abate, C., Patel, N., Rauscher, F. J., III and Curran, T. (1990). Redox regulation of Fos and Jun DNA-binding activity in vitro. Science 249, 1157-1161.
2. Alderson, M. R., Tough, T. W. and Davis-Smith, T. (1995). Fas ligand mediates activation-induced cell death in human T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 181, 71-77.
3. Allbritton, N. L., Verret, C. R., Wolley, R. C. and Eisen, H. N. (1988). Calcium ion concentrations and DNA fragmentation in target cell destruction by murine cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 167, 514-527.
4. Almasan, A., Yin, Y., Kelly, R. E., Lee, E. Y., Bradley, A., Li, W., Bertino, J. R. and Wahl, G. M. (1995). Deficiency of retinoblastoma protein leads to inappropriate S-phase entry, activation of E2F-responsive genes, and apoptosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 5436-5440.
5. Amati, B. and Land, H. (1994). Myc-Max-Mad: a transcription factor network controlling cell cycle progression, differentiation and death. Curr. Opin. Genet. Develop. 4, 102-108.
6. Ameisen, J. C. and Capron, A. (1991). Cell dysfunction and depletion in AIDS: the programmed cell death hypothesis. Immunol. Today 12, 102-105.
7. Anand, S., Verma, H., Kumar, L. and Singh, N. (1995). Induction of apoptosis in chronic myelogenous leukemia lymphocytes by hydroxyurea and adriamycin. Cancer Lett. 88, 101-105.
8. + thymocytes in vitro. J. Immunol. 154, 3636-3643.
9. Andrews, B. S., Eisenberg, R. A., Theofilopoulos, A. N., Izui, S., Wilson, C. B., McConahey, P. J., Murphy, E. D., Roths, J. B. and Dixon, F. J. (1978). Spontaneous murine lupus-like syndromes. Clinical and immunopathological manifestations in several strains. J. Exp. Med. 148, 1198-1215.
10. Ankarcrona, M., Dypbukt, J. M., Brüne, B. and Nicotera, P. (1994). Interleukin-1β-induced nitric oxide production activates apoptosis in pancreatic RINm5F cells. Exp. Cell Res. 213, 172-177.
11. Ankarcrona, M., Dypbukt, J. M., Bonfoco, E., Zhivotovsky, B., Orrenius, S., Lipton, S. A. and Nicotera, P. (1995). Glutamate-induced neuronal death: a succession of necrosis or apoptosis depending on mitochondrial integrity. Neuron 15, 961-973.
12. Arase, H., Arase, N. and Saito, T. (1995). Fas-mediated cytotoxicity by freshly isolated natural killer cells. J. Exp. Med. 181, 1235-1238.
13. Arends, M. J., McGregor, A. H., Toft, N. J., Brown, E. J. H. and Wyllie, A. H. (1993). Susceptibility to apoptosis is differentially regulated by c-myc and mutated Ha-ras oncogenes and is associated with endonuclease availability. Br. J. Cancer 68, 1127-1133.
14. Aringer, M., Wintersberger, W., Steiner, C. W., Kiener, H., Presterl, E., Jaeger, U., Smolen, J. S. and Graninger, W. B. (1994). High levels of bcl-2 protein in circulating T lymphocytes, but not B lymphocytes, of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 10, 1423-1430.
15. Arispe, N., Rojas, E. and Pollard, H. B. (1993). Alzheimer disease amyloid β protein forms calcium channels in bilayer membranes: blockade by tromethamine and aluminium. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 567-571.
16. Ashton-Rickardt, P. G., Bandeira, A., Delaney, J. R., Van Kaer, L., Pircher, H. P., Zinkelnagel, R. M. and Tonegawa, S. (1994). Evidence for a differential avidity model of T-cell selection in the thymus. Cell 76, 651-663.
17. Askew, D. S., Ashmun, R. A., Simmons, B. C. and Cleveland, J. L. (1991). Constitutive c-myc expression in an IL-3-dependent myeloid cell line suppresses cell cycle arrest and accelerates apoptosis. Oncogene 6, 1915-1922.
18. Atencia, R., Garcia-Sanz, M., Unda, F. and Arechaga, J. (1994). Apoptosis during retinoic acid-induced differentiation of F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. Exp. Cell Res. 214, 663-667.
19. + lymphocytes associated with disturbed intracellular redox balance in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Blood 86, 258-267.
20. Aw, T. Y., Nicotera, P., Manzo, L. and Orrenius, S. (1990). Tributyltin stimulates apoptosis in rat thymocytes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 283, 46-50.
21. Ayer, D. E., Kretzner, L. and Eisenman, R. N. (1993). Mad: a heterodimeric partner for Max that antagonizes Myc transcriptional activity. Cell 72, 211-222.
22. Baffy, G., Miyashita, T., Williamson, J. R. and Reed, J. C. (1993). Apoptosis induced by withdrawal of interleukin-3 (IL-3) from an IL-3-dependent hemapoietic cell line is associated with repartitioning of intracellular calcium and is blocked by enforced Bcl-2 oncoprotein production. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 6511-6519.
23. Bahr, B. A., Tiriveedhi, S., Park, G. Y. and Lynch, G. (1995). Induction of calpain-mediated spectrin fragments by pathogenic treatment in long-term hippocampal slices. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 273, 902-908.
24. Banda, N. K., Bernier, J., Kurahara, D. K., Kurrle, R., Haigwood, N., Sekaly, R. P. and Finkel, T. H. (1992). Crosslinking CD4 by human immunodeficiency virus gp120 primes T cells for activation-induced apoptosis. J. Exp. Med. 176, 1099-1106.
25. Banno, Y., Nakashima, S., Hachiya, T. and Nozawa, Y. (1995). Endogenous cleavage of phospholipase C-β by antagonist-induced activation of calpain in human platelets. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 4318-4323.
26. Bardeesy, N., Beckwith, J. B. and Pelletier, J. (1995). Clonal expansion and attenuated apoptosis in Wilms' tumors are associated with p53 gene mutations. Cancer Res. 55, 215-219.
27. Barres, B. A., Hart, I. K., Coles, H. S. R., Burne, J. F., Voyvodic, J. T. and Richardson, W. D. (1992). Cell death and control of cell survival in the oligodendrocyte lineage. Cell 70, 31-46.
28. Barry, M. A., Behnke, C. A. and Eastman, A. (1990). Activation of programmed cell death (apoptosis) by cisplatin, other anticancer drugs, toxins and hyperthermia. Biochem. Pharmacol. 40, 2353-2362.
29. Baughman, G., Lesley, J., Trotter, J., Hyman, R. and Bourgeois, S. (1992). Tcl-30, a new T cell-specific gene expressed in immature glucocorticoid-sensitive thymocytes. J. Immunol. 149, 1488-1496.
30. Behl, C., Davis, J. B., Klier, F. G. and Schubert, D. (1994). Amyloid β peptide induces necrosis rather than apoptosis. Brain Res. 645, 253-264.
31. 2+ concentration and DNA fragmentation. Cancer Res. 52, 1342-1346.
32. Benito, A., Grillot, D., Nuñez, G. and Fernandez-Luna, J. L. (1995). Regulation and function of Bcl-2 during differentiation-induced cell death in HL-60 promyelocytic cells. Am. J. Pathol. 146, 481-490.
33. Bennett, M. R., Evan, G. I. and Schwartz, S. M. (1995). Apoptosis of human vascular smooth muscle cells derived from normal vessels and coronary atherosclerotic plaques. J. Clin. Invest. 95, 2266-2274.
34. Berke, G., Rosen, D. and Ronen, D. (1993). Mechanism of lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis: functional cytolytic T cells lacking perforin and granzymes. Immunology 78, 105-112.
35. Bertrand, R., Sarany, M., Jenkins, M. K., Kerrigan, D. and Pommier, Y. (1991). Differential induction of secondary DNA fragmentation by topoisomerase-II inhibitors in human tumor cell lines with amplified c-myc expression. Cancer Res. 23, 6280-6285.
36. Bevan, M. J., Hogquist, K. A. and Jameson, S. C. (1994). Selecting the T cell receptor repertoire. Science 264, 796-797.
37. Bies, J. and Wolff, L. (1995). Acceleration of apoptosis in TGFβ1-treated in 1 cells ectopically expressing B-myb. Cancer Res. 55, 501-504.
38. Birnbaum, M. J., Clem, R. J. and Miller, L. K. (1994). An apoptosis-inhibiting gene from a nuclear polyhedrosis virus encoding a polypeptide with Cys/His sequence motifs. J. Virol. 68, 2521-2528.
39. Bissonnette, R. P., Echeverri, F., Mahboubi, A. and Green, D. R. (1992). Apoptotic cell death induced by c-myc is inhibited by bcl-2. Nature 359, 552-554.
40. Blackman, M., Kappler, J. and Marrack, P. (1995). The role of the T cell receptor in positive and negative selection of developing T cells. Science 248, 1335-1341.
41. Blackwood, E. M. and Eisenman, R. N. (1991). Max: a helix-loop-helix zipper protein that forms a sequence-specific DNA-binding complex with Myc. Science 251, 1211-1217.
42. Bofill, M., Gombert, W., Borthwick, N. J., Akbar, A. N., McLaughlin, J. E., Lee, C. A., Johnson, M. A., Pinching, A. J. and Janossy, G. (1995). Presence of CD3+CD8+Bcl-2(low) lymphocytes undergoing apoptosis and activated macrophages in lymph nodes of HIV-1+ patients. Am. J. Pathol. 146, 1542-1555.
43. L. Immunity 3, 87-98.
44. Boisson, A., Plotkine, M. and Boulu, R. G. (1992). The neuroproductive effect of a nitric oxide inhibitor in a rat model of focal cerebral ischaemia. Br. J. Pharmacol. 106, 766-767.
45. Boothman, D. A., Lee, I. W. and Sahijdak, W. M. (1995). Isolation of an X-ray-responsive element in the promotor region of tissue-type plasminogen activator: potential uses of X-ray-responsive elements for gene therapy. Radiat. Res. 138, S68-S71.
46. Bose, R., Verheij, M., Haimovitz-Friedman, A., Scotto, K., Fuks, Z. and Kolesnick, R. (1995). Ceramide synthase mediates daunorubicin-induced apoptosis: an alternative mechanism for generating death signals. Cell 82, 405-411.
47. Boudreau, N., Sympson, C. J., Werb, Z. and Bissell, M. J. (1995). Suppression of ICE and apoptosis in mammary epithelial cells by extracellular matrix. Science 267, 891-893.
48. Bowen, I. D. (1984). Laboratory techniques for demonstrating cell death. In: Cell Aging and Cell Death (I. Davies and D. Sigee, eds), pp. 1-38. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
49. Broome, H. E., Dargan, C. M., Bessent, E. F., Krajewski, S. and Reed, J. C. (1995). Apoptosis and Bcl-2 expression in cultured murine splenic T cells. Immunology 84, 375-382.
50. Brown, K., Park, S., Kanno, T., Franzoso, G. and Siebenlist, U. (1993). Mutual regulation of the transcriptional activator NF-κB and its inhibitor, IκB-α. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 2532-2536.
51. Buhl, R., Jaffe, H. A., Holroyd, K. J., Wells, F. B., Mastrangeli, A., Saltini, C., Cantin, A. M. and Crystal, R. G. (1989). Systemic glutathione deficiency in symptom-free HIV-seropositive individuals. Lancet 2, 1294-1298.
52. Bustamante, J., Slater, A. F. G. and Orrenius, S. (1995). Antioxidant inhibition of thymocyte apoptosis by dihydrolipoic acid. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 19, 339-347.
53. Buttke, T. M. and Sandstrom, P. A. (1994). Oxidative stress as a mediator of apoptosis. Immunol. Today 15, 7-10.
54. Caelles, C., Helmberg, A. and Karin, M. (1994). p53-dependent apoptosis in the absence of transcriptional activation of p53-target genes. Nature 370, 220-223.
55. Carson, D. A., Wasson, D. B., Esparza, L. M., Carrera, C. J., Kipps, T. J. and Cottam, H. B. (1992). Oral antilymphocyte activity and induction of apoptosis by 2-chloro-2′-arabinofluoro-2′-deoxyadenosine. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 2970-2974.
56. Cascales, M., Alvarez, A., Gascó, P., Fernández-Simón, L., Sanz, N. and Boscá, L. (1994). Cocaine-induced liver injury in mice elicits specific changes in DNA ploidy and induces programmed death of hepatocytes. Hepatology 20, 992-1001.
57. Casciola-Rosen, L. A., Miller, D. K., Anhalt, G. J. and Rosen, A. (1994). Specific cleavage of the 70-kDa protein component of the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein is a characteristic biochemical feature of apoptotic cell death. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 30757-30760.
58. Chandler, D., El-Naggar, A. K., Brisbay, S., Redline, R. W. and McDonnell, T. J. (1994). Apoptosis and expression of the bcl-2 proto-oncogene in the fetal and adult human kidney: evidence for the contribution of bcl-2 expression to renal carcinogenesis. Human Pathol. 25, 789-796.
59. Chang, D. J., Ringold, G. M. and Heller, R. A. (1992). Cell killing and induction of manganous superoxide dismutase by tumor necrosis factor-α is mediated by lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 188, 538-546.
60. Chen, M., Quintans, J., Fuks, Z., Thompson, C., Kufe, D. W. and Weichselbaum, R. R. (1995). Suppression of Bcl-2 messenger RNA production may mediate apoptosis after ionizing radiation, tumor necrosis factor α, and ceramide. Cancer Res. 55, 991-994.
61. Cheng, J., Zhou, T., Liu, C., Shapiro, J. P., Brauer, M. J., Kiefer, M. C., Barr, P. J. and Mountz, J. D. (1994). Protection from Fas-mediated apoptosis by a soluble form of the Fas molecule. Science 263, 1759-1762.
62. Choi, D. W. (1992). Bench to bedside: the glutamate connection. Science 258, 241-243.
63. Clarke, A. R., Purdie, C. A., Harrison, D. J., Morris, R. G., Bird, C. C., Hooper, M. L. and Wyllie, A. H. (1993). Thymocyte apoptosis induced by p53-dependent and independent pathways. Nature 362, 849-852.
64. Clem, R. J., Fecheimer, M. and Miller, L. K. (1991). Prevention of apoptosis by a baculovirus gene during infection of insect cells. Science 254, 1388-1390.
65. Clem, R. J. and Miller, L. K. (1993). Apoptosis reduces both the in vitro replication and the in vivo infectivity of a baculovirus. J. Virol. 67, 3730-3738.
66. Clement, M. V. and Stamenkovic, Z. (1994). Fas and tumor necrosis factor receptor-mediated cell death: similarities and distinctions. J. Exp. Med. 180, 557-567.
67. Cohen, J. J. and Duke, R. C. (1984). Glucocorticoid activation of a calcium-dependent endonuclease in thymocyte nuclei leads to cell death. J. Immunol. 132, 38-42.
68. Cohen, P. L. and Eisenberg, R. A. (1991). Lpr and gld: single gene models of systemic autoimmunity and lymphoproliferative disease. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 9, 243-269.
69. Coyle, J. T. and Schwarcz, R. (1976). Lesion of striatal neurons with kainic acid provides a model for Huntington's chorea. Nature 263, 244-246.
70. Crook, N. E., Clem, R. J. and Miller, L. K. (1993). An apoptosis-inhibiting baculovirus gene with a zinc finger-like motif. J. Virol. 67, 2168-2174.
71. D'Adamio, L., Awad, K. M. and Reinherz, E. L. (1993). Thymic and peripheral apoptosis of antigen-specific T cells might cooperate in establishing self tolerance. Eur. J. Immunol. 23, 747-753.
72. D'Mello, S. R., Galli, C., Ciotti, T. and Calissano, P. (1993). Induction of apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurons by low potassium: inhibition of death by insulin-like growth factor I cAMP. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 10989-10993.
73. Daniel, P. T. and Krammer, P. H. (1994). Activation induces sensitivity toward APO-1 (CD95)-mediated apoptosis in human B cells. J. Immunol. 152, 5624-5632.
74. Daniel, V., Litwack, G. and Tomkins, G. M. (1973). Induction of cytolysis of cultured lymphoma cells by adenosine 3′-5′-cyclic monophosphate and the isolation of resistant variants. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70, 76-79.
75. Darmon, A. J., Ehrman, N., Caputo, A., Fujinaga, J. and Bleakley, R. C. (1994). The cytotoxic T cell proteinase granzyme B does not activate interleukin-1β-converting enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 32043-32046.
76. Davies, K. J. A. and Goldberg, A. L. (1987). Oxygen radicals stimulate intracellular proteolysis and lipid peroxidation by independent mechanisms in erythrocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 262, 8220-8226.
77. Dawson, T. M., Steiner, J. P., Dawson, V. L., Dinerman, J. L., Uhl, G. R. and Snyder, S. H. (1993). Immunosuppressant FK506 enhances phosphorylation of nitric oxide synthase and protects against glutamate neurotoxicity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 9808-9812.
78. Dawson, V. L., Dawson, T. M., London, E. D., Bredt, D. S. and Snyder, S. H. (1991). Nitric oxide mediates glutamate neurotoxicity in primary cortical cultures. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 6368-6371.
79. de Quay, B., Malinverni, R. and Lauterburg, B. H. (1992). Glutathione depletion in HIV-infected patients: role of cysteine deficiency and effect of oral N-acetylcysteine. AIDS 6, 815-819.
80. De Rossi, A., Ometto, L., Roncella, S., D'Andrea, E., Menin, C., Calderazzo, F., Rowe, M., Ferrarini, M. and Chieco-Bianchi, L. (1994). HIV-1 induces down-regulation of bcl-2 expression and death by apoptosis of EBV-immortalized B cells: A model for a persistent 'self-limiting' HIV-1 infection. Virology 198, 234-244.
81. Debbas, M. and White, E. (1993). Wild-type p53 mediates apoptosis by E1A, which is inhibited by E1B. Gene Develop. 7, 546-554.
82. Delia, D., Aiello, A. and Lombardi, L. (1993). N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide induces apoptosis in malignant hemopoietic cell lines including those unresponsive to retinoic acid. Cancer Res. 53, 6036-6041.
83. Dhein, J., Walczak, H., Bäumier, C. Debatin, K.-M. and Krammer, P. H. (1995). Autocrine T-cell suicide mediated by Apo-1/(Fas/CD95). Nature 373, 438-441.
84. Dickson, D. W. (1995). Apoptosis in the brain. Am. J. Pathol. 146, 1040-1044.
85. Diller, L., Kassel, J. and Nelson, C. E. (1990). p53 functions as a cell cycle control protein in osteosarcomas. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10, 5772-5781.
86. Dinarello, C. A. (1994). The biological properties of interleukin-1. Eur. Cytokine Net. 5, 517-531.
87. Dipasquale, B., Marini, A. M. and Youle, R. J. (1991). Apoptosis and DNA degredation induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium in neurons. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 181, 1442-1448.
88. Don, M. M., Ablett, G., Bishop, C. J., Bundesen, P. G., Donald, K. J., Searle, J. and Kerr, J. F. (1977). Death of cells by apoptosis following attachment of specifically allergized lymphocytes in vitro. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 55, 407-417.
89. Donehower, L. A., Harvey, M., Slagle, B. L., McArthur, M. J., Montgomery, C. A., Jr, Butel, J. S. and Bradley, A. (1992). Mice deficient for p53 are developmentally normal but susceptible to spontaneous tumours. Nature 356, 215-221.
90. Dong, Z., Staroselsky, A. H., Qi, X., Xie, K. and Fidler, I. J. (1994). Inverse correlation between expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase activity and production of metastasis in K-1735 murine melanoma cells. Cancer Res. 54, 789-793.
91. Dowd, D. R., MacDonald, P. N., Komm, B. S., Maussler, M. R. and Miesfeld, R. (1991). Evidence for early induction of calmodulin gene expression in lymphocytes undergoing glucocorticoid-mediated apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 18423-18426.
92. + thymocytes and activated mature lymphocytes but not in the lupus-prone strain, MRL lpr/lpr. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 10340-10344.
93. Dreyer, E. B., Kaiser, P. K., Offermann, J. T. and Lipton, S. A. (1990). HIV-1 coat protein neurotoxicity prevented by calcium channel antagonists. Science 248, 364-367.
94. Duke, R. C., Chervenak, R. and Cohen, J. J. (1983). Endogenous endonuclease-induced DNA fragmentation: an early event in cell-mediated cytolysis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 6361-6365.
95. Duke, R. C., Cohen, J. J. and Chervenak, R. (1986). Differences in target cell DNA fragmentation induced by mouse cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. J. Immunol. 137, 1442-1447.
96. 336-Asp) subunit of cAMP kinase I in a rat leukemia cell line. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 8332-8340.
97. Dypbukt, J. M., Ankarcrona, M., Burkitt, M., Sjöholm, Å., Ström, K., Orrenius, S. and Nicotera, P. (1994). Different prooxidant levels stimulate cell growth, activate apoptosis, or produce necrosis in insulin-secreting RINm5F cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 30553-30560.
98. Edwards, S. N., Buckmaster, A. E. and Tolkovsky, A. M. (1991). The death programme in cultured sympathetic neurones can be suppressed at the posttranslational level by nerve growth factor, cyclic AMP, and depolarization. J. Neurochem. 57, 2140-2143.
99. Eischen, C. M., Dick, C. J. and Leibson, P. J. (1994). Tyrosine kinase activation provides an early and requisite signal for Fas-induced apoptosis. J. Immunol. 153, 1947-1954.
100. Eisenberg, R. A., Tan, E. M. and Dixon, F. J. (1978). Presence of anti-Sm reactivity in autoimmune mouse strains. J. Exp. Med. 147, 582-587.
101. El-Deiry, W. S., Harper, J. W., O'Connor, P. M., (1994). WAF1/CIP1 is induced in p53-mediated G1 arrest and apoptosis. Cancer Res. 54, 1169-1174.
102. Elkon, K. B. (1994). Mechanisms of autoantibody production and their role in disease. Mt Sinai J. Med. 61, 283-290.
103. Ellis, H. M. and Horvitz, H. R. (1986). Genetic control of programmed cell death in the nematode C. Elegans. Cell 44, 817-829.
104. Ellis, L. M. and Fidler, I. J. (1995). Angiogenesis and breast cancer metastasis. Lancet 346, 388-390.
105. Emlen, W., Niebur, J. and Kadera, R. (1994). Accelerated in vitro apoptosis of lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Immunol. 152, 3685-3692.
106. Enokido, Y. and Hatanaka, H. (1993). Apoptotic cell death occurs in hippocampal neurons cultured in a high oxygen atmosphere. Neuroscience 57, 965-972.
107. Escargueil, I., Nègre-Salvayre, A., Pieraggi, M.-T. and Salvayre, R. (1992). Oxidized low density lipoproteins elicit DNA fragmentation of cultured lymphoblastoid cells. FEBS Lett. 305, 155-159.
108. Evan, G. I., Wyllie, A. H., Gilbert, C. S., Littlewood, T. D., Land, H., Brooks, M., Waters, C. M., Penn, L. Z. and Hancock, D. C. (1992). Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by c-myc protein. Cell 69, 119-128.
109. Evans, C. A., Owen-Lynch, J. P., Whetton, A. D. and Dive, C. (1993). Activation of the ableson tyrosine kinase activity is associated with suppression of apoptosis in hemopoietic cells. Cancer Res. 53, 1735-1738.
110. Fairbairn, D. W., Carnahan, K. G., Thwaits, R. N., Gribsby, R. V., Holyoak, G. R. and O'Neill, K. L. (1994). Detection of apoptosis induced DNA cleavage in scrapie-infected sheep brain. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 115, 341-346.
111. Farrow, S. N., White, J. H., Martinou, I., Raven, T., Pun, K. T., Grinham, C. J., Martinou, J. C. and Brown, R. (1995). Cloning of a bcl-2 homologue by interaction with adenovirus E1B 19K. Nature 374, 731-733.
112. Fauchen, C., Diu, A. and Chan, A. W. E. (1995). A novel human protease similar to the interleukin-1β converting enzyme induces apoptosis in transfected cells. EMBO J. 14, 1914-1922.
113. Ferguson, D. J. and Anderson, T. J. (1981). Morphological evaluation of cell turnover in relation to the menstrual cycle in the 'resting' human breast. Br. J. Cancer 44, 177-181.
114. Fernandez, A., Marin, M. C., McDonnell, T. and Ananthaswamy, H. N. (1994). Differential sensitivity of normal and Ha-ras-transformed C3H mouse embryo fibroblasts to tumor necrosis factor: induction of bcl-2, c-myc, and manganese superoxide dismutase in resistant cells. Oncogene 9, 2009-2017.
115. Fernandez, A., Fosdick, L. J., Marin, M. C., Diaz, C., McDonnell, T. J., Ananthaswamy, H. N. and McConkey, D. J. (1995a). Differential regulation of endogenous endonuclease activation in isolated murine fibroblasts nuclei by ras and bcl-2. Oncogene 10, 769-774.
116. 2+-mediated endogenous endonuclease activation in apoptotic thymocytes. J. Immunol, 155, 5133-5139.
117. Fernandez-Alnemri, T., Litwack, G. and Alnemri, E. S. (1994). CPP32, a novel human apoptotic protein with homology to Caenorhabditis elegans cell death protein ced-3 and mammalian interleukin-1β-converting enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 30761-30764.
118. Fernandez-Alnemri, T., Litwack, G. and Alnemri, E. S. (1995). Mch2, a new member of the apoptotic Ced-3/Ice cysteine protease gene family. Cancer Res. 55, 2737-2742.
119. Fernandez-Salguero, P., Pineau, T., Hilbert, D. M., (1995). Immune system impairment and hepatic fibrosis in mice lacking the dioxin-binding Ah receptor. Science 268, 722-726.
120. Ferretti, P. and Geraudie, J. (1995). Retinoic acid-induced cell death in the wound epidermis of regenerating zebrafish fins. Develop. Dynam. 202, 271-283.
121. Fields, S. and Jang, S. K. (1990). Presence of a potent transcription activating sequence in the p53 protein. Science 249, 1046-1049.
122. Fisher, G. H., Rosenberg, F. J., Straus, S. E., Dale, J. K., Middleton, L. A., Lin, A. Y., Strober, W., Lenardo, M. J. and Puck, J. M. (1995). Dominant interfering Fas gene mutations impair apoptosis in a human autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. Cell 81, 935-946.
123. Flemming, W. (1885). Uber die Bildung von Richtunsfifuren in Saugethiereiern beim Untergang Graafscher Follikel. Arch. Anat. Entw. Gesch. 221-244.
124. Floersheim, G. L. (1993). Radioprotective effects of calcium antagonists used alone or with other types of radioprotectors. Radiat. Res. 133, 80-87.
125. Folkman, J. (1995). Angiogenesis inhibitors generated by tumors. Mol. Med. 1, 120-122.
126. Forloni, G., Chiesa, R., Smiroldo, S., Verga, L., Salmona, M., Tagliavini, F. and Angeretti, N. (1993). Apoptosis mediated neurotoxicity induced by chronic application of β amyloid fragment 25-35. NeuroReport 4, 523-526.
127. Frisch, S. M. and Francis, H. (1994). Disruption of epithelial cell-matrix interactions induces apoptosis. J. Cell Biol. 124, 619-626.
128. Fukunaga, N., Schea, R. A., Burrows, H. L. and Boothman, D. A. (1992). Enhanced induction of tissue-type plasminogen activator in normal human cells compared to cancer-prone cells following ionizing radiation. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 24, 949-957.
129. Furuya, Y. and Isaacs, J. T. (1993). Differential gene regulation during programmed death (apoptosis) versus proliferation of prostatic glandular cells induced by androgen manipulation. Endocrinology 133, 2660-2666.
130. Furuya, Y., Lundmo, P., Short, A. D., Gill, D. L. and Isaacs, J. T. (1994). The role of calcium, pH, and cell proliferation in the programmed (apoptotic) death of androgen-independent prostatic cancer cells induced by thapsigargin. Cancer Res. 54, 6167-6175.
131. Gagliardini, V., Fernandez, P.-A., Lee, R. K. K., Drexler, H. C. A., Rotello, R. J., Fishman, M. C. and Yuan, J. (1994). Prevention of vertebrate neuronal death by crmA gene. Science 263, 826-828.
132. Gaido, M. L. and Cidlowski, J. A. (1991). Identification, purification, and characterization of a calcium-dependent endonuclease (NUC18) from apoptotic rat thymocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 18580-18585.
133. Gannon, J. V. and Lane, D. P. (1991). Protein synthesis required to anchor a mutant p53 protein which is temperature-sensitive for nuclear transport. Nature 349, 802-806.
134. Garchon, H. J., Luan, J. J., Eloy, L., Bedossa, P. and Bach, J. F. (1994). Genetic analysis of immune dysfunction in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice: mapping of a susceptibility locus close to the Bcl-2 gene correlates with increased resistance of NOD T cells to apoptosis induction. Eur. J. Immunol. 24, 380-384.
135. Gavrilovic, J., Brennan, A., Mirsky, R. and Jessen, K. R. (1995). Fibroblast growth factors and insulin growth factors combine to promote survival of rat Schwann cell precursors without induction of DNA synthesis. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7, 77-85.
136. Gershenfeld, H. K., Hershberger, R. J., Mueller, C. and Weissman, I. L. (1988). A T cell- and natural killer cell-specific, trypsin-like serine protease. Implications of a cytolytic cascade. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 532, 367-379.
137. Gillette-Ferguson, I. and Sidman, C. L. (1994). A specific intercellular pathway of apoptotic cell death is defective in the mature peripheral T cells of autoimmune lpr and gld mice. Eur. J. Immunol. 24, 1181-1185.
138. Glücksmann, A. (1951). Cell deaths in normal vertebrate ontogeny. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 26, 59-86.
139. Compel, A., Sabourin, J. C., Martin, A., Yaneva, H., Audouin, J., Decroix, Y. and Poitout, P. (1994). Bcl-2 expression in normal endometrium during the menstrual cycle. Am. J. Pathol. 144, 1195-1202.
140. Goodnow, C. C., Crosbie, J. and Adelstein, S. (1988) Altered immunoglobulin expression and functional silencing of self-reactive B lymphocytes in transgenic mice. Nature 334, 676-682.
141. Gorczyca, W., Gong, J., Ardelt, B., Traganos, F. and Darzynkiewicz, Z. (1993). The cell cycle related differences in susceptibility of HL-60 cells to apoptosis induced by various antitumor agents. Cancer Res. 53, 3186-3192.
142. Gottlieb, R. A., Burleson, K. O., Kloner, R. A., Babior, B. M. and Engler, R. L. (1994). Reperfusion injury induces apoptosis in rabbit cardiomyocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 94, 1621-1628.
143. Gottshalk, A. R., Boise, L. H., Thompson, C. B. and Quintans, J. (1994). Identification of immunosuppressant-induced apoptosis in a murine B-cell line and its prevention by bcl-x but not bcl-2. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 7350-7354.
144. Grant, S., Jarvis, W. D., Swerdlow, P. S., Turner, A. J., Traylor, R. S., Wallace, H. J., Lin, P. S., Pettit, G. R. and Gewirtz, D. A. (1992). Potentiation of the activity of 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine by the protein kinase C activator bryostatin 1 in HL-60 cells: association with enhanced fragmentation of mature DNA. Cancer Res. 52, 6270-6278.
145. Gratiot-Deans, J., Ding, L., Turka, L. A. and Nuñez, G. (1993). bcl-2 protooncogene expression during human T cell development. Evidence for biphasic regulation. J. Immunol. 151, 83-91.
146. Greenlund, L. J. S., Deckwerth, T. L. and Johnson, E. M., Jr (1995). Superoxide dismutase delays neuronal apoptosis: a role for reactive oxygen species in programmed neuronal death. Neuron 14, 303-314.
147. Gregory, C. D., Dive, C., Hendersen, S., Smith, C. A., Williams, G. T., Gordon, J. and Rickinson, A. B. (1991). Activation of Epstein-Barr virus latent genes protects human B cells from death by apoptosis. Nature 249, 612-614.
148. Groffen, J., Stephenson, J. R., Heisterkamp, N., Bartram, C., Klein, A. de and Grosveld, G. (1984). The human c-abl oncogene in the Philadelphia translocation. J. Cell. Physiol. 3 (Suppl.), 179-191.
149. + T cells from human immunodeficiency virus-infected asymptomatic individuals. J. Exp. Med. 175, 331-340.
150. Gu, Y., Sarnecki, C., Aldape, R. A., Livingston, D. J. and Su, M. S.-S. (1995). Cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase by interleukin-1β converting enzyme and its homologs TX and Nedd-2. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 18715-18718.
151. Gulbins, E., Coggeshall, K. M. and Baier, G. (1994) Direct stimulation of Vav guanine nucleotide exchange activity for Ras by phorbol esters and diglycerides. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 4749-4758.
152. Gulbins, E., Bissonnette, R. and Mahboubi, A. (1995). Fas-induced apoptosis is mediated via a ceramide-initiated RAS signaling pathway. Immunity 2, 341-351.
153. Gunji, H., Kharbanda, S. and Kufe, D. (1991). Induction of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in human myeloid leukemia cells by 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. Cancer Res. 51, 741-743.
154. Haimovitz-Friedman, A., Kan, C. C., Ehleiter, D., Persaud, R. S., McLoughlin, M., Fuks, Z. and Kolesnick, R. N. (1994). Ionizing radiation acts on cellular membranes to generate ceramide and initiate apoptosis. J. Exp. Med. 180, 525-535.
155. Hallahan, D., Haimovitz-Friedman, A., Kufe, D., Fuks, Z. and Weichselbaum, R. (1993). The role of cytokines in radiation oncology. In: Important Advances in Oncology (V. DeVita, S. Hellman and S. A. Rosenberg, eds), pp. 71-80. J. P. Lippincott, Philadelphia, U.S.A.
156. Hamburger, V., Brunso-Brechtold, J. K. and Yip, J. Y. (1995). Neuronal death in the spinal ganglia of the chick embryo and its reduction by nerve growth factor. J. Neurosci. 1, 60-71.
157. Hameed, A., Olsen, K. J., Lee, M. K., Lichtenheld, M. G. and Podack, E. R. (1989). Cytolysis by Ca-permeable transmembrane channels. Pore formation causes extensive DNA degradation and cell lysis. J. Exp. Med. 169, 765-777.
158. Hannun, Y. A. (1994). The sphingomyelin cycle and the second messenger function of ceramide. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 3125-3128.
159. Hannun, Y. A. and Obeid, L. M. (1995). Ceramide: an intercellular signal for apoptosis. Trends Biol. Sci. 20, 73-77.
160. Hanson, K. P. (1979). Molecular mechanisms of interphase death of lymphoid cells. Radiobiologya 19, 814-820.
161. Harris, A. C., Tomkins, G. M. and Cohn, M. (1971). Glucocorticoid receptors in lymphoma cells in culture. Relationship to glucocorticoid killing activity. Science 171, 189-191.
162. Hartley, S. B., Crosbie, J., Brink, R., Kantor, A. B., Basten, A. and Goodnow, C. C. (1991). Elimination from peripheral lymphoid tissues of self-reactive B lymphocytes recognizing membrane-bound antigens. Nature 353, 765-769.
163. Havrilesky, I. J., Hurteau, J. A., Whitaker, R. S., Elbendary, A., Wu, S., Rodriguez, G. C., Bast, R. C. and Berchuck, A. (1995). Regulation of apoptosis in normal and malignant ovarian epithelial cells by TGFβ. Cancer Res. 55, 944-948.
164. Heisterkamp, N., Stam, K., Groffen, J., Klein, A. de and Grosveld, G. (1985). Structural organization of the bcr gene and its role in the Ph' translocation. Nature 315, 758-761.
165. Helgason, C. D., Shi, L., Greenberg, A. H., Shi, Y., Bromley, P., Cotter, T. G., Green, D. R. and Bleackley, R. C. (1993). DNA fragmentation induced by cytotoxic T lymphocytes can result in target cell death. Exp. Cell Res. 206, 302-310.
166. Helmberg, A., Auphan, N., Caelles, C. and Karin, M. (1995). Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of human leukemic cells is caused by the repressive function of the glucocorticoid receptor. EMBO J. 14, 452-460.
167. Henderson, S., Rowe, M., Gregory, C., Croom-Carter, D., Wang, F., Longnecker, R., Kieff, E. and Rickinson, A. (1991). Induction of bcl-2
168. Henderson, S., Huen, D., Rowe, M., Dawson, C., Johnson, G. and Rickinson, A. (1993). Epstein-Barr virus-coded BHRF1 protein, a viral homologue of Bcl-2, protects human B cells from programmed cell death. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 8479-8483.
169. Hennet, T., Bertoni, G., Richter, C. and Peterhans, E. (1993). Expression of bcl-2 protein enhances the survival of mouse fibrosarcoid cells in tumor necrosis factor-mediated cytotoxicity. Cancer Res. 53, 1456-1460.
170. Hermeking, H. and Eick, D. (1994). Mediation of c-Myc-induced apoptosis by p53. Science 265, 2091-2093.
171. Hewish, D. R. and Burgoyne, L. A. (1973). Chromatin sub-structure. The digestion of chromatin DNA at regularly spaced sites by a nuclear deoxyribonuclease. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 52, 504-510.
172. Hinshaw, V. S., Olsen, C. W., Dybdahl-Sissoko, N. and Evans, D. (1994). Apoptosis: a mechanism of cell killing by influenza A and B viruses. J. Virol. 68, 3667-3673.
173. Hiramatsu, N., Hayashi, N., Katayama, K., Mochizuki, K., Kawanishi, Y., Kasahara, A., Fusamoto, H. and Kamada, T. (1994). Immunohistochemical detection of Fas antigen in liver tissue of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 19, 1354-1359.
174. Hockenbery, D. M., Oltvai, Z. N., Yin, X.-M., Milliman, C. L. and Korsmeyer, S. J. (1993). Bcl-2 functions in an antioxidant pathway to prevent apoptosis. Cell 75, 241-251.
175. Hogquist, K. A., Jameson, S. C., Heath, W. R., Howard, J. L., Beavan, M. J. and Carbone, F. R. (1994). T cell receptor antagonist peptides induce positive selection. Cell 76, 17-27.
176. Holder, M. J., Wang, H., Milner, A. E., (1993). Suppression of apoptosis in normal and neoplastic human B lymphocytes by CD40 ligand is independent of BCL-2 induction. Eur. J. Immunol. 23, 2368-2371.
177. Hollstein, M., Sidransky, D., Vogelstein, B. and Harris, C. C. (1991). p53 mutations in human cancers. Science 253, 49-53.
178. Hooper, M. L. (1994). The role of the p53 and Rb-1 genes in cancer, development and apoptosis. J. Cell Sci. 18 (Suppl.), 13-17.
179. Hopwood, D. and Levison, D. A. (1976). Atrophy and apoptosis in the cyclical human endometrium. J. Pathol. 119, 159-166.
180. Houenou, L. J., Turner, P. L., Li, L., Oppenheim, R. W. and Festoff, B. W. (1995). A serine protease inhibitor, protease nexin I, rescues motoneurons from naturally occurring and axotomy-induced cell death. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 895-899.
181. Howell, D. M. and Martz, E. (1988). Nuclear disintegration induced by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 140, 689-692.
182. Hsu, H., Xiong, J. and Goeddel, D. V. (1995). The TNF receptor 1-associated protein TRADD signals cell death and NFκB activation. Cell 81, 495-504.
183. Ijiri, K. and Potten, C. S. (1983). Response of intestinal cells of differing topographical and hierarchical status to ten cytotoxic drugs and five sources of radiation. Br. J. Cancer 47, 175-185.
184. Ikegaki, N., Katsumata, M., Minna, J. and Tsujimoto, Y. (1994). Expression of bcl-2 in small cell lung carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 54, 6-8.
185. Ireland, C. M. and Pittman, S. M. (1995). Tubulin alterations in taxol-induced apoptosis parallel those observed with other drugs. Biochem. Pharmacol. 49, 1491-1499.
186. Irmler, M., Hertig, S., MacDonald, H. R., Sadoul, R., Becherer, J. D., Proudfoot, A., Solari, R. and Tschopp, J. (1995). Granzyme A is an interleukin 1β-converting enzyme. J. Exp. Med. 181, 1917-1922.
187. Isner, J. M., Kearney, M., Bortman, S. and Passeri, J. (1995). Apoptosis in human atherosclerosis and retinosis. Circulation 91, 2703-2711.
188. Israel, N., Gougerot-Pocidalo, M. A., Aillet, F. and Virelizier, J. L. (1992). Redox status of cells influences constitutive or induced NFκB translocation and HIV long terminal repeat activity in human T and monocytic cell lines. J. Immunol. 149, 3386-3393.
189. Iversen, O. H. (1967). Kinetics of cellular proliferation and cell loss in human carcinomas. A discussion of methods available for in vivo studies. Eur. J. Cancer 3, 389-394.
190. Iwata, M., Mukai, M., Nakai, Y. and Iseki, R. (1992). Retinoic acids inhibit activation - induced apoptosis in T-cell hybridomas and thymocytes. J. Immunol. 149, 3302-3308.
191. Iwata, M., Iseki, R., Sato, K., Tozawa, Y. and Ohoka, Y. (1994). Involvement of protein kinase C-∈ in glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in thymocytes. Int. Immunol. 6, 431-438.
192. Jacobson, M. D., Burne, J. F., King, M. P., Miyashita, T., Reed, J. C. and Raff, M. C. (1993). Bcl-2 blocks apoptosis in cells lacking mitochondrial DNA. Nature 361, 365-369.
193. Jacobson, M. D., Burne, J. F. and Raff, M. C. (1994). Programmed cell death and bcl-2 protection in the absence of a nucleus. EMBO J. 13, 1899-1910.
194. James, T. N. (1993). Normal and abnormal consequences of apoptosis in the human heart: from postnatal morphogenesis to paroxysmal arrhythmias. Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc. 105, 145-177.
195. Jarvis, W. D., Turner, A. J., Povirk, L. F., Traylor, R. S. and Grant, S. (1994). Induction of apoptotic DNA fragmentation and cell death in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells by pharmacological inhibitors of protein kinase C. Cancer Res. 54, 1707-1714.
196. Jiang, H. and Kochhar, D. M. (1992). Induction of tissue transglutaminase and apoptosis by retinoic acid in the limb bud. Teratology 46, 333-340.
197. 2+-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin. Exp. Cell Res. 212, 84-92.
198. Ju, S.-T., Panka, D. J., Cui, H., Ettinger, R., El-Khatib, M. and Marshak-Rothstein, A. (1995). Fas(CD95)/FasL interactions required for programmed cell death after T-cell activation. Nature 373, 444-448.
199. 2+ channels exposed to serum from patients with type I diabetes. Science 261, 86-90.
200. Jurgensmeier, J. M., Schmitt, C. P., Viesel, E., Hofler, P. and Bauer, G. (1994). TGF-β-treated normal fibroblasts eliminate transformed fibroblasts by induction of apoptosis. Cancer Res. 54, 393-398.
201. Kaiser, N. and Edelman, I. S. (1977). Calcium dependence of glucocorticoid-induced lymphocytolysis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 638-642.
202. Kalebic, T., Kinter, A., Poli, G., Anderson, M. E., Meister, A. and Fauci, A. S. (1991). Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus expression in chronically infected monocytic cells by glutathione, glutathione ester, and N-acetylcysteine. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 986-990.
203. Kamens, J., Paskind, M. and Hugunin, M. (1995). Identification and characterization of ICH-2, a novel member of the interleukin-1β-converting enzyme family of cysteine proteases. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 15250-15256.
204. Kammer, G. M. (1988). The adenylate-cyclase-cAMP-protein kinase A pathway and regulation of the immune response. Immunol. Today 9, 222-229.
205. Kane, D. J., Sarafian, T. A., Anton, R., Hahn, H., Gralla, E. B., Valentine, J. S., Örd, T. and Bredesen, D. E. (1993). Bcl-2 inhibition of neural death: decreased generation of reactive oxygen species. Science 262, 1274-1277.
206. Kasid, U., Pirollo, K., Dritschilo, A. and Chang, E. (1993). Oncogenic bases of radiation resistance. Adv. Cancer Res. 61, 195-233.
207. Kass, G. E. N., Wright, J. M., Nicotera, P. and Orrenius, S. (1988). The mechanism of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine toxicity: role of intracellular calcium. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 260, 789-797.
208. Kastan, M. B., Zhan, Q., El-Deiry, W. S., Carrier, F., Jacks, T., Walsh, W. V., Plunkett, B. S., Vogelstein, B. and Fornace, A. J., Jr. (1992). A mammalian cell cycle checkpoint pathway utilizing p53 and GADD45 is defective in ataxia-telangiectasia. Cell 71, 587-597.
209. Katagiri, T., Urakawa, K., Yamanashi, Y., Semba, K., Takahashi, T., Toyoshima, K., Yamamoto, T. and Kano, K. (1989). Overexpression of src family gene for tyrosine-kinase p59fyn in CD4-CD8-T cells of mice with a lymphoproliferative disorder. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 10064-10068.
210. Katsikis, P. D., Wunderlich, E. S., Smith, C. A. and Herzenberg, L. A. (1995). Fas antigen stimulation induces marked apoptosis of T lymphocytes in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. J. Exp. Med. 181, 2029-2036.
211. Kaufmann, S. H. (1989). Induction of endonucleolytic DNA cleavage in human acute myelogenous leukemia cells by etoposide, camptothecin, and other cytotoxic anticancer drugs: a cautionary note. Cancer Res. 49, 5870-5878.
212. Kägi, D., Ledermann, B., Burki, K., Seiler, P., Odermatt, B., Olsen, K. J., Podack, E. R., Zinkernagel, R. M. and Hengartner, H. (1994). Cytotoxicity mediated by T cells and natural killer cells is greatly impaired in perforin-deficient mice. Nature 369, 31-37.
213. Kennedy, W. A., II, Stenberg, A., Lackgren, G., Hensle, T. W. and Sawczuk, I. S. (1994). Renal tubular apoptosis after partial ureteral obstruction. J. Urol. 152, 658-664.
214. Kerr, J. F. and Searle, J. (1972). A suggested explanation for the paradoxically slow growth rate of basal-cell carcinomas that contain numerous mitotic figures. J. Pathol. 107, 41-44.
215. Kerr, J. F. R., Wyllie, A. H. and Currie, A. R. (1972). Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br. J. Cancer 26, 239-257.
216. Kerr, J. F. and Searle, J. (1973). Deletion of cells by apoptosis during castration-induced involution of the rat prostate. Virchows Archiv. B. 87-102.
217. Kizaki, H., Tadakuma, T., Odaka, C., Muramatsu, J. and Ishimura, Y. (1989). Activation of a suicide process of thymocytes through DNA fragmentation by calcium ionophores and phorbol esters. J. Immunol. 143, 1790-1794.
218. Klion, F. M. and Schaffner, F. (1966). The ultrastructure of acidophilic 'Councilman-like' bodies in the liver of patients with smallpox. Am. J. Pathol. 48, 755-762.
219. Knox, K. A. and Gordon, J. (1993). Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is mandatory for CD40-mediated rescue of germinal center B cells from apoptosis. Eur. J. Immunol. 23, 2578-2584.
220. Koga, Y., Tanaka, K., Lu, Y. Y., Oh-Tsu, M., Sasaki, M., Kimura, G. and Nomoto, K. (1994). Priming of immature thymocytes to CD3-mediated apoptosis by infection with murine cytomegalovirus. J. Virol. 68, 4322-4328.
221. Kolesnick, R. and Golde, D. W. (1994). The sphingomyelin pathway in tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 signaling. Cell 77, 325-328.
222. 2+ by toxic agents: an index of potential neurotoxicity? Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 9, 154-156.
223. Korsmeyer, S. J. (1992). Bcl-2 initiates a new category of oncogenes: regulators of cell death. Blood 80, 879-886.
224. Koseki, C., Herzlinger, D. and Al-Awqati, Z. (1992). Apoptosis in metanephric development. J. Cell Biol. 119, 1327-1333.
225. Krammer, P. H., Behrmann, I., Daniel, P., Dhein, J. and Debatin, K. M. (1994). Regulation of apoptosis in the immune system. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 6, 279-289.
226. Krams, S. M., Egawa, H., Quinn, M. B., Villanueva, J. C., Garcia-Kennedy, R. and Martinez, O. M. (1995). Apoptosis as a mechanism of cell death in liver allograft rejection. Transplantation 59, 621-625.
227. Kuida, K., Lippke, J. A., Ku, G., Harding, M. W., Livingston, D. J., Su, M. S.-S. and Flavell, R. A. (1995). Altered cytokine export and apoptosis in mice deficient in interleukin-1β converting enzyme. Science 267, 2000-2003.
228. Kumar, S., Kinoshita, M., Noda, M., Copeland, N. G. and Jenkins, N. A. (1994). Induction of apoptosis by the mouse Nedd2 gene, which encodes a protein similar to the product of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell death ced-3 and the mammalian IL-1β-converting enzyme. Gene Develop. 8, 1613-1526.
229. Kure, S., Tominaga, T., Yoshimoto, T., Tada, K. and Narisawa, K. (1991). Glutamate triggers internucleosomal DNA cleavage in neuronal cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 179, 39-45.
230. Kutsyi, M. P. and Gaziev, A. I. (1994). Gamma irradiation or hydrocortisone treatment of rats increases the proteinase activity associated with histones of thymus nuclei. Radiat. Res. 140, 221-229.
231. Kwo, P., Patel, T., Bronk, S. F. and Gores, G. J. (1995). Nuclear serine protease activity contributes to bile acid-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes. Am. J. Physiol. 268, G613-G621.
232. 2+-dependent endonuclease as an early event in castration-induced prostatic cell death. Prostate 13, 103-117.
233. Kyprianou, N., English, H. F. and Isaacs, J. T. (1990). Programmed cell death during regression of PC-82 human prostrate cancer following androgen ablation. Cancer Res. 50, 3748-3753.
234. LaFerla, F. M., Tinkle, B. T., Bieberich, C. J., Haudenschild, C. C. and Jay, G. (1995). The Alzheimer's Aβ peptide induces neurodegeneration and apoptotic cell death in transgenic mice. Nature Genetics 9, 21-30.
235. Lagresle, C., Bella, C., Daniel, P. T., Krammer, P. H. and Defrance, T. (1995). Regulation of germinal center B cell differentiation. Role of the human APO-1/Fas (CD95) molecule. J. Immunol. 154, 5746-5756.
236. 2+ fluxes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 6569-6573.
237. Lane, D. P. (1992). Cancer. p53, guardian of the genome. Nature 358, 15-16.
238. Laneuville, P., Timm, M. and Hudson, A. T. (1994). bcr/abl expression in 32D cl3(G) cells inhibits apoptosis induced by protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Cancer Res. 54, 1360-1366.
239. Langley, R., Palayoor, S. T., Coleman, C. N. and Bump, E. A. (1993). Modifiers of radiation-induced apoptosis. Radiat. Res. 136, 320-326.
240. Lassmann, H., Bancher, C., Breitschopf, H., Wegiel, J., Bobinski, M., Jellinger, K. and Wisniewski, H. M. (1995). Cell death in Alzheimer's disease evaluated by DNA fragmentation in situ. Acta Neuropathol. 89, 35-41.
241. Lazebnik, Y. A., Kaufmann, S. H., Desnoyers, S., Poirier, G. G. and Earnshaw, W. C. (1994). Cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase by a proteinase with properties like ICE. Nature 371, 346-347.
242. Le, W., Colom, L. V., Xie, W. J., Smith, G., Alexianu, M. and Appel, S. H. (1995). Cell death induced by β-amyloid 1-40 in MES 23.5 hybrid clone: the role of nitric oxide and NMDA-gated channel activation leading to apoptosis. Brain Res. 686, 49-60.
243. Lee, E. Y., Chang, C. Y., Hu, N., Wang, Y. C., Lai, C. C., Herrup, K., Lee, W. H. and Bradley, A. (1992). Mice deficient for Rb are nonviable and show defects in neurogenesis and haematopoiesis. Nature 359, 288-294.
244. Lee, K. S., Frank, S., Vanderklish, P., Arai, A. and Lynch, G. (1991). Inhibition of proteolysis protects hippocampal neurons from ischemia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 7233-7237.
245. Lee, M.-R., Liou, M.-L., Yang, Y.-F. and Lai, M.-Z. (1993). cAMP analogs prevent activation-induced apoptosis of T cell hybridomas. J. Immunol. 151, 5208-5217.
246. Lee, S. L., Wesselschmidt, R. L., Linette, G. P., Kanagawa, O., Russell, J. H. and Milbrandt, J. (1995). Unimpaired thymic and peripheral T cell death in mice lacking the nuclear receptor NGFI-B (Nurr77). Nature 269, 532-535.
247. Leist, M., Gantner, F., Jilg, S. and Wendel, A. (1995). Activation of the 55 kDa TNF receptor is necessary and sufficient for TNF-induced liver failure, hepatocyte apoptosis, and nitrite release. J. Immunol. 154, 1307-1316.
248. Lennon, S. V., Martin, S. J. and Cotter, T. G. (1991). Dose-dependent induction of apoptosis in human tumour cell lines by widely diverging stimuli. Cell Prolif. 24, 203-204.
249. Levi-Montalcini, R. and Booker, B. (1960). Destruction of the sympathetic ganglia in mammals by an antiserum to a nerve-growth protein. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 46, 384-391.
250. Li, P., Allen, H. and Banerjee, S. (1995a). Mice deficient in IL-1 β-converting enzyme are defective in production of mature IL-1 β and resistant to endotoxic shock. Cell 80, 401-411.
251. Li, C. J., Friedman, D. J., Wang, C., Metelev, V. and Pardee, A. B. (1995b). Induction of apoptosis in uninfected lymphocytes by HIV-1 tat protein. Science 268, 429-431.
252. Liepins, A. and Bustamante, J. O. (1994). Cell injury and apoptosis. Scan. Microsc. 8, 631-641.
253. Lin, J. K. and Chou, C. K. (1992). In vitro apoptosis in the human hepatoma cell line induced by transforming growth factor-B1. Cancer Res. 52, 385-388.
254. Ling, C. C., Chen, C. H. and Fuks, Z. (1994). An equation for the dose response of radiation-induced apoptosis: possible incorporation with the LQ model. Radiother. Oncol. 33, 17-22.
255. Linnik, M. D., Zobrist, R. H. and Hatfield, M. D. (1993). Evidence supporting a role for programmed cell death in focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke 24, 2002-2008.
256. Linnik, M. D. (1995). Programmed cell death in cerebral ischaemia. CNS Drugs 3, 239-244.
257. Lipton, S. A. (1992). Models of neuronal injury in AIDS: another role for the NMDA receptor. Trends Neurosci. 15, 75-79.
258. Liu, Y. J., Mason, D. Y., Johnson, G. D., Abbot, S., Gregory, C. D., Mardil, D. L., Gordon, J. and MacLiennan, T. C. (1991). Germinal center cells express bcl-2 protein after activation by signals which present their entry into apoptosis. Eur. J. Immunol. 21, 1905-1910.
259. Liu, Z. G., Smith, S. W., McLaughlin, K. A., Schwartz, L. M. and Osborne, B. A. (1994). Apoptotic signals delivered through the T cell receptor of a T cell hybrid require the immediate-early gene nur77. Nature 367, 281-284.
260. Lockshin, R. A. and Beaulaton, J. (1974). Programmed cell death. Life. Sci. 15, 1549-1565.
261. Lomo, J., Blomhoff, H. K., Beiske, K., Stokke, T. and Smeland, E. B. (1995). TGF-β and cyclic AMP promote apoptosis in resting human B lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 154, 1634-1643.
262. Loo, D. T., Copani, A., Pike, C. J., Whittemore, E. R., Walencewicz, A. J. and Cotman, C. W. (1993). Apoptosis is induced by β-amyloid in cultured central nervous system neurons. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 7951-7955.
263. Lorenzo, A., Razzaboni, B., Weir, G. C. and Yanker, B. A. (1994). Pancreatic islet cell toxicity of amylin associated with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Nature 368, 756-760.
264. Lotem, J. and Sachs, L. (1992). Hematopoietic cytokines inhibit apoptosis induced by transforming growth factor β-1 and cancer chemotherapy compounds in myeloid leukemic cells. Blood 80, 1750-1757.
265. Lowe, S. W., Ruley, H. E., Jacks, T. and Housman, D. E. (1993a). p53-dependent apoptosis modulates the cytotoxicity of anticancer agents. Cell 74, 957-967.
266. Lowe, S. W., Schmitt, E. M., Smith, S. W., Osborne, B. A. and Jacks, T. (1993b). p53 is required for radiation induced apoptosis in mouse thymocytes. Nature 362, 847-849.
267. Lowe, S. W., Bodis, S., McClatchey, A., Remington, L., Ruley, H. E., Fisher, D. E., Housman, D. E. and Jacks, T. (1994). p53 status and the efficicacy of cancer therapy in vivo. Science 266, 807-810.
268. Lowin, B., Hahne, M., Mattman, C. and Tschopp, J. (1994). Cytolytic T-cell cytotoxicity is mediated through perform and FAS lytic pathways. Nature 370, 650-652.
269. Lozano, J., Berrra, E., Municio, M. M., Diaz-Meco, M. T., Domingez, I., Sanz, L. and Moscat, J. (1994). Protein kinase C zeta isoform is critical for κB-dependent promotor activation by sphingomyelinase. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 19200-19202.
270. Lunardi-Iskandar, Y., Bryant, J. L., Zeman, R. A., (1995). Tumorigenesis and metastasis of neoplastic Kaposi's sarcoma cell line in immunodeficient mice blocked by a human pregnancy hormone. Nature 375, 64-68.
271. MacManus, J. P., Buchan, A. M., Hill, I. E., Rasquinha, I. and Preston, E. (1993). Global ischemia can cause DNA fragmentation indicative of apoptosis in rat brain. Neurosci. Lett. 164, 89-92.
272. Majno, G. and Joris, I. (1995). Apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis. Am. J. Pathol. 146, 3-15.
273. Malorni, W., Rivabene, R., Santini, M. T. and Donelli, G. (1993). N-Acetylcysteine inhibits apoptosis and decreases viral particles in HIV-chronically infected U937 cells. FEBS Lett. 327, 75-78.
274. Manev, H., Costa, E., Wroblewski, J. T. and Guidotti, A. (1990). Abusive stimulation of excitatory amino acid receptors: a strategy to limit neurotoxicity. FASEB J. 4, 2789-2797.
275. Maragos, W. F., Greenamyre, J. T., Penney, J. B. and Young, A. B. (1987). Glutamate dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: an hypothesis. Trends Neurosci. 10, 65-68.
276. Marin, M. C., Hsu, B., Meyn, R., Donehower, L. A., el-Naggar, A. K. and McDonnell, T. J. (1994). Evidence that p53 and bcl-2 are regulators of a common cell death pathway important for in vivo lymphomagenesis. Oncogene 9, 3107-3112.
277. Martikainen, P. and Isaacs, J. (1990). Role of calcium in the programmed cell death of rat ventral prostatic glandular cells. Prostate 17, 175-187.
278. Martin, S. J., O'Brien, G. A., Nishioka, W. K., McGahon, A. J., Mahboubi, A., Saido, T. C. and Green, D. R. (1995). Proteolysis of fodrin (non-ethryoid spectrin) during apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 6425-6428.
279. Martinou, J.-C., Dubois-Dauphin, M. and Staple, J. K. (1994). Overexpression of bcl-2 in transgenic mice protects neurons from naturally occurring cell death and experimental ischemia. Neuron 13, 1017-1030.
280. Martz, E. and Howell, D. M. (1989). CTL: virus control cells first and cytolytic cells second? DNA fragmentation, apoptosis and the prelytic halt hypothesis. Immunol. Today 10, 79-86.
281. Marushige, K. and Marushige, Y. (1994). Induction of apoptosis by transforming growth factor β 1 in glioma and trigeminal neurinoma cells. Anticancer Res. 14, 2419-2424.
282. Matsuda, M., Masutani, H., Nakamura, H., (1991). Protective activity of adult T cell leukemia-derived factor (ADF) against tumor necrosis factor dependent cytotoxicity on U937 cells. J. Immunol. 147, 3837-3841.
283. Mayer, M. and Noble, M. (1994). N-Acetyl-L-cysteine is a pluripotent protector against cell death and enhancer of trophic factor-mediated cell survival in vitro. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 7496-7500.
284. 2+ concentration. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 269, 365-370.
285. McConkey, D. J., Hartzell, P., Nicotera, P. and Orrenius, S. (1989b). Calcium-activated DNA fragmentation kills immature thymocytes. FASEB J. 3, 1843-1849.
286. McConkey, D. J., Hartzell, P., Amador-Pérez, J. F., Orrenius, S. and Jondal, M. (1989c). Calcium-dependent killing of immature thymocytes by stimulation via the CD3/T cell receptor complex. J. Immunol. 143, 1801-1806.
287. McConkey, D. J., Hartzell, P., Jondal, M. and Orrenius, S. (1989d). Inhibition of DNA fragmentation in thymocytes and isolated thymocyte nuclei by agents that stimulate protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 13399-13402.
288. 2+ increase in the target. FASEB J. 4, 2661-2664.
289. McConkey, D. J., Orrenius, S. and Jondal, M. (1990b). Agents that elevate cAMP stimulate DNA fragmentation in thymocytes. J. Immunol. 145, 1227-1230.
290. McConkey, D. J., Hartzell, P., Chow, S. C., Orrenius, S. and Jondal, M. (1990c). Interleukin 1 inhibits T cell receptor-mediated apoptosis in immature thymocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 3009-3011.
291. McConkey, D. J., Orrenius, S. and Jondal, M. (1990d). Cellular signalling in programmed cell death (apoptosis). Immunol. Today 11, 120-121.
292. McConkey, D. J., Hartzell, P. and Orrenius, S. (1990e). Rapid turnover of endogenous endonuclease activity in thymocytes: effects of inhibitors of macromolecular synthesis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 278, 284-287.
293. McConkey, D. J., Aguilar-Santelises, M., Hartzell, P., Eriksson, I., Mellstedt, H., Orrenius, S. and Jondal, M. (1991). Induction of DNA fragmentation in chronic B-lymphocytic leukemia cells. J. Immunol. 146, 1072-1076.
294. McConkey, D. J., Fernandez, A., Trent, J. and Ananthaswamy, H. N. (1995). Oncogene regulation of endonuclease activation in apoptosis. Cancer Lett. 94, 9-16.
295. McDonnell, T. J., Deane, N., Platt, F. M., Nuñez, G., Jaeger, U., McKearn, J. P. and Korsmeyer, S. J. (1989). bcl-2-immunoglobulin transgenic mice demonstrate extended B cell survival and follicular lymphoproliferation. Cell 57, 79-88.
296. McDonnell, T. J. and Korsmeyer, S. J. (1991). Progression from lymphoid hyperplasia to high-grade malignant lymphoma in mice transgenic for the t(14; 18). Nature 349, 254-256.
297. McDonnell, T. J., Troncoso, P., Brisbay, S. M., Logothetis, C., Chung, L. W., Hsieh, J. T., Tu, S. M. and Campbell, M. L. (1992). Expression of the protooncogene bcl-2 in the prostate and its association with emergence of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 52, 6940-6944.
298. McGahon, A., Bissonnette, R., Schmitt, M., Cotter, K. M., Green, D. R. and Cotter, T. G. (1994). BCR-ABL maintains resistance of chronic myelogenous leukemia cells to apoptotic cell death. Blood 83, 1179-1187.
299. Mekori, Y. A. and Metcalf, D. D. (1994). TGF-β prevents stem cell factor-mediated rescue of most cells from apoptosis after IL-3 deprivation. J. Immunol. 153, 2194-2203.
300. Meredith, J. E., Jr, Fazeli, B. and Schwartz, M. A. (1993). The extracellular matrix as a cell survival factor. Mol. Biol. Cell 4, 953-961.
301. Merino, R., Ding, L., Veis, D. J., Korsmeyer, S. J. and Nuñez, G. (1994). Developmental regulation of the Bcl-2 protein and susceptibility to cell death in B lymphocytes. EMBO J. 13, 683-691.
302. Merritt, A. J., Potten, C. S., Kemp, C. J., Hickman, J. A., Balmain, A., Lane, D. P. and Hall, P. A. (1994). The role of p53 in spontaneous and radiation-induced apoptosis in the gastrointestinal tract of normal and p53-deficient mice. Cancer Res. 54, 614-617.
303. Metcalf, E. S. and Klinman, N. R. (1976). In vitro tolerance induction of neonatal murine B cells. J. Exp. Med. 143, 1327-1340.
304. Meyaard, L., Otto, S. A., Jonker, R. R., Mijnster, M. J., Keet, R. P. and Miedema, F. (1992). Programmed death of T cells in HIV-1 infection. Science 257, 217-219.
305. Meyn, R. E., Stephens, L. C., Voehringer, D. W., Story, M. D., Mirkovic, N. and Milas, L. (1993). Biochemical modulation of radiation-induced apoptosis in murine lymphoma cells. Radiat. Res. 136, 327-334.
306. Meyn, R. E., Stephens, L. C., Hunter, N. R. and Milas, L. (1994). Induction of apoptosis in murine tumors by cyclophosphamide. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 33, 410-414.
307. Milanovich, A., Song, K., Heller, R. A. and Franke, U. (1991). Tumor necrosis factor receptor genes TNFR1 and TNFR2, on human chromosomes 12 and 1. Somatic Cell Mol. Genet. 17, 519-523.
308. Mills, J. J., Chari, R. S., Boyer, I. J., Gould, M. N. and Jirtle, R. L. (1995). Induction of apoptosis in liver tumors by the monoterpene perillyl alcohol. Cancer Res. 55, 979-983.
309. Minarik, L. and Hall, E. J. (1994). Taxol in combination with acute and low dose rate irradiation. Radiother. Oncol. 32, 124-128.
310. Mirkovic, N., Meyn, R. E., Hunter, N. R. and Milas, L. (1994). Radiation-induced apoptosis in a murine lymphoma in vivo. Radiother. Oncol. 33, 11-16.
311. Mita, E., Hayashi, N., Iio, S., Takehara, T., Hijioka, T., Kasahara, A., Fusamoto, H. and Kamada, T. (1994). Role of Fas ligand in apoptosis induced by hepatitis C virus infection. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 204, 468-474.
312. Miura, M., Zhu, H., Rotello, R., Hartwig, E. A. and Yuan, J. (1993). Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by IL-1β-converting enzyme, a mammalian homolog of the C. elegans cell death gene ced-3. Cell 75, 653-660.
313. Miyashita, T. and Reed, J. C. (1992). bcl-2 gene transfer increases relative resistance of S49.1 and WEH17.2 lymphoid cells to cell death and DNA fragmentation induced by glucocorticoids and multiple chemotherapeutic drugs. Cancer Res. 52, 5407-5411.
314. Miyashita, T. and Reed, J. C. (1993). Bcl-2 oncoprotein blocks chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in a human leukemia cell line. Blood 81, 151-157.
315. Miyashita, T., Krajewski, S., Krajewska, M., Wang, H. G., Lin, H. K., Lieberman, D. A., Hoffman, B. and Reed, J. C. (1994). Tumor suppressor p53 is a regulator of bcl-2 and bax gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Oncogene 9, 1799-1805.
316. Miyashita, T. and Reed, J. C. (1995). Tumor suppressor p53 is a direct transcriptional activator of the human bax gene. Cell 80, 293-299.
317. Moore, J., Boswell, S., Hoffman, R., Burgess, G. and Hromas, R. (1993). Ha-ras overexpression inhibits a random apoptotic nuclease in myeloid leukemia cells. Leukemia. Res. 17, 703-709.
318. Moore, N. C., Anderson, G., Williams, G. T., Owen, J. J. T. and Jenkinson, E. J. (1994). Developmental regulation of bcl-2 expression in the thymus. Immunology 81, 115-119.
319. Motoyama, N., Wang, F. and Roth, K. A. (1995). Massive cell death of immature hematopoietic cells and neurons in bcl-x-deficient mice. Science 267, 1506-1510.
320. Mountz, J. D., Steinberg, A. D., Klinman, D. M., Smith, H. R. and Mushinski, J. F. (1984). Autoimmunity and increased c-myb transcription. Science 226, 1087-1089.
321. Mountz, J. D., Mushinski, J. F., Smith, H. R., Klinman, D. M. and Steinberg, A. D. (1985). Modulation of c-myb transcription in autoimmune disease by cyclophosphamide. J. Immunol. 135, 2417-2422.
322. Muller, G., Ayoub, M., Storz, P., Rennecke, J., Fabbro, D. and Pfizenmaier, K. (1995). PKC zeta is a molecular switch in signal transduction of TNF-α, bifunctionally regulated by ceramide and arachidonic acid. EMBO J. 14, 1961-1969.
323. Murakami, T., Li, X., Gong, J., Bhatia, U., Traganos, F. and Darzynkiewicz, Z. (1995). Induction of apoptosis by 5-azacytidine: drug concentration-dependent differences in cell cycle specificity. Cancer Res. 55, 3093-3098.
324. Murname, J. P. and Schwartz, J. L. (1993). Cell checkpoint and radiosensitivity. Nature 365, 22.
325. lo thymocytes in vivo. Science 250, 1720-1723.
326. Mysler, E., Bini, P., Drappa, J., Ramos, P., Friedman, S. M., Krammer, P. H. and Elkon, K. B. (1994). The Apo-1/Fas protein in human systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Clin. Invest. 93, 1029-1034.
327. Nagata, S. and Golstein, P. (1995). The Fas death factor. Science 267, 1449-1456.
328. Nagy, L., Thomazy, V. A., Shipley, G. L., Fesus, L., Lamph, W., Heyman, R. A., Chandraratna, R. A. and Davies, P. J. (1995). Activation of retinoid X receptors induces apoptosis in HL-60 cell lines. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 3540-3551.
329. Nakagama, T., Ueda, Y., Yamada, H., Shores, E. W., Singer, A. and June, C. H. (1992). In vivo calcium elevation in thymocytes with T cell receptors that are specific for self ligands. Science 257, 96-99.
330. Naumovski, L. and Cleary, M. L. (1994). Bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis associated with terminal differentiation of HL-60 myeloid leukemia cells. Blood 83, 2261-2267.
331. Nazareth, L. V., Marbour, D. V. and Thompson, E. B. (1991). Mapping the human glucocorticoid receptor for leukemic cell death. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 12976-12980.
332. 1 precedes oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation in apoptotic thymocytes and isolated thymocyte nuclei. J. Immunol. 154, 3788-3795.
333. Nemazee, D. A. and Burki, K. (1989). Clonal deletion of B lymphocytes in a transgenic mouse bearing anti-MHC class I antibody genes. Nature 337, 562-566.
334. Nicholson, D. W., Ali, A. and Thornberry, N. A. (1995). Identification and inhibition of the ICE/CED-3 protease necessary for mammalian apoptosis. Nature 376, 37-43.
335. Nishimura, Y., Ishii, A., Kobayashi, Y., Yamasaki, Y. and Yonehara, S. (1995). Expression and function of mouse Fas antigen on immature and mature T cells. J. Immunol. 154, 4395-4403.
336. Nishioka, W. K. and Welsh, R. M. (1992). Inhibition of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-induced target cell DNA fragmentation, but not lysis, by inhibitors of DNA topoisomerases I and II. J. Exp. Med. 175, 23-27.
337. Norvell, A., Mandik, L. and Monroe, J. G. (1995). Engagement of the antigen-receptor on immature murine B lymphocytes results in death by apoptosis. J. Immunol. 154, 4404-4413.
338. Nossal, G. J. V. (1983). Cellular mechanisms of immunologic tolerance. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1, 33-62.
339. Nossal, G. J. V. and Karvelas, M. (1990). Soluble antigen abrogates the appearance of anti-protein IgG1-forming cell precusors during primary immunization. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 1615-1619.
340. Noteborn, M. H., Todd, D. and Verschueren, C. A. (1994). A single chicken anemia virus protein induces apoptosis. J. Virol. 68, 346-351.
341. Nuñez, G., Hockenbery, D., McDonnell, T. J., Sorensen, C. M. and Korsmeyer, S. J. (1991). Bcl-2 maintains B cell memory. Nature 353, 71-73.
342. O'Reilly, M. S., Holmgren, L. and Shing, Y. (1994). Angiostatin: a novel angiogenesis inhibitor that mediates the suppression of metastases by a Lewis lung carcinoma. Cell 79, 315-328.
343. Obeid, L. M., Linardic, C. M., Karolak, L. A. and Hannun, Y. A. (1993). Programmed cell death induced by ceramide. Science 259, 1769-1771.
344. Oberhammer, F. A., Pavelka, M., Sharma, S., Tiefenbacher, R., Purchio, A. F., Bursch, W. and Schulte-Hermann, R. (1992). Induction of apoptosis in cultured hepatocytes and in regressing liver by transforming growth factor β 1. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 5408-5412.
345. Oberhammer, F. A., Hochegger, K., Fröschl, G., Tiefenbacher, R. and Pavelka, M. (1994). Chromatin condensation during apoptosis is accompanied by degredation of lamin A+B, without enhanced activation of cdc2 kinase. J. Cell Biol. 126, 827-837.
346. Ogasawara, J., Suda, T. and Nagata, S. (1995). Selective apoptosis of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes by the anti-Fas antibody. J. Exp. Med. 181, 485-491.
347. Ojeda, F., Guarda, M. I., Maldonado, C., Folch, H. and Diehl, H. (1992). Role of protein kinase-C in thymocyte apoptosis induced by irradiation. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 61, 663-667.
348. Okada, S. (1970). Radiation Biochemistry, Vol. 1 (K. I. Altman, G. B. Gerber and S. Okada, eds). Academic Press, New York, U.S.A.
349. Oltvai, Z. N. and Korsmeyer, S. J. (1994). Checkpoints of dueling dimers foil death wishes. Cell 79, 189-192.
350. Oppenheim, R. W., Scwartz, L. M. and Shatz, C. J. (1993). Neuronal death,
351. Orrenius, S. (1995). Apoptosis: molecular mechanisms and implications for human disease. J. Intern. Med. 237, 529-536.
352. 2+ level. J. Immunol. 154, 599-609.
353. 2+ in activation of mature cytotoxic T lymphocytes for lysis. J. Immunol. 139, 3573-3579.
354. Owen-Lynch, P. J., Wong, A. K. and Whetton, A. D. (1995). v-Abl-mediated apoptotic suppression is associated with SHC phosphorylation without concomitant mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 5956-5962.
355. Owen-Schaub, L. B., Yonehara, S., Crump, W. L., III and Grimm, E. A. (1992). DNA fragmentation and cell death is selectively triggered in activated human lymphocytes by Fas antigen engagement. Cell. Immunol 140, 197-205.
356. Owens, G. P., Hahn, W. E. and Cohen, J. J. (1991). Identification of mRNAs associated with programmed cell death in immature thymocytes. Mol. Cell Biol. 11, 4177-4188.
357. Oyaizu, N., McCloskey, T. W., Coronesi, M., Chirmule, N., Kalyanaraman, V. S. and Pahwa, S. (1993). Accelerated apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infected patients and in CD4 cross-linked PBMCs from normal individuals. Blood 82, 3392-3400.
358. Oyaizu, N., McCloskey, T. W., Than, S., Hu, R., Kalyanaraman, V. S. and Pahwa, S. (1994). Cross-linking of CD4 molecules upregulates Fas antigen expression in lymphocytes by inducing interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α secretion. Blood 84, 2622-2631.
359. Pallet, V., Coustaut, M., Naulet, F., Higueret, D., Garcin, H. and Higueret, P. (1993). Chronic ethanol administration enhances retinoic acid and triiodothyronine receptor expression in mouse liver. FEBS Lett. 331, 119-122.
360. Pasternack, M. S. and Eisen, H. N. (1985). A novel serine esterase expressed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Nature 314, 743-745.
361. Peitsch, M. C., Polzar, B., Stephan, H., Crompton, T., MacDonald, H. R., Mannherz, H. G. and Tschopp, J. (1993). Characterization of the endogenous deoxyribonuclease involved in nuclear DNA degradation during apoptosis (programmed cell death). EMBO J. 12, 371-377.
362. Pelfrey, C. M., Tranquill, L. R., Boehme, S. A., McFarland, H. F. and Lenardo, M. J. (1995). Two mechanisms of antigen-specific apoptosis of myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T lymphocytes derived from multiple sclerosis patients and normal individuals. J. Immunol. 154, 6191-6202.
363. Pender, M. P., Nguyen, K. B., McCombe, P. A. and Kerr, J. F. (1991). Apoptosis in the nervous system in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Neurolog. Sci. 104, 81-87.
364. Perkins, D. L., Glaser, R. M., Mahon, C. A., Michaelson, J. and Marshak-Rothstein, A. (1990). Evidence for an intrinsic B cell defect in lpr/lpr mice apparent in neonatal chimeras. J. Immunol. 145, 549-555.
365. Perotti, M., Toddei, F., Mirabelli, F., Vairetti, M., Bellomo, G., McConkey, D. J. and Orrenius, S. (1990). Calcium-dependent DNA fragmentation in human synovial cells exposed to cold shock. FEBS Lett. 259, 331-334.
366. Petito, C. K. and Roberts, B. (1995). Evidence of apoptotic cell death in HIV encephalitis. Am. J. Pathol. 146, 1121-1130.
367. Piacentini, M., Autuori, F., Dini, L., Farrace, M. G., Ghibelli, L., Piredda, L. and Fesus, L. (1991). Tissue transglutaminase is specifically expressed in neonatal rat liver cells undergoing apoptosis upon epidermal growth factor stimulation. Cell Tissue Res. 263, 227-234.
368. Picksley, S. M. and Lane, D. P. (1994). p53 and Rb: their cellular roles. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 6, 853-858.
369. Pietenpol, J. A., Papadopoulos, N., Markowitz, S., Willson, J. K., Kinzler, K. W. and Vogelstein, B. (1994). Paradoxical inhibition of solid tumor cell growth by bcl2. Cancer Res. 54, 3714-3717.
370. Pilder, S., Logan, J. and Shenk, T. (1984). Deletion of the gene encoding the adenovirus 5 early region 1b 21,000-molecular-weight polypeptide leads to degradation of viral and host cell DNA. J. Virol. 52, 664-671.
371. Plettenberg, A., Ballaun, C., Pammer, J., Mildner, M., Strunk, D., Weninger, W. and Tschachler, E. (1995). Human melanocytes and melanoma cells constitutively express the Bcl-2 protooncogene in situ and in cell culture. Am. J. Pathol. 146, 651-659.
372. i in individual cytolytic T cells and targets. EMBO J. 6, 2223-2232.
373. Pollard, H. B., Cantagrel, S., Charriant-Marlangue, C., Moreau, J. and Ben Ari, Y. (1994). Apoptosis associated DNA fragmentation in epileptic brain damage. NeuroReport 5, 1053-1055.
374. Pongracz, J., Tuffley, W., Johnson, G. D., Deacon, E. M., Burnett, D., Stockley, R. A. and Lord, J. M. (1995). Changes in protein kinase C isoenzyme expression associated with apoptosis in U937 myelomonocytic cells. Exp. Cell Res. 218, 430-438.
375. Pratt, R. M. and Martin, G. R. (1975). Epithelial cell death and cyclic AMP increase during palatal development. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 874-877.
376. Prehn, J. H. M., Bindokas, V. P., Marcuccilli, C. J., Krajewski, S., Reed, J. C. and Miller, R. J. (1994). Regulation of neuronal Bcl-2 protein expression and calcium homeostasis by transforming growth factor type β confers wide-ranging protection on rat hippocampal neurons. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 12599-12603.
377. Quintans, J., Kilkus, J., McShan, C. L., Gottshalk, A. R. and Dawson, G. (1994). Ceramide mediates the apoptotic response of WEHI 231 cells to anti-immunoglobulin, corticosteroids and irradiation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 202, 710-714.
378. Radford, I. R. (1994). Radiation response of mouse lymphoid and myeloid cell lines. Part I. Sensitivity to killing by ionizing radiation, rate of loss of viability, and cell type of origin. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 65, 203-215.
379. Radford, I. R., Murphy, T. K., Radley, J. M. and Ellis, S. L. (1994). Radiation response of mouse lymphoid and myeloid lines. Part II. Apoptotic death is shown by all lines examined. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 65, 217-227.
380. Radinsky, R., Fidler, I. J., Price, J. E., Esumi, N., Tsan, R., Petty, C. M., Bucana, C. D. and Bar-Eli, M. (1994). Terminal differentiation and apoptosis in experimental lung metastases of human osteogenic sarcoma cells by wild type p53. Oncogene 9, 1877-1883.
381. Radvanyi, L. G., Mills, G. B. and Miller, R. G. (1993). Religation of the T cell receptor after primary activation of mature T cells inhibits proliferation and induces apoptotic cell death. J. Immunol. 150, 5704-5715.
382. Raff, M. C. (1992). Social controls on cell survival and cell death. Nature 356, 397-399.
383. Raff, M. C., Barres, B. A., Burne, J. F., Coles, H. S., Ishizaki, Y. and Jacobson, M. D. (1993). Programmed cell death and the control of cell survival: lessons from the nervous system. Science 262, 695-700.
384. Raines, M. A., Kolesnick, R. and Golde, D. W. (1993). Sphingomyelinase and ceramide activate mitogen-activated protein kinase in myeloid HL-cells. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 14572-14575.
385. + antiporter in suppression of apoptosis by granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 9980-9987.
386. Ramakrishnan, N. and Catravas, G. N. (1992). N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-1-3-propanediamine (WR-1065) protects thymocytes from programmed cell death. J. Immunol. 148, 1817-1821.
387. Ramakrishnan, N., McClain, D. E. and Catravas, G. N. (1993). Membranes as sensitive targets in thymocyte apoptosis. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 63, 693-701.
388. Rami, A. and Krieglstien, J. (1993). Protective effects of calpain inhibitors against neuronal damage caused by cytotoxic hypoxia in vitro and ischemia in vivo. Brain Res. 609, 67-70.
389. Rao, L., Debbas, M., Sabbatini, P., Hockenbery, D., Korsmeyer, S. and White, E. (1992). The adenovirus E1A proteins induce apoptosis, which is inhibited by the E1B 19-kDa and Bcl-2 proteins. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 7742-7746.
390. Raulet, D. H. (1994). MHC class I-deficient mice. Adv. Immunol. 55, 381-421.
391. 2+ in vivo early after hepatotoxic acetaminophen overdose in mice. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 283, 699-705.
392. 2+ antagonists inhibit DNA fragmentation and toxic cell death induced by acetaminophen. FASEB J. 7, 453-463.
393. Razvi, E. S. and Welsh, R. M. (1993). Programmed cell death of T lymphocytes during acute viral infection: a mechanism for virus-induced immune deficiency. J. Virol. 67, 5754-5765.
394. Re, F., Zanetti, A., Sironi, M., Polentarutti, N., Lanfrancone, L., Dejana, E. and Colotta, F. (1994). Inhibition of anchorage-dependent cell spreading triggers apoptosis in cultured human endothelial cells. J. Cell Biol. 127, 537-546.
395. Reed, J. C., Meister, L., Tanaka, S., Cuddy, M., Yum, S., Geyer, C. and Pleasure, D. (1991). Differential expression of bc12 protooncogene in neuroblastoma and other human tumor cell lines of neural origin. Cancer Res. 51, 6529-6538.
396. Reed, J. C. (1995). Bcl-2-prevention of apoptosis as a mechanism of drug resistance. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. N. Am. 9, 451-473.
397. Resnicoff, M., Abraham, D., Yutanawiboonchai, W., Rotman, H. L., Kajstura, J., Rubin, R., Zoltick, P. and Baserga, R. (1995). The insulin-like growth factor I receptor protects tumor cells from apoptosis in vivo. Cancer Res. 55, 2463-2469.
398. Robertson, L. E., Chubb, S., Meyn, R. E., Story, M., Ford, R., Hittelman, W. N. and Plunkett, W. (1993). Induction of apoptotic cell death-in chronic lymphocytic leukemia by 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine and 9-beta-D-arabinosyl-2′-fluoroadenine. Blood 81, 143-150.
399. Rodewald, H. R. (1995). Pathways from hematopoietic stem cells to thymocytes. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 7, 176-187.
400. Rodriguez-Tarduchy, G., Collins, M. and López-Rivas, A. (1990). Regulation of apoptosis in interleukin-3-dependent hemopoietic cells by interleukin-3 and calcium ionophores. EMBO J. 9, 2997-3002.
401. Rodriguez-Tarduchy, G., Malde, P., López-Rivas, A. and Collins, M. K. L. (1992). Inhibition of apoptosis by calcium ionophores in IL-3-dependent bone marrow cells is dependent upon production of IL-4. J. Immunol. 148, 1416-1422.
402. Roederer, M., Ela, S. W., Staal, F. J. and Herzenberg, L. A. (1992). N-acetylcysteine: a new approach to anti-HIV therapy. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8, 209-217.
403. Roederer, M., Staal, F. J., Osada, H. and Herzenberg, L. A. (1991). CD4 and CD8 T cells with high intracellular glutathione levels are selectively lost as the HIV infection progresses. Int. Immunol. 3, 933-937.
404. Rose, L. M., Latchman, D. S. and Isenberg, D. A. (1995). Bcl-2 expression is unaltered in unfractionated peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Br. J. Rheumatol. 34, 316-320.
405. Rothstein, J. D., Bristol, L. A., Hosler, B., Brown, R. H., Jr and Kuncl, R. W. (1994). Chronic inhibition of superoxide dismutase produces apoptotic death of spinal neurons. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 4155-4159.
406. 2+-independent T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. J. Exp. Med. 177, 195-200.
407. Russell, J. H. and Dobos, C. B. (1980). Mechanisms of immune lysis. II. CTL-induced nuclear disintegration of the target begins within minutes of cell contact. J. Immunol. 125, 1256-1261.
408. Russell, J. H., Masakowski, V. R. and Dobos, C. B. (1980). Mechanisms of immune lysis. I. Physiological distinction between target cell death mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and antibody plus complement. J. Immunol. 124, 1100-1105.
409. Russell, J. H., Masakowski, V., Rucinsky, T. and Phillips, G. (1982). Mechanisms of immune lysis. III. Characterization of the nature and kinetics of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-induced nuclear lesion in the target. J. Immunol. 128, 2087-2094.
410. Russell, J. H., White, C. L., Loh, D. Y. and Meleedy-Rey, P. (1991). Receptor-stimulated death pathway is opened by antigen in mature T cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 2151-2155.
411. Russell, J. H., Rush, B. J., Abrams, S. I. and Wang, R. (1992). Sensitivity of T cells to anti-CD3-stimulated suicide is independent of functional phenotype. Eur. J. Immunol. 22, 1655-1658.
412. Russell, J. H. and Wang, R. (1993). Autoimmune gld mutation uncouples suicide and cytokine/proliferation pathways in activated, mature T cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 23, 2379-2382.
413. Russell, J. H., Rush, B., Weaver, C. and Wang, R. (1993). Mature T cells of autoimmune lpr/lpr mice have a defect in antigen-stimulated suicide. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 4409-4413.
414. Saito, K.-I., Elce, J. S., Hamos, J. E. and Nixon, R. A. (1993). Widespread activation of calcium-activated neutral proteinase (calpain) in the brain in Alzheimer disease: a potential molecular basis for neuronal degeneration. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 2628-2632.
415. 2 ultrafine particles. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1201, 259-265.
416. Sambrano, G. R. and Steinberg, D. (1995). Recognition of oxidatively damaged and apoptotic cells by an oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor on mouse peritoneal macrophages: role of membrane phosphatidylserine. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 1396-1400.
417. Samelson, L. E., Davidson, W. F., Morse, H. C., III and Klausner, R. D. (1986). Abnormal tyrosine phosphorylation on T-cell receptor in lymphoproliferative disorders. Nature 324, 674-676.
418. Sandstrom, P. A., Tebbey, P. W., Van Cleave, S. and Buttke, T. M. (1994). Lipid hydroperoxides induce apoptosis in T cells displaying a HIV-associated glutathione peroxidase deficiency. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 798-801.
419. Saunders, J. W. (1966). Death in embryonic systems. Science 154, 604-612.
420. Savill, J. S., Fadok, V., Henson, P. and Haslett, C. (1993). Phagocyte recognition of cells undergoing apoptosis. Immunol. Today 14, 131-136.
421. Savill, J. (1994). Apoptosis and the kidney. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 5, 12-21.
422. Schmied, M., Breitschopf, H., Gold, R., Zischler, H., Rothe, G., Wekerle, H. and Lassmann, H. (1993). Apoptosis of T lymphocytes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Evidence for programmed cell death as a mechanism to control inflammation in the brain. Am. J. Pathol. 143, 446-452.
423. Schröder, R. (1914). Über des verhalten der uterusschleimhaut um die zeit der menstruation. Maratschr. Geburtsh. Gynak. 39, 3-21.
424. Schulte-Hermann, R., Timmermann-Trosiener, I. and Schuppler, J. (1983). Promotion of spontaneous preneoplastic cells in rat liver as a possible explanation of tumor production by nonmutagenic compounds. Cancer Res. 43, 839-844.
425. Schulze-Osthoff, K., Walczak, H., Droge, W. and Krammer, P. H. (1994). Cell nucleus and DNA fragmentation are not required for apoptosis. J. Cell Biol. 127, 15-20.
426. Schumer, M., Colombel, M. C., Sawczuk, I. S., Gobé, G., Connor, J., O'Toole, K. M., Olsson, C. A., Wise, G. J. and Buttyan, R. (1992). Morphologic, biochemical, and molecular evidence of apoptosis during the reperfusion phase after brief periods of renal ischemia. Am. J. Pathol. 140, 831-838.
427. Searle, J., Lawson, T. A., Abbott, P. J., Harmon, B. and Kerr, J. F. (1975). An electronmicroscope study of the mode of cell death induced by cancer-chemotherapeutic agents in populations of proliferating normal and neoplastic cells. J. Pathol. 116, 129-138.
428. Sebzda, E., Wallace, V. A., Mayer, J., Yeung, R. S. M., Mak, T. W. and Ohashi, P. S. (1994). Positive and negative thymocyte selection induced by different concentrations of a single peptide. Science 263, 1615-1618.
429. Selvakumaran, M., Reed, J. C., Liebermann, D. and Hoffman, B. (1994a). Progression of the myeloid differentiation program is dominant to TGF-β-1-induced apoptosis in M1 myeloid leukaemia cells. Blood 84, 1036-1042.
430. Selvakumaran, M., Lin, H. K., Miyashita, T., Wang, H. G., Krajewski, S., Reed, J. C., Hoffman, B. and Liebermann, D. (1994b). Immediate early up-regulation of bax expression and p53 but not TGFβ1: a paradigm for distinct apoptotic pathways. Oncogene 9, 1791-1798.
431. Sentman, C. L., Shutter, J. R., Hockenbery, D. M., Kanagawa, O. and Korsmeyer, S. J. (1991). Bcl-2 inhibits multiple forms of apoptosis but not negative selection in thymocytes. Cell 67, 879-888.
432. Sharkey, J. and Butcher, S. P. (1994). Immunophilins mediate the neuroprotective effects of FK506 in focal cerebral ischaemia. Nature 371, 336-339.
433. Shaw, P., Bovey, R., Tardy, S., Sahli, R., Sordat, B. and Costa, J. (1992). Induction of apoptosis by wild-type p53 in a human colon tumor-derived cell line. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 4495-4499.
434. 2+-endonuclease, DNA repair, and glutathione depletion inhibitors on DNA fragmentation and cell death. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 112, 32-40.
435. Shi, Y., Glynn, J. M., Guilbert, L. J., Cotter, T. G., Bissonnette, R. P. and Green, D. R. (1992a). Role for c-myc in activation-induced apoptotic cell death in T cell hybridomas. Science 257, 212-214.
436. Shi, L., Kraut, R. P., Aebersold, R. and Greenberg, A. H. (1992b). A natural killer cell granule protein that induces DNA fragmentation and apoptosis. J. Exp. Med. 175, 553-566.
437. Shi, Y., Sahai, B. M. and Green, D. R. (1989). Cyclosporin A inhibits activation-induced cell death in T-cell hybridomas and thymocytes. Nature 339, 625-626.
438. Shi, Y., Radvanyi, L. G., Sharma, A., Shaw, P., Green, D. R., Miller, R. G. and Mills, G. B. (1995). CD28-mediated signaling in vivo prevents activation-induced apoptosis in the thymus and alters peripheral lymphocyte homeostasis. J. Immunol. 155, 1829-1837.
439. Sidman, C. L. and Unanue, E. R. (1975). Development of B lymphocytes. I. Cell populations and a critical event during ontogeny. J. Immunol. 114, 1730-1735.
440. Sierra, A., Lloveras, B., Castellsague, X., Moreno, L., Garcia-Ramirez, M. and Fabra, A. (1995). Bcl-2 expression is associated with lymph node metastasis in human ductal breast carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer 60, 54-60.
441. Silvestrini, R., Veneroni, S., Daidone, M. G., Benini, E., Boracchi, P., Mezzetti, M., Di Fronzo, G., Rilke, F. and Veronesi, U. (1994). The Bcl-2 protein: a prognostic indicator strongly related to p53 protein in lymph node-negative breast cancer patients. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 86, 499-504.
442. Singer, G. G. and Abbas, A. K. (1994). The Fas antigen is involved in peripheral but not thymic deletion of T lymphocytes in T cell receptor transgenic mice. Immunity 1, 365-371.
443. Singer, T. P. and Ramsay, R. R. (1990). Mechanisms of the neurotoxicity of MPTP. An update. FEBS Lett. 274, 1-8.
444. Singh, R. K., Gutman, M., Radinsky, R., Bucana, C. D. and Fidler, I. J. (1994). Expression of interleukin 8 correlates with the metastatic potential of human melanoma cells in nude mice. Cancer Res. 54, 3242-3247.
445. Skladanowski, A. and Konopa, J. (1993). Adriamycin and daunomycin induce programmed cell death (apoptosis) in tumour cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 46, 375-382.
446. Slater, A. F. G., Nobel, C. S., Maellaro, E., Bustamante, J., Kimland, M. and Orrenius, S. (1995). Nitrone spin traps and a nitroxide antioxidant inhibit a common pathway of thymocyte apoptosis. Biochem. J. 306, 771-778.
447. Smith, C. A., Williams, G. T., Kingston, R., Jenkinson, E. J. and Owen, J. J. T. (1989). Antibodies to CD3/T-cell receptor complex induce death by apoptosis in immature T cells in thymic cultures. Nature 337, 181-184.
448. Smyth, M. J. and Trapani, J. A. (1995). Granzymes: exogenous proteinases that induce target cell apoptosis. Immunol. Today 16, 202-206.
449. Sobel, E. S., Katagiri, T., Katagiri, K., Morris, S. C., Cohen, P. L. and Eisenberg, R. A. (1991). An intrinsic B cell defect is required for the production of autoantibodies in the lpr model of murine systemic autoimmunity. J. Exp. Med. 173, 1441-1449.
450. Sorenson, C. M., Rogers, S. A., Korsmeyer, S. J. and Hammerman, M. R. (1995). Fulminant metanephric apoptosis and abnormal kidney development in bcl-2-deficient mice. Am. J. Physiol. 268, 73-81.
451. Sprent, J. and Webb, S. R. (1995). Intrathymic and extrathymic clonal deletion of T cells. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 7, 196-205.
452. Squier, M. K. T., Miller, A. C. K., Malkinson, A. M. and Cohen, J. J. (1994). Calpain activation in apoptosis. J. Cell. Physiol. 159, 229-237.
453. Staal, F. J. T., Roederer, M., Herzenberg, L. A. and Herzenberg, L. A. (1990). Intracellular thiols regulate activation of nuclear factor kB and transcription of human immunodeficiency virus. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 9943-9947.
454. Staal, F. J., Roederer, M., Israelski, D. M., (1992). Intracellular glutathione levels in T cell subsets decrease in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8, 305-311.
455. Stanger, B. Z., Leder, P., Lee, T.-H., Kim, E. and Seed, B. (1995). RIP: a novel protein containing a death domain that interacts with FAS/APO-1 (CD95) in yeast and causes cell death. Cell 81, 513-523.
456. Steel, G. G. (1967). Cell loss as a factor in the growth rate of human tumours. Eur. J. Cancer 3, 381-387.
457. Steller, H. (1995). Mechanisms and genes of cellular suicide. Science 267, 1445-1449.
458. Story, M. D., Stephens, L. C., Tomasovic, S. P. and Meyn, R. E. (1992). A role for calcium in regulating apoptosis in rat thymocytes irradiated in vitro. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 61, 243-251.
459. Strasser, A., Harris, A. W., Vaux, D. L., Webb, E., Bath, M. L., Adams, J. M. and Cory, S. (1990). Abnormalities of the immune system induced by disregulated bcl-2 expression in transgenic mice. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 166, 175-181.
460. Strasser, A., Harris, A. W. and Cory, S. (1991). bcl-2 transgene inhibits T cell death and perturbs thymic self-censorship. Cell 67, 889-899.
461. Strasser, A., Harris, A. W., Jacks, T. and Cory, S. (1994). DNA damage can induce apoptosis in proliferating lymphoid cells via p53-independent mechanisms inhibitable by Bcl-2. Cell 79, 329-339.
462. Stys, P. K., Ransom, B. R., Waxman, S. G. and Davis, P. K. (1990). Role of extracellular calcium in anoxic injury of mammalian central white matter. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 4212-4216.
463. Suda, T., Okazaki, T., Naito, T., Yokota, T., Aria, N., Ozaki, S., Nakao, K. and Nagata, S. (1995). Expression of the Fas ligand in cells of T cell lineage. J. Immunol. 154, 3806-3813.
464. Sugimoto, A., Friesen, P. D. and Rothman, J. H. (1994). Baculovirus p35 prevents developmentally programmed cell death and rescues a ced-9 mutant in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. EMBO J. 13, 2023-2028.
465. s sensitizes MCF-7 cells to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res. 55, 2507-2510.
466. Surh, C. D. and Sprent, J. (1994). T-cell apoptosis detected in situ during positive and negative selection in the thymus. Nature 372, 100-103.
467. Swan, K. A., Alberola-Ila, J., Gross, J. A., Abbleby, M. W., Forbush, K. A., Thomas, J. F. and Perlmutter, R. M. (1995). Involvement of p21ras distinguishes positive and negative selection in thymocytes. EMBO J. 14, 276-285.
468. Szende, B., Srkalovic, G., Groot, K., Lapis, K. and Schally, A. V. (1990). Growth inhibition of mouse MXT mammary tumor by the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonist SB-75. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 82, 513-517.
469. Tabi, Z., McCombe, P. A. and Pender, M. P. (1994). Apoptotic elimination of V β 8.2+ cells from the central nervous system during recovery from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by the passive transfer of V β 8.2+ encephalitogenic T cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 24, 2609-2617.
470. 2+ ionophore-induced apoptotic cell death of cultured cortical neurons from embryonic rats. Neurosci. Lett. 192, 124-126.
471. Tamaru, Y., Miyawaki, T., Iwai, K., Tsuji, T., Nibu, R., Yachie, A., Koizumi, S. and Taniguchi, N. (1993). Absence of bcl-2 expression by activated CD45RO+ T lymphocytes in acute infectious mononucleosis supporting their susceptibility to programmed cell death. Blood 82, 521-527.
472. Tepper, C. G., Jayadev, S., Liu, B., Bielawska, A. E., Wolff, R., Yonehara, S., Hannun, Y. A. and Seldin, M. F. (1995). Role of ceramide as an endogenous mediator of Fas-induced cytotoxicity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 8443-8447.
473. Terada, T. and Nakanuma, Y. (1995). Detection of apoptosis and expression of apoptosis-related proteins during human intrahepatic bile duct development. Am. J. Pathol. 146, 67-74.
474. Tewari, M., Quan, L. T., O'Rourke, K., Desnoyers, S., Zeng, Z., Beidler, D. R., Poirier, G. G., Salvesen, G. S. and Dixit, V. M. (1995a). Yama/CPP32β, a mammalian homolog of CED-3, is a CrmA-inhibitable protease that cleaves the death substrate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Cell 81, 801-809.
475. Tewari, M., Beidler, D. R. and Dixit, V. M. (1995b). CrmA-inhibitable cleavage of the 70-kDa protein component of the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein during Fas- and tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 18738-18741.
476. Tian, Q., Streuli, M., Saito, M., Schlossman, S. F. and Anderson, P. (1991). A polyadenylate binding protein localized to the granules of cytolytic lymphocytes induces DNA fragmentation in target cells. Cell 67, 629-639.
477. Tomei, L. D., Kanter, J. R. and Wenner, C. E. (1988). Inhibition of radiation-induced apoptosis in vitro by tumor promoters. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 155, 324-331.
478. Tounekti, O., Pron, G., Belehradek, J., Jr and Mir, L. M. (1993). Bleomycin, an apoptosismimetic drug that induces two types of cell death depending on the number of molecules internalized. Cancer Res. 53, 5462-5469.
479. Trenn, G., Takayama, H. and Sitkovsky, M. V. (1987). Exocytosis of cytolytic granules may not be required for target cell lysis by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Nature 330, 72-74.
480. Iron, V. A., Krajewski, S., Klein-Parker, H., Li, G., Ho, V. C. and Reed, J. C. (1995). Immunohistochemical analysis of Bcl-2 protein regulation in cutaneous melanoma. Am. J. Pathol. 146, 643-650.
481. Troost, D., Aten, J., Morsink, F. and Jong, J. M. B. V. de (1995). Apoptosis in ALS is not restricted to motoneurons: Bcl-2 expression is increased in post-central cortex, adjacent to the affected motor cortex. J. Neurolog. Sci. 129 (Suppl.), 79-80.
482. Tsujimoto, Y., Louie, E., Bashir, M. M. and Croce, C. M. (1988). The reciprocal partners of both the t(14; 18) and the t(11; 14) translocations involved in B-cell neoplasms are rearranged by the same mechanism. Oncogene 2, 347-351.
483. Tsukidate, K., Yamamoto, K., Snyder, J. W. and Farber, J. L. (1993). Microtubule antagonists activate programmed cell death (apoptosis) in cultured rat hepatocytes. Am. J. Pathol. 143, 918-925.
484. 2+ chelators reduce early excitotoxicity and ischemic neuronal injury in vitro and in vivo. Neuron 11, 221-235.
485. Ucker, D. S., Ashwell, J. D. and Nickas, G. (1989). Activation-driven T cell death. I. Requirements for de novo transcription and translation and association with genome fragmentation. J. Immunol. 143, 3461-3469.
486. Ucker, D. S., Obermiller, P. S., Eckhart, W., Apgar, J. R., Berger, N. A. and Meyers, J. (1992). Genome digestion is a dispensable consequence of physiological cell death mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12, 3060-3069.
487. Uehara, T., Miyawaki, T., Ohta, K., Tamaru, Y., Yokoi, T., Nakamura, S. and Taniguchi, N. (1992). Apoptotic cell death of primed CD45RO+ T lymphocytes in Epstein-Barr virus-induced infectious mononucleosis. Blood 80, 452-458.
488. Vanderbilt, J. N., Bloom, K. S. and Anderson, J. N. (1982). Endogenous nuclease: properties and effects on transcribed genes in chromatin. J. Biol. Chem. 257, 13009-13017.
489. Vassalli, P. (1992). The pathophysiology of tumor necrosis factors. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 10, 411-452.
490. Vaux, D. L., Haecker, G. and Strasser, A. (1994). An evolutionary perspective on apoptosis. Cell 76, 777-779.
491. Veis, D. J., Sorenson, C. M., Shutter, J. R. and Korsmeyer, S. J. (1993). Bcl-2-deficient mice demonstrate fulminant lymphoid apoptosis, polycystic kidneys, and hypopigmented hair. Cell 75, 229-240.
492. Veis, D. J., Sentman, C. L., Bach, E. A. and Korsmeyer, S. J. (1995). Expression of the BCL-2 protein in murine and human thymocytes and peripheral T lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 151, 2546-2554.
493. Voelkel-Johnson, C., Entingh, A. J., Wold, W. S. M., Gooding, L. R. and Laster, S. M. (1995). Activation of intracellular proteases is an early event in TNF-induced apoptosis. J. Immunol. 154, 1707-1716.
494. Vogelstein, B. and Kinzler, K. W. (1993). The multistep nature of cancer. Trends Genet. 9, 138-141.
495. Wahlstedt, C., Golanov, E., Yamamoto, S., Yee, F., Ericson, H., Yoo, H., Inturrisi, C. E. and Reis, D. J. (1993). Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to NMDA-R1 receptor channel protect cortical neurons from excitoxicity and reduce focal ischaemic infarctions. Nature 363, 260-263.
496. Walker, P. R., Smith, C., Youdale, T., Leblanc, J., Whitfield, J. F. and Sikorska, M. (1991). Topoisomerase II-reactive chemotherapeutic drugs induce apoptosis in thymocytes. Cancer Res. 51, 1078-1085.
497. Walton, M. I., Whysong, D., O'Connor, P. M., Hockenbery, D., Korsmeyer, S. J. and Kohn, K. W. (1993). Constitutive expression of human Bcl-2 modulates nitrogen mustard and camptothecin induced apoptosis. Cancer Res. 53, 1853-1861.
498. Wang, C. R., Hashimoto, K., Kubo, S., Yokochi, T., Kubo, M., Zuzuki, M., Zuzuki, K., Tada, T. and Nakayama, T. (1995). T cell receptor-mediated signaling events in CD4+CD8+ thymocytes undergoing thymic selection: requirement of calcineurin activation for thymic positive election but not negative selection. J. Exp. Med. 181, 927-941.
499. Wang, L., Miura, M., Bergeron, L., Zhu, H. and Yuan, J. (1994). Ich-1, and Ice/ced-3-related gene, encodes both positive and negative regulators of programmed cell death. Cell 78, 739-750.
500. Wang, X., Pai, J.-T., Wiedenfeld, E. A., Medina, J. C., Slaughter, C. A., Goldstein, J. L. and Brown, M. S. (1995). Purification of an interleukin-1β converting enzyme-related cysteine protease that cleaves sterol regulatory element-binding proteins between the leucine zipper and transmembrane domains. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 18044-18050.
501. Wang, Y., Ramqvist, T., Szekely, L., Axelson, H., Klein, G. and Wiman, K. G. (1993). Reconstitution of wild-type p53 expression triggers apoptosis in a p53-negative v-myc retrovirus-induced T-cell lymphoma line. Cell Growth Differ. 4, 467-473.
502. Wärri, A. M., Huovinen, R. L., Laine, A. M., Martikainen, P. M. and Harkonen, P. L. (1993). Apoptosis in toremifene-induced growth inhibition of human breast cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 85, 1412-1418.
503. Weaver, V. M., Lach, B., Walker, P. R. and Sikorska, M. (1993). Role of proteolysis in apoptosis: involvement of serine proteases in internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in immature thymocytes. Biochem. Cell Biol. 71, 488-500.
504. Webb, S. R., O'Rourke, A. M. and Sprent, J. (1992). Factors influencing the fate of T cells responding to Mls antigens. Semin. Immunol. 4, 329-336.
505. Weichselbaum, R. R., Hallahan, D. E., Sukhatme, V. and Kufe, D. W. (1992). Gene therapy targeted by ionizing radiation. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 24, 565-567.
506. Weis, M., Schlegel, J., Kass, G. E. N., Holmström, T. H., Peters, I., Eriksson, J., Orrenius, S. and Chow, S. C. (1995). Cellular events in Fas/APO-1-mediated apoptosis in JURKAT T lymphocytes. Exp. Cell Res. 219, 699-708.
507. Weller, M., Frei, B., Groscurth, P., Krammer, P. H., Yonekawa, Y. and Fontana, A. (1994). Anti-Fas/APO-1 antibody-mediated apoptosis cultured human glioma cells. Induction and modulation of sensitivity by cytokines. J. Clin. Invest. 94, 954-964.
508. Weller, M., Malipiero, U., Aguzzi, A., Reed, J. C. and Fontana, A. (1995). Protooncogene bcl-2 gene transfer abrogates Fas/Apo-1 antibody-mediated apoptosis of human malignant glioma cells and confers resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and therapeutic irradiation. J. Clin. Invest. 95, 2633-2643.
509. Westendorp, M. O., Frank, R., Ochsenbauer, C., Stricker, K., Dhein, J., Walczak, H., Debatin, K.-M. and Krammer, P. H. (1995). Sensitization of T cells to CD95-mediated apoptosis by HIV-1 Tat and gp120. Nature 375, 497-500.
510. White, E., Grodzicker, T. and Stillman, B. W. (1984). Mutations in the gene encoding the adenovirus early region 1B 19, 000-molecular-weight tumor antigen cause the degradation of chromosomal DNA. J. Virol. 52, 410-419.
511. Williams, M. S. and Henkart, P. A. (1994). Apoptotic cell death induced by intracellular proteolysis. J. Immunol. 153, 4247-4255.
512. Woronicz, J. D., Calnan, B., Ngo, V. and Winoto, A. (1994). Requirement for orphan steriod receptor Nur77 in apoptosis of T-cell hybridomas. Nature 367, 277-281.
513. Wright, S. C., Wei, Q. S., Zhong, J., Zheng, H., Kinder, D. H. and Larrick, J. W. (1994). Purification of a 24-kD protease from apoptotic tumor cells that activates DNA fragmentation. J. Exp. Med. 180, 2113-2123.
514. Wright, S. C., Zhong, J. and Larrick, J. W. (1994). Inhibition of apoptosis as a mechanism of tumor promotion. FASEB J. 8, 654-660.
515. Wu, J., Zhou, T., Zhang, J., He, J., Gause, W. C. and Mountz, J. D. (1994). Correction of accelerated autoimmune disease by early replacement of the mutated lpr gene with the normal Fas apoptosis gene in the T cells of transgenic MRL-lpr/lpr mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 2344-2348.
516. Wu, X. and Levine, A. J. (1994). p53 and E2F-1 cooperate to mediate
517. Wyllie, A. H. (1980). Glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation. Nature 284, 555-556.
518. Wyllie, A. H. (1985). The biology of cell death in tumours. Anticancer Res. 5, 131-136.
519. Wyllie, A. H. (1995). Apoptosis: cell death in tissue regulation. J. Pathol. 153, 313-316.
520. Wyllie, A. H., Kerr, J. F. R. and Currie, A. R. (1980). Cell death: the significance of apoptosis. Int. Rev. Cytol. 68, 251-306.
521. Wyllie, A. H., Morris, R. G., Smith, A. L. and Dunlop, D. (1984). Chromatin cleavage in apoptosis: association with condensed chromatin morphology and dependence on macromolecular synthesis. J. Pathol. 142, 67-77.
522. Xie, K., Huang, S., Dong, Z., Juang, S. H., Gutman, M., Xie, Q. W., Nathan, C. and Fidler, I. J. (1995). Transfection with the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene suppresses tumorigenicity and abrogates metastasis by K-1735 murine melanoma cells. J. Exp. Med. 181, 1333-1343.
523. Yamada, T. and Ohyama, H. (1988). Radiation-induced interphase death of rat thymocytes is internally programmed (apoptosis). Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 53, 65-75.
524. Yew, P. R. and Berk, A. J. (1992). Inhibition of p53 transactivation required for transformation by adenovirus early 1B protein. Nature 357, 82-85.
525. Yin, Y., Tainsky, M. A., Bischoff, F. Z., Strong, L. C. and Wahl, G. M. (1992). Wild-type p53 restores cell cycle control and inhibits gene amplification in cells with mutant p53 alleles. Cell 70, 937-948.
526. Yonehara, S., Nishimura, Y., Kishil, S., Yonehara, M., Takazawa, K., Tamatani, T. and Ishii, A. (1994). Involvement of apoptosis antigen Fas in clonal deletion of human thymocytes. Int. Immunol. 6, 1849-1856.
527. Yonish-Rouach, E., Resnitzky, D., Lotem, J., Sachs, L., Kimchi, A. and Oren, M. (1991). Wildtype p53 induces apoptosis of myeloid leukaemic cells that is inhibited by interleukin-6. Nature 352, 345-347.
528. Yonish-Rouach, E., Grunwald, D., Wilder, S., Kimchi, A., May, E., Lawrence, J. J., May, P. and Oren, M. (1993). p53-mediated cell death: relationship to cell cycle control. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 1415-1423.
529. Yuan, J., Shaham, S., Ledoux, S., Ellis, H. M. and Horvitz, H. R. (1993). The C. Elegans cell death gene ced-3 encodes a protein similar to mammalian interleukin-1β-converting enzyme. Cell 75, 641-652.
530. Zamzami, N., Marchetti, P., Castedo, M., Zanin, C., Vayssiére, J.-L., Petit, P. X. and Kroemer, G. (1995). Reduction in mitochondrial potential constitutes an early irreversible step of programmed lymphocyte death in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 181, 1661-1672.
531. Zauli, G., Gibellini, D., Milani, D., Mazzoni, M., Borgatti, P., La Placa, M. and Capitani, S. (1993). Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein protects lymphoid, epithelial, and neuronal cell lines from death by apoptosis. Cancer Res. 53, 4481-4485.
532. Zhang, J., Dawson, V. L., Dawson, T. M. and Snyder, S. H. (1994). Nitric oxide activation of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase in neurotoxicity. Science 263, 687-689.
533. Zhang, L. X., Mills, K. J., Dawson, M. I., Collins, S. J. and Jetten, A. M. (1995). Evidence for the involvement of retinoic acid receptor RAR alpha-dependent signaling pathway in the induction of tissue transglutaminase and apoptosis by retinoids. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 6022-6029.
534. Zhivotovsky, B., Gahm, A., Ankarcrona, M., Nicotera, P. and Orrenius, S. (1995). Multiple proteases are involved in thymocyte apoptosis. Exp. Cell Res. 221, 404-412.
535. 2+ and endonuclease activation in radiation-induced lymphoid cell death. Exp. Cell Res. 207, 163-170.
536. Zhivotovsky, B., Wade, D., Nicotera, P. and Orrenius, S. (1994). Role of nucleases in apoptosis. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 105, 333-338.
537. Zhong, L.-T., Sarafian, T., Kane, D. J., Charles, A. C., Mah, S. P., Edwards, R. H. and Bredesen, D. E. (1993). Bcl-2 inhibits death of central neural cells induced by multiple agents. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 4533-4537.
538. Zuniga-Pflucker, J. C., Jiang, D., Schwartzberg, P. L. and Lenardo, M. J. (1994). Sublethal gamma-radiation induces differentiation of CD4-/CD8-into CD4+/CD8+ thymocytes without T cell receptor beta rearrangement in recombinase activation gene 2-/-mice. J. Exp. Med. 180, 1517-1521.
539. Zychlinsky, A., Zheng, L. M., Liu, C. C. and Young, J. D. (1991). Cytolytic lymphocytes induce both apoptosis and necrosis in target cells. J. Immunol. 146, 393-400.