Origin of the structural phase transitions and the anomalous electrical and magnetic properties of the magnetic metal NaV6O11

Journal of the American Chemical Society

Volumn 118, Issue 16, 1996, Pages 3951-3958

  Seo, Dong Kyun ^a   Whangbo, Myung Hwan ^a  

^a NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

METAL OXIDE;

ARTICLE; MAGNETISM; PHASE TRANSITION;

EID: 0029885183     PISSN: 00027863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ja953508o     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Ashcroft, N. W.; Mermin, N. D. Solid State Physics: Saunders College: Philadelphia, 1976.
2. Kahn, O. Molecular Magnetism; VCH: Weinheim, Germany; 1993.
3. (a) Stoner, E. C. Proc. R. Soc. London 1938, A165, 372.
4. (b) Herring, C. In Magnetism; Rado, G. T., Suhl, H., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1966: Vol. IV
5. (a) Hubbard. J. Phys. Rev. B 1979, 19, 2626.
6. (b) Moriya, T. J. Magn. Magn. Mater 1979, 14, 1.
7. (c) Gubanov, V. A.; Liechtenstein, A. I.; Postnikov, A. V. Magnetism and the Electronic Structure of Cristals: Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1992.
8. For recent reviews, see: (a) Greenblatt, M. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 3937. (b) Foury, P.; Pouget. J.-P. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 3973. (c) Canadell, E.; Whangbo, M.-H. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 4005. (d) Dumas, J.; Schlenker, C. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 4045. (e) Pouget, J. P. In Low-Dimensional Electronic Properties of Molybdenum Bronzes and Oxides, Sehlenker, C., Ed.; Kluwer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1989; p 87. (f) Schlenker, C.; Dumas, J.; Escribe-Filippmi, C.; Guyot, H. ref 5e, p 159. (g) Greenblatt, M. ref 5e, p 1. (h) Fleming, R. M.; Cava. R. J. ref 5e, p 259. (i) Greenblatt, M. Chem. Rev. 1988, 88, 31. (j) Schlenker, C.; Dumas, J.; Escribe-Filippini, C.; Guyot, H ; Marcus, J.; Fourcadot, J. Philos. Mag. B 1985, 52, 643.
9. For recent reviews, see: (a) Greenblatt, M. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 3937. (b) Foury, P.; Pouget. J.-P. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 3973. (c) Canadell, E.; Whangbo, M.-H. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 4005. (d) Dumas, J.; Schlenker, C. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 4045. (e) Pouget, J. P. In Low-Dimensional Electronic Properties of Molybdenum Bronzes and Oxides, Sehlenker, C., Ed.; Kluwer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1989; p 87. (f) Schlenker, C.; Dumas, J.; Escribe-Filippmi, C.; Guyot, H. ref 5e, p 159. (g) Greenblatt, M. ref 5e, p 1. (h) Fleming, R. M.; Cava. R. J. ref 5e, p 259. (i) Greenblatt, M. Chem. Rev. 1988, 88, 31. (j) Schlenker, C.; Dumas, J.; Escribe-Filippini, C.; Guyot, H ; Marcus, J.; Fourcadot, J. Philos. Mag. B 1985, 52, 643.
10. For recent reviews, see: (a) Greenblatt, M. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 3937. (b) Foury, P.; Pouget. J.-P. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 3973. (c) Canadell, E.; Whangbo, M.-H. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 4005. (d) Dumas, J.; Schlenker, C. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 4045. (e) Pouget, J. P. In Low-Dimensional Electronic Properties of Molybdenum Bronzes and Oxides, Sehlenker, C., Ed.; Kluwer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1989; p 87. (f) Schlenker, C.; Dumas, J.; Escribe-Filippmi, C.; Guyot, H. ref 5e, p 159. (g) Greenblatt, M. ref 5e, p 1. (h) Fleming, R. M.; Cava. R. J. ref 5e, p 259. (i) Greenblatt, M. Chem. Rev. 1988, 88, 31. (j) Schlenker, C.; Dumas, J.; Escribe-Filippini, C.; Guyot, H ; Marcus, J.; Fourcadot, J. Philos. Mag. B 1985, 52, 643.
11. For recent reviews, see: (a) Greenblatt, M. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 3937. (b) Foury, P.; Pouget. J.-P. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 3973. (c) Canadell, E.; Whangbo, M.-H. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 4005. (d) Dumas, J.; Schlenker, C. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 4045. (e) Pouget, J. P. In Low-Dimensional Electronic Properties of Molybdenum Bronzes and Oxides, Sehlenker, C., Ed.; Kluwer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1989; p 87. (f) Schlenker, C.; Dumas, J.; Escribe-Filippmi, C.; Guyot, H. ref 5e, p 159. (g) Greenblatt, M. ref 5e, p 1. (h) Fleming, R. M.; Cava. R. J. ref 5e, p 259. (i) Greenblatt, M. Chem. Rev. 1988, 88, 31. (j) Schlenker, C.; Dumas, J.; Escribe-Filippini, C.; Guyot, H ; Marcus, J.; Fourcadot, J. Philos. Mag. B 1985, 52, 643.
12. For recent reviews, see: (a) Greenblatt, M. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 3937. (b) Foury, P.; Pouget. J.-P. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 3973. (c) Canadell, E.; Whangbo, M.-H. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 4005. (d) Dumas, J.; Schlenker, C. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 4045. (e) Pouget, J. P. In Low-Dimensional Electronic Properties of Molybdenum Bronzes and Oxides, Sehlenker, C., Ed.; Kluwer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1989; p 87. (f) Schlenker, C.; Dumas, J.; Escribe-Filippmi, C.; Guyot, H. ref 5e, p 159. (g) Greenblatt, M. ref 5e, p 1. (h) Fleming, R. M.; Cava. R. J. ref 5e, p 259. (i) Greenblatt, M. Chem. Rev. 1988, 88, 31. (j) Schlenker, C.; Dumas, J.; Escribe-Filippini, C.; Guyot, H ; Marcus, J.; Fourcadot, J. Philos. Mag. B 1985, 52, 643.
13. For recent reviews, see: (a) Greenblatt, M. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 3937. (b) Foury, P.; Pouget. J.-P. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 3973. (c) Canadell, E.; Whangbo, M.-H. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 4005. (d) Dumas, J.; Schlenker, C. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 4045. (e) Pouget, J. P. In Low-Dimensional Electronic Properties of Molybdenum Bronzes and Oxides, Sehlenker, C., Ed.; Kluwer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1989; p 87. (f) Schlenker, C.; Dumas, J.; Escribe-Filippmi, C.; Guyot, H. ref 5e, p 159. (g) Greenblatt, M. ref 5e, p 1. (h) Fleming, R. M.; Cava. R. J. ref 5e, p 259. (i) Greenblatt, M. Chem. Rev. 1988, 88, 31. (j) Schlenker, C.; Dumas, J.; Escribe-Filippini, C.; Guyot, H ; Marcus, J.; Fourcadot, J. Philos. Mag. B 1985, 52, 643.
14. For recent reviews, see: (a) Greenblatt, M. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 3937. (b) Foury, P.; Pouget. J.-P. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 3973. (c) Canadell, E.; Whangbo, M.-H. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 4005. (d) Dumas, J.; Schlenker, C. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 4045. (e) Pouget, J. P. In Low-Dimensional Electronic Properties of Molybdenum Bronzes and Oxides, Sehlenker, C., Ed.; Kluwer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1989; p 87. (f) Schlenker, C.; Dumas, J.; Escribe-Filippmi, C.; Guyot, H. ref 5e, p 159. (g) Greenblatt, M. ref 5e, p 1. (h) Fleming, R. M.; Cava. R. J. ref 5e, p 259. (i) Greenblatt, M. Chem. Rev. 1988, 88, 31. (j) Schlenker, C.; Dumas, J.; Escribe-Filippini, C.; Guyot, H ; Marcus, J.; Fourcadot, J. Philos. Mag. B 1985, 52, 643.
15. For recent reviews, see: (a) Greenblatt, M. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 3937. (b) Foury, P.; Pouget. J.-P. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 3973. (c) Canadell, E.; Whangbo, M.-H. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 4005. (d) Dumas, J.; Schlenker, C. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 4045. (e) Pouget, J. P. In Low-Dimensional Electronic Properties of Molybdenum Bronzes and Oxides, Sehlenker, C., Ed.; Kluwer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1989; p 87. (f) Schlenker, C.; Dumas, J.; Escribe-Filippmi, C.; Guyot, H. ref 5e, p 159. (g) Greenblatt, M. ref 5e, p 1. (h) Fleming, R. M.; Cava. R. J. ref 5e, p 259. (i) Greenblatt, M. Chem. Rev. 1988, 88, 31. (j) Schlenker, C.; Dumas, J.; Escribe-Filippini, C.; Guyot, H ; Marcus, J.; Fourcadot, J. Philos. Mag. B 1985, 52, 643.
16. For recent reviews, see: (a) Greenblatt, M. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 3937. (b) Foury, P.; Pouget. J.-P. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 3973. (c) Canadell, E.; Whangbo, M.-H. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 4005. (d) Dumas, J.; Schlenker, C. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 4045. (e) Pouget, J. P. In Low-Dimensional Electronic Properties of Molybdenum Bronzes and Oxides, Sehlenker, C., Ed.; Kluwer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1989; p 87. (f) Schlenker, C.; Dumas, J.; Escribe-Filippmi, C.; Guyot, H. ref 5e, p 159. (g) Greenblatt, M. ref 5e, p 1. (h) Fleming, R. M.; Cava. R. J. ref 5e, p 259. (i) Greenblatt, M. Chem. Rev. 1988, 88, 31. (j) Schlenker, C.; Dumas, J.; Escribe-Filippini, C.; Guyot, H ; Marcus, J.; Fourcadot, J. Philos. Mag. B 1985, 52, 643.
17. For recent reviews, see: (a) Greenblatt, M. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 3937. (b) Foury, P.; Pouget. J.-P. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 3973. (c) Canadell, E.; Whangbo, M.-H. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 4005. (d) Dumas, J.; Schlenker, C. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 1993, 7, 4045. (e) Pouget, J. P. In Low-Dimensional Electronic Properties of Molybdenum Bronzes and Oxides, Sehlenker, C., Ed.; Kluwer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1989; p 87. (f) Schlenker, C.; Dumas, J.; Escribe-Filippmi, C.; Guyot, H. ref 5e, p 159. (g) Greenblatt, M. ref 5e, p 1. (h) Fleming, R. M.; Cava. R. J. ref 5e, p 259. (i) Greenblatt, M. Chem. Rev. 1988, 88, 31. (j) Schlenker, C.; Dumas, J.; Escribe-Filippini, C.; Guyot, H ; Marcus, J.; Fourcadot, J. Philos. Mag. B 1985, 52, 643.
18. For reviews, see: (a) Wilson, J. A.; DiSalvo, F. J.; Mahajan, S. Adv. Phys. 1975, 24, 117. (b) Williams, P. M. In Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry of Materials with Layered Structures: Lévy, F., Ed.; Reidel: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1976; Vol. 2. p 51. (c) Monceau, P. In Electronic Properties of Inorganic Quasi-One-Dimensional Compounds: Monceau, P., Ed.; Reidel. Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 1985: Part II, p 139. (d) Meerschaut, A.; Rouxel, J. In Crystal Chemistry and Properties of Materials with Quasi-One-Dimensional Structures: Rouxel, J., Ed.; Reidel: Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 1986; p 205. (e) DiSalvo, F. J. In Electron-Phonon Interactions and Phase Transitions; Riste, T., Ed.; Plenum: New York, 1977; p 107. (f) Friend, H.; Yoffe. A. D. Adv. Phys 1987, 36, 1. (g) Withers, R. L.; Wilson, J. A. J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 1986, 19, 4809.
19. For reviews, see: (a) Wilson, J. A.; DiSalvo, F. J.; Mahajan, S. Adv. Phys. 1975, 24, 117. (b) Williams, P. M. In Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry of Materials with Layered Structures: Lévy, F., Ed.; Reidel: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1976; Vol. 2. p 51. (c) Monceau, P. In Electronic Properties of Inorganic Quasi-One-Dimensional Compounds: Monceau, P., Ed.; Reidel. Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 1985: Part II, p 139. (d) Meerschaut, A.; Rouxel, J. In Crystal Chemistry and Properties of Materials with Quasi-One-Dimensional Structures: Rouxel, J., Ed.; Reidel: Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 1986; p 205. (e) DiSalvo, F. J. In Electron-Phonon Interactions and Phase Transitions; Riste, T., Ed.; Plenum: New York, 1977; p 107. (f) Friend, H.; Yoffe. A. D. Adv. Phys 1987, 36, 1. (g) Withers, R. L.; Wilson, J. A. J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 1986, 19, 4809.
20. For reviews, see: (a) Wilson, J. A.; DiSalvo, F. J.; Mahajan, S. Adv. Phys. 1975, 24, 117. (b) Williams, P. M. In Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry of Materials with Layered Structures: Lévy, F., Ed.; Reidel: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1976; Vol. 2. p 51. (c) Monceau, P. In Electronic Properties of Inorganic Quasi-One-Dimensional Compounds: Monceau, P., Ed.; Reidel. Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 1985: Part II, p 139. (d) Meerschaut, A.; Rouxel, J. In Crystal Chemistry and Properties of Materials with Quasi-One-Dimensional Structures: Rouxel, J., Ed.; Reidel: Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 1986; p 205. (e) DiSalvo, F. J. In Electron-Phonon Interactions and Phase Transitions; Riste, T., Ed.; Plenum: New York, 1977; p 107. (f) Friend, H.; Yoffe. A. D. Adv. Phys 1987, 36, 1. (g) Withers, R. L.; Wilson, J. A. J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 1986, 19, 4809.
21. For reviews, see: (a) Wilson, J. A.; DiSalvo, F. J.; Mahajan, S. Adv. Phys. 1975, 24, 117. (b) Williams, P. M. In Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry of Materials with Layered Structures: Lévy, F., Ed.; Reidel: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1976; Vol. 2. p 51. (c) Monceau, P. In Electronic Properties of Inorganic Quasi-One-Dimensional Compounds: Monceau, P., Ed.; Reidel. Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 1985: Part II, p 139. (d) Meerschaut, A.; Rouxel, J. In Crystal Chemistry and Properties of Materials with Quasi-One-Dimensional Structures: Rouxel, J., Ed.; Reidel: Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 1986; p 205. (e) DiSalvo, F. J. In Electron-Phonon Interactions and Phase Transitions; Riste, T., Ed.; Plenum: New York, 1977; p 107. (f) Friend, H.; Yoffe. A. D. Adv. Phys 1987, 36, 1. (g) Withers, R. L.; Wilson, J. A. J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 1986, 19, 4809.
22. For reviews, see: (a) Wilson, J. A.; DiSalvo, F. J.; Mahajan, S. Adv. Phys. 1975, 24, 117. (b) Williams, P. M. In Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry of Materials with Layered Structures: Lévy, F., Ed.; Reidel: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1976; Vol. 2. p 51. (c) Monceau, P. In Electronic Properties of Inorganic Quasi-One-Dimensional Compounds: Monceau, P., Ed.; Reidel. Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 1985: Part II, p 139. (d) Meerschaut, A.; Rouxel, J. In Crystal Chemistry and Properties of Materials with Quasi-One-Dimensional Structures: Rouxel, J., Ed.; Reidel: Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 1986; p 205. (e) DiSalvo, F. J. In Electron-Phonon Interactions and Phase Transitions; Riste, T., Ed.; Plenum: New York, 1977; p 107. (f) Friend, H.; Yoffe. A. D. Adv. Phys 1987, 36, 1. (g) Withers, R. L.; Wilson, J. A. J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 1986, 19, 4809.
23. For reviews, see: (a) Wilson, J. A.; DiSalvo, F. J.; Mahajan, S. Adv. Phys. 1975, 24, 117. (b) Williams, P. M. In Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry of Materials with Layered Structures: Lévy, F., Ed.; Reidel: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1976; Vol. 2. p 51. (c) Monceau, P. In Electronic Properties of Inorganic Quasi-One-Dimensional Compounds: Monceau, P., Ed.; Reidel. Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 1985: Part II, p 139. (d) Meerschaut, A.; Rouxel, J. In Crystal Chemistry and Properties of Materials with Quasi-One-Dimensional Structures: Rouxel, J., Ed.; Reidel: Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 1986; p 205. (e) DiSalvo, F. J. In Electron-Phonon Interactions and Phase Transitions; Riste, T., Ed.; Plenum: New York, 1977; p 107. (f) Friend, H.; Yoffe. A. D. Adv. Phys 1987, 36, 1. (g) Withers, R. L.; Wilson, J. A. J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 1986, 19, 4809.
24. For reviews, see: (a) Wilson, J. A.; DiSalvo, F. J.; Mahajan, S. Adv. Phys. 1975, 24, 117. (b) Williams, P. M. In Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry of Materials with Layered Structures: Lévy, F., Ed.; Reidel: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1976; Vol. 2. p 51. (c) Monceau, P. In Electronic Properties of Inorganic Quasi-One-Dimensional Compounds: Monceau, P., Ed.; Reidel. Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 1985: Part II, p 139. (d) Meerschaut, A.; Rouxel, J. In Crystal Chemistry and Properties of Materials with Quasi-One-Dimensional Structures: Rouxel, J., Ed.; Reidel: Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 1986; p 205. (e) DiSalvo, F. J. In Electron-Phonon Interactions and Phase Transitions; Riste, T., Ed.; Plenum: New York, 1977; p 107. (f) Friend, H.; Yoffe. A. D. Adv. Phys 1987, 36, 1. (g) Withers, R. L.; Wilson, J. A. J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 1986, 19, 4809.
25. (a) Structure Phase Transitions in Layered Transition Metal Compounds: Motizuki, K., Ed.; Reidel: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1986.
26. (b) Doni, E.; Girlanda, R. In Electronic Structure and Electronic Transitions in Layered Materials: Grasso, V., Ed.; Reidel: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1986; p 1.
27. Canadell, E.; Whangbo, M.-H. Chem. Rev. 1991, 91, 965.
28. Whangbo, M.-H.; Canadell, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 9587.
29. Albright, T. A., Burden, J. K.; Whangbo, M.-H. Orbital interactions in Chemistry, Wiley: New York, 1985.
30. Whangbo, M.-H.; Seo, D.-K., Canadell, E. Physics and chemistry of low-dimensional inorganic conductors: Schlenker, C., Greenblatt, M., Dumas, J., Van Smaalen, S., Eds.; Plenum: New York, 1996; p 287.
31. De Rov, M. E.; Besse, J. P.; Chevalier, R.; Gasperin, M. J. Solid State Chem. 1987, 67, 185.
32. Kanke, Y.; Takayama-Muromachi, E.; Kato, K.; Matsui, Y. J. Solid State Chem. 1990, 89, 130.
33. Kanke, Y.; Izumi, F.; Takayama-Muromachi, E.; Kato, K.; Kamiyama, T.; Asino, H. J. Solid State Chem. 1991, 92, 261.
34. Uchida, Y.; Kanke, Y.; Takayama-Muromachi, E.; Kato, K. J Phys. Soc. Jpn. 1991, 60, 2530.
35. Kanke, Y.; Kato, K.; Takayama-Muromachi, E.; Isobe, M. Acta Crystallogr. 1992, C48, 1376.
36. Kanke, Y.; Izumi, F.; Morii, Y; Akiba, E.; Funahashi, S.; Kato, K.; Isobe, M ; Takayama-Muromachi, E.; Uchida, Y. J. Solid State Chem. 1994, 112, 429.
37. Whangbo, M.-H.; Hoffmann, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 6093.
38. Hoffmann, R. J. Chem. Phys. 1963, 39, 1397.
39. (a) Mott N. F. Metal-Insulator Transitions; Barnes and Noble: New York. 1977.
40. (b) Brandow, B. H. Adv. Phys. 1977, 26, 651.
41. (c) Whangbo, M.-H. J. Chem. Phys. 1979, 70, 4963.
42. (a) Whanabo, M.-H. J. Chem. Phys. 1980, 73, 3854.
43. (b) Whangbo, M.-H. Inorg. Chem. 1980, 19, 1728.
44. (a) Searle, C W.; Wang, S. T. Can. J. Phys 1970, 48, 2023.
45. (b) Cox, P. A. Transition Metal Oxides: Oxford University Press: New York, 1992.
46. (a) Kollmar, C.; Kahn, O. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7994.
47. (b) Kollmar, C.; Kahn, O. Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26, 259.
48. Ammeter, J., Bürgi, H.-B.; Thibeault, J.; Hoffmann, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 3686.
49. Williams, J. M.; Ferraro, J. R.; Thorn, R. J.; Carlson, K. D.; Geiser, U.; Wang, H. H.; Kini, A. M.; Whangbo, M.-H. Organic Superconductors; Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, 1992, and references cited therein.
50. Magonov, S. N.; Whangbo, M.-H. Surface Analysis with STM and AFM; VCH: Weinheim, 1996.
51. Hay, P. J.; Thibeault, J. C.; Hoffmann, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975, 97, 4884.