The three-way interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and gonadal axes and the immune system

Bailliere's Clinical Rheumatology

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 181-198

  Torpy, D J ^a   Chrousos, G P ^a  

^a EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARGIPRESSIN; CATECHOLAMINE; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; GLUCOCORTICOID;

ADRENERGIC SYSTEM; ANXIETY NEUROSIS; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN STEM; CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME; DEPRESSION; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; FIBROMYALGIA; HORMONE RELEASE; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS GONAD SYSTEM; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INFLAMMATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STRESS;

EID: 0029884505     PISSN: 09503579     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0950-3579(96)80014-8     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Abou-Samra AB, Harwood JP, Manganiello VC et al (1987) Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and vasopressin potentiate the effect of corticotropin-releasing factor on cyclic AMP production in rat anterior pituitary cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 262:1129-1136.
2. Aguilera G, Harwood JP, Wilson JX et al (1983) Mechanisms of action of corticotropin-releasing factor and other regulators of corticotropin release in rat pituitary cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 258: 8039-8045.
3. AI-Damluji S (1988) Adrenergic mechanisms in the control of corticotrnphin secretion. Journal of Endocrinology 119: 5-14.
4. A1-Damluji S & Rees LH (1988) The neuroendocrine control of corticotmpin secretion in normal humans and in Cushing's disease. In Collu R, Brown GM & Van Loon GR (eds) Clinical Neuroendocrinology, pp 251-286. Oxford: Blackwell.
5. AI-Damluji S, Perry L, Tomlin Set al (1987) Alpha adreuergic stimulation of corticotropin secretion by a specific central mechanism in man. Neuroendocrinology 45: 68-76.
6. Allen JB, Blatter D, Calandra GB & Wilder RL (1983) Sex hormone effects on the severity of streptococcal wall-induced polyarthritis in the rat. Arthritis atut Rheumatism 26: 560-563.
7. Amsterdam J, Marinelli D, Arger P & Winokur A (1987) Assessment of adrenal gland volume by computed tomography in depressed patients and healthy volunteers: a pilot study. Psychiatry Research 21:189-197.
8. Antoni FA (1994) Vasopressinergic control of pituitary adrenocorticotropin secretion comes of age. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 14" 76-122.
9. Antoni FA, Hunter EFM, Lowry PJ et al (1992) Atriopeptin: An endogenous corticotropin-release inhibiting hormone. Endocrim)logy 130: 1753-1755.
10. Bamberger CM, Bamberger A-M, de Castro M & Chrousos GP (1995) Glucocortieoid receptor 13, a potential endogenous inhibitor of glucocorticoid action in humans. Journal of Clinical Investigation 95: 2435-2441.
11. Besedovsky H & Sorkin E (1977) Network of immune-neuroendocrine interactions. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 27: 1-12.
12. Bohler HCL Jr, Zoeller RT, King JC et al (1990) Corticotropin releasing hormone mRNA is elevated in the afternoon of proestrus in the parvocellular paraventricular nuclei of the female rat. Molecular Brain Research 8: 259-262.
13. Boumpas DT, Chrousos GP, Wilder RL et al (1993) Glucocorticoid therapy for immune-mediated diseases: basic and clinical correlates. Annals of Internal Medicine 119:1198-1208.
14. Calogero AE, Galluci WT, Gold PW & Chrousos GP (1988) Multiple feedback loops upon rat hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion. Journal of Clinical Investigation 82: 767-774.
15. Calogero AE, Sternberg EM, Bagdy Get al (1992) Neurotransmitter-induced hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis responsiveness is defective in inflammatory disease-susceptible Lewis rats: in vivo and in vitro studies suggesting globally defective hypothalamic secretion of corticotropinreleasing hormone. Neuroendocrinology 55: 600-608
16. Canny B J, Funder JW & Clarke IJ (1989) Glucocorticoids regulate ovine hypophysial portal levels of corticotropin-releasing factor and arginine vasopressin in a stress specific manner. Endocrinology 125: 2532-2539.
17. Caraty A, Grino M, Locatelli Aet al (1990) Insulin-induced hypoglycemia stimulates corticotropinreleasing factor and arginine vasopressin secretion into hypophysial portal blood of conscious rams. Journal of Clinical Investigation 85: 1716-1721.
18. Carey MP, Detend CH, de Koning Jet al (1995) The influence of ovarian steroids on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal regulation in the female rat. Journal of Endocrinology 144:311-321.
19. Carroll BJ, Feinberg M, Greden JF et al (1981) A specific laboratory test for the diagnosis of melancholia. Standardization, validation and clinical utility. Archives of General Psychiatry 38: 15-22.
20. Chikanza IC, Petrou P, Kingsley Get al (1992) Defective hypothalamic response to immune and inflammatory stimuli in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 35: 1281-1288.
21. Chrousos GP (1995) The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune mediated inflammation. New England Journal of Medicine 332: 1351-1362.
22. Chrousos GP & Gold PW (1992) The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioural homeostasis. Journal of the American Medical Association 267:1244-1252.
23. Cid MC, Kleinman HK, Grant US et al (1994) Estradiol enhances leukocyte binding to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-stimulated endothelial cells via an increase in TNF-induced adhesion molecules E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule type 1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule type 1. Journal of Clinical Investigation 93: 17-25.
24. Craddock CG (1978) Corticosteroid-induced lymphopenia, immunosuppression and body defense. Annals of Internal Medicine 88: 564-566.
25. Crofford LJ, Sano H, Karalis K et al (1992) Local secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone in the joints of Lewis rats with inflammatory arthritis. Journal of Clinical Investigation 90: 2555-2564.
26. Crofford LJ, Sano H, Karalis K et al (1993) Corticotropin-releasing hormone in synovial fluids and tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Journal of Immunology 151:1587-1596.
27. Crofford LJ, Pillemer SR, Kalogeras KT et al (1994) Hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis perturbation in patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis and Rheumatism 37: 1583-1592.
28. Cummings S, Elde R, Ells J & Lindall A (1983) Corticotropin-releasing factor immnnoreactivity is widely distributed within the central nervous system of the rat: an immunohistoehemical study. Journal of Neuroscience 3: 1355-1368.
29. De Bold CR, Sheldon WR, DeChemey GS et al (1984) Arginine vasopressin potentiates adrenocorticotropin release induced by ovine eorticotropin-releasing factor. Journal of Clinical Investigation 73: 533-538.
30. De Goeij DC, Kvetnansky R, Whitnall MH et al (1991) Repeated stress-induced activation of corticotropin-releasing factor enhances vasopressin stores and co-localization with corticotropinreleasing factor in the median eminence of rats. Neuroendocrinology 53: 150-159.
31. Delitala G, Grossman A & Besser GM (1983) Differential effects of opiate peptides and alkaloids on anterior pituitary hormone secretion. Neuroendocrinology 37: 275-279.
32. Desir D, Van Cauter E, Fang VS et al (1981) Effects of 'jet-lag' on hormonal patterns. I. Procedures, variations in total plasma proteins, and disruption of adrenocorticotropin-cortisol periodicity. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 52: 628-641.
33. Edwards CRW, Stewart PM, Burt D et al (1988) Localization of 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase tissue-specific protector of the mineralocorticoid receptor. Lancet ii: 986-989.
34. Engler D, Pham T, Fullerton MJ et al (1989) Studies of the secretion of corticotropin-releasing factor and arginine vasopressin into the hypophysial-portal circulation of the conscious sheep. I. Effect of an audiovisual stimulus and insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Neuroendocrinology 49:367-381.
35. Engler D, Liu J, Clarke IJ & Funder JW (1994) Corticotropin-release inhibitory factor. Evidence for dual stimulatory and inhibitory hypothalamic regulation over adrenocorticotropin secretion and biosynthesis. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 5: 272-283.
36. Ferin M, Van Vugt DA & Wardlaw SL (1984) The hypothalamic control of the menstrual cycle and the role of endogenous opioid peptides. Recent Progress in Hormone Research 40: 441485.
37. Fredericksen SO, Ekman R, Gottfries C-G et al (1991) Reduced concentrations of galanin, arginine vasopressin, neuropeptide Y and peptide YY in the temporal cortex but not the hypothalamus of brains from schizophrenics. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 83: 273-277.
38. Galliard R, Riondel A, Muller Aet al (1984) RU 486: a steroid with anti-glucocorticosteroid activity that only disinhibits the human pituitury-adrenal system at a specific time of day. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA 81: 3879-3882.
39. Gallucci WT, Baum A, Lane Let al (1993) Sex differences in sensitivity of the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis. Health Psychology 12: 420-425.
40. Gaskin JH & Kitay JI (1970) Adrenocortical function in the hamster: sex differences and effects of gonadal hormones. Endocrinology 87: 779-786.
41. Geracioti TD Jr, Onh DN, Ekhator NN et al (1992) Serial cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing hormone concentrations in healthy and depressed humans. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 74: 1325-1330.
42. Gold P, Chrousos G, Kellner C et al (1984) Psychiatric implications of basic and clinical studies with CRF. American Journal of Psychiatry 141: 619-627.
43. Gold PW, Goodwin FK & Chrousos GP (1988) Clinical and biochemical manifestations of depression. Relation to neurobiology of stress. New England Journal of Medicine 319: 348-353, 413-420.
44. Gomez T, Magiakou MA, Mastorakos Get al (1993) The pituitary eorticotrope is not the rate limiting step in the postoperative recovery of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 77: 173-177.
45. Haas DA & George SR (1988) Gonadal regulation of corticotropin releasing factor in hypothalamus. Brain Research Bulletin 20: 361-367.
46. Handa RJ, Burgess LH, Kerr JE & O'Keefe JA (1994) Gonadal steroid hormone receptors and sex differences in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Hormones and Behavior 28: 464-476
47. Harbuz MS & Lightman SL (1992) Stress and the hypothalamo-pituitary- adrenal axis: acute, chronic and immunological activation. Journal of Endocrinology 134: 327-339.
48. Hashimoto K, Suemaru S, Takao T et al (1988) Corticotropin-releasing hormone and pituitaryadrenocortical responses in chronically stressed rats. Regulatory Peptides 23: 117-126.
49. Holmes MC, Antoni FA, Aguilera G & Catt KJ (1986) Magnocellular axons in passage through the the median eminence release vasopressin. Nature 319: 326-329.
50. Iranmanesh A, Lizarralde G, Delmar S & Veldhuis JD (1990) Intensive venous sampling paradigms disclose high frequency adrenoeorticotropin release episodes in normal men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 71: 1276-1283.
51. Jacobson JD, Nisula BC & Steinberg AD (1994) Modulation of the expression of marine lupus by gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs. Endocrinology 134: 2516-2523.
52. Jia LG, Canny BJ, Orth DN & Leong DA (1991) Distinct classes of corticotropes mediate corticotropin-releasing hormone-and arginine vasopressin-stimulated adrenocorticotropin release. Endocrinology 128: 197-203.
53. Jingami H, Matsukura S, Numa S & Imura H (1985) Effects of adrenalectomy and dexamethasone administration on the level of prepro-corticotropin-releasing factor messenger ribonacleic acid (mRNA) in the hypothalamus and adrenocorticotropin/beta-lipotropin precursor mRNA in the pituitary in rats. Endocrinology 117: 314-1320.
54. Karalis K, Sano H, Redwine Jet al (1991) Autocrine or paracrine inflammatory actions of corticotropin-releasing hormone in vivo. Science 254: 421-423.
55. Karalis K, Crofford L, Wilder RL & Chrousos GP (1995) Glucocorticoid and/or glucocorticoid antagonist effects in inflammatory disease-susceptible Lewis rats and inflammatory diseaseresistant Fischer rats. Endocrinology 136:3107-3112.
56. Keller-Wood ME & Dallman MF (1984) Corticosteroid inhibition of ACTH secretion. Endocrine Reviews 5: 1-24.
57. Koob GF & Bloom FE (1991) Corticotropin-releasing factor and behaviour. Federation Proceedings 44: 259-263.
58. Krishnan KRR, Doraiswamy PM, Lurie SN et al (1991) Pituitary size in depression. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 72: 256-259.
59. Levin N, Shinsako J & Dallman M (1988) Corticosterone acts on the brain to inhibit adrenalectomyinduced adrenocortieotropin secretion. Endocrinology. 122: 694-701.
60. Liposits Z, Phelix C & Panll WK (1986) Electron microscopic analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine-β-hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine-N- methyltransferase immunoreactive innervation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in the rat. Histochemistry 84: 105-120.
61. Magiakou MA, Mastorakos G, Rabin D et al (1995) Hypothatamic CRH suppression during the postpartum period: Implications for the increase of psychiatric manifestations in this period. 77th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Endocrine Society, Washington D.C., June 14-17 abstract no. OR39-4.
62. Mastorakos G, Bouzas EA, Silver PB et al (1995) Immune corticotropin-releasing hormone is present in the eyes of and promotes experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in rodents. Endocrinology 136: 4650-4658.
63. McCann SM (1992) An introduction to neuroendocrinology: basic principles and historical considerations. In Nemeroff CB (ed,) Neuroendocrinology, pp. 1-18. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
64. MeEwen BS, deKloet ER & Rostene W (1986) Adrenal steroid receptors and actions in the nervous system. Physiological Reviews 66:1121-1188.
65. Munck A, Guyre PM & Holbrook NJ (1984) Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions. Endocrine Reviews 5: 25-44.
66. Neeck G, Federlin K, Graef Vet al (1990) Adrenal secretion of cortisol in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Rheumatology 17: 24-29.
67. Nemeroff CB, Owens M J, Bissette Get al (1988) Reduced corticotropin releasing factor binding sites in the frontal cortex of suicide victims. Archives of General Psychiatry 45: 577-579.
68. Oldfield EH, Doppman JL, Nieman LK et al (1991) Petrosal sinus sampling with and without corticotropin releasing hormone for the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 325: 897-905.
69. Ono N, Bedran De Castro JC & McCann SM (1985) Ultrashort-loop positive feedback of corticotropin (ACTH)-releasing factor to enhance ACTH release in stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA 82: 3528-3531.
70. Orth DN (1992) Corticotropin-releasing hormone in humans. Endocrine Reviews 13: 164-191.
71. Orth DN, Kovacs WJ & Debold CR (1992) The adrenal cortex. In Wilson JD & Foster DW (eds) Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, pp. 489-619.Philadelphia: WB Sannders
72. Pardridge WM (1986) Receptor-mediated peptide transport through the blood-brain barrier. Endocrine Reviews 7: 314-330.
73. Patchev VK, Kalogeras KT, Zelazowski P et al (1992) Increased plasma concentrations, hypo thalamic output, and in vivo release of arginine vasopressin in inflammatory disease-prone, hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone-deficient Lewis rats. Endocrinology 131:1453-1457.
74. Peiffer A & Barden N (1987) Estrogen-induced decrease of glucocorticoid receptor messenger ribonucleic acid concentration in rat anterior pituitary gland. Molecular Endocrinology 1: 435-440.
75. Petrides JS, Mueller GP, Kalogeras KT et al (1994) Exercise-induced activation of the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis: marked differences in the sensitivity to glucocorticoid suppression. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 79: 377-383.
76. Plotsky PM (1989) Regulation of the adrenocortical axis: hypophysiotropic coding, catecholamines and glucocorticoids. In Rose F (ed.) The Control of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis, pp 131-146. Madison: International Universities Press.
77. Plotsky PM (1991) Pathways to the secretion of adrenocorticotropin: a view from the portal. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 3: 1-9.
78. Redei E, Hilderbrand H & Aird F (1995) Corticotropin release-inhibiting factor is preprothyrotropinreleasing hormone (178-199). Endocrinology 136" 3557-3563.
79. Reincke M, Allolio B, Wurth G & Winkelmann W (1993) The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in critical illness: response to dexamethasone and corticotropin-releasing hormone. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 77: 151-156.
80. Reul JHM & de Kloet ER (1985) Two receptor systems for corticosterone in rat brain: microdistribution and differential occupation. Endocrinology 117:2505-2511.
81. Robinson BG, Emanuel RL, Film DM & Majzoub JA (1988) Glucocorticoid stimulates expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene in human placenta. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA 85: 5244-5248.
82. Sack RL, Lewy AJ, Blood ML et al (1992) Circadian rhythm abnormalities in totally blind people: incidence and clinical significance. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 75:127-134.
83. Saper CB, Lowey AD, Swanson LW & Cowan WM (1976) Direct hypothalamic-autonomic connections. Brain Research 117: 305-312.
84. Sawchenko PE & Swanson LW (1982) The organization of noradrenergic pathways from the brainstem to the paraventricnlar and supraoptic nuclei in the rat. Brain Research Reviews 4: 275-325.
85. Schulte HM, Chrousos GP, Oldfield DH et al (1985) Ovine corticotropin-releasing factor administration in normal men. Pituitary and adrenal responses in the morning and evening. Hormone Research 21: 69-74.
86. Schurmeyer TH, Averginos PC, Gold PW et al (1984) Human corticotropin-releasing factor in man: pharmacokinetic properties and dose response of plasma adrenocorticotropin and cortisol secretion. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 59:1103-1108.
87. Schurmeyer TH (1987) On the relationship between ACTH and cortisol secretion. Hormone and Metabolic Research 16 (supplement): 6-8.
88. Schwartz J, Pham T, Ran A & Funder JW (1991) Effect of AVP on susceptibility of ovine pituitary cells to a cytotoxic analogue of CRF. American Journal of Physiology 260: E905-E909.
89. Scopa CD, Mastorakos G, Friedman TC et al (1994) Presence of immunoreactive corticotropin releasing hormone in thyroid lesions. American Journal of Pathology 145:1159-1167.
90. Scribner KA, Walker C, Cascio CS & Dallman MF (1991) Chronic streptozotocin diabetes in rats facilitates the acute stress response without altering pituitary or adrenal responsiveness to secretagogues. Endocrinology 129: 99-108.
91. Selye H (1946) General adaptation syndrome and the diseases of adaptation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology 6:117-230.
92. Shivers BD, Harlan RE, Morrell JI & Pfaff DW (1983) Absence of estradiol concentration in cell nuclei of LHRH-immunoreactive neurons. Nature 304: 345-347.
93. Solomon S (1993) Corticostatins. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 4: 260-264.
94. Spencer RL & McEwen B S (1990) Adaptation of the hypothalamo- pituitary-adrenal axis to chronic ethanol stress. Neuroendocrinology 52:481-489.
95. Stein B & Yang MX (1995) Repression of the interleukin-6 promoter by estrogen receptor is mediated by NF-kappa B and C/EBP beta. Molecular and Cellular Biology 15:4971-4979.
96. Suda T, Yajima F, Tomori N et al (1986) Inhibitory effect of adrenocorticotropin on corticotropinreleasing factor release from rat hypothalamus in-vitro. Endocrinology 118: 459-461.
97. Torpy DJ, Grice JE, Hockings GI et al (1993) Alprazolam blocks the naloxone-stimulated hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 76:388-391.
98. Tsigos C & Chrousos GP (1994) Physiology of the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis in health and dysregulation in psychiatric and autoimmune disorders. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 23: 451-466.
99. Turner BB (1990) Sex difference in glucocorticoid binding in rat pituitary is estrogen dependent. Life Sciences 46: 1399-1406.
100. Turner BB (1992) Sex differences in the binding of type I and type II corticosteroid receptors in rat hippocampus. Brain Research 581: 229-236.
101. Ur E & Grossman A (1992) Corticotropin-releasing hormone in health and disease: an update. Acta Endocrinologica 127: 193-199.
102. Vale W, Spiess J, Rivier C & Rivier J (1981) Characterization of a 41-residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates secretion of corticotropin and beta-endorphin. Science 213:1394-1397.
103. Valentino RJ & Foote SL (1988) Corticotropin releasing hormone increases tonic but not sensoryevoked activity of noradrenergic locus ceruleus neurons in unanesthetized rats. Journal of Neuroscience 8: 1016-1025.
104. Vamvakopoulos NC & Chrousos GP (1994) Hormonal regulation of human corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression: implications for the stress response and irnmune/inflammatory reaction. Endocrine Reviews 15: 409-420.
105. Wick G, Hu Y, Schwarz S & Kroemer G (1993) Immunoendocrine communication via the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in autoimmune diseases. Endocrine Reviews 14: 539-563.
106. Whitnall MH (1989) Stress selectively activates the vasopressiu- containing subset of corticotropinreleasing hormone neurons. Neuroendocrinology 50: 702-707.
107. Whitnall MH, Perlstein RS, Mougey EH & Neta R (1992) The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in rodents: corticotropin releasing hormone/vasopressin coexistence and cytokine effects. In Kvetnansky R, McCarty R & Axelrod J (eds) Stress: Neuroendocrine and Molecular Approaches, pp. 449-456. New York: Gordon and Breach.
108. Wilder RL (1995) Neuroendocrine-immune system interactions and autoimmunity. Annual Review of Immunology 13: 307-338.