The pleural space and organ transplantation

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Volumn 153, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 1153-1165

  Judson, Marc A ^a   Sahn, Steven A ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HEART LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; HEART TRANSPLANTATION; HUMAN; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE; PLEURA EFFUSION; PLEURODESIS; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX; THORACOCENTESIS;

EID: 0029880876     PISSN: 1073449X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.153.3.8630560     Document Type: Review

References (182)

1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1994. 1994 Annual Report. Transplant Data: 1988-1993. U.S. Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients and Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
2. Sahn, S. A. 1988. The pleura. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 138:184-234.
3. Ettinger, N. A., and E. P. Trulock. 1991. Pulmonary considerations of organ transplantation, Part 1. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 143:1386-1405.
4. Ettinger, N. A., and E. P. Trulock. 1991. Pulmonary considerations of organ transplantation, Part 2. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 144:213-223.
5. Ettinger, N. A., and E. P. Trulock. 1991. Pulmonary considerations of organ transplantation, Part 3. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 144:433-451.
6. Armitage, J. O. 1944. Bone marrow transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 330:827-838.
7. Castellino, R. A., F. F. Bellani, M. Gasparini, and R. Musumeci. 1975. Radiographic findings in previously untreated children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Radiology 117:657-663.
8. Xaubert, A., M. C. Diumenjo, A. Marin, E. Montserrat, R. Estopa, C. Llebaria, et al. 1985. Characteristics and prognostic value of pleural effusions in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 66: 135-140.
9. Weick, J. K., J. M. Kiely, E. G. Harrison, Jr., D. T. Carr, and S. P. W. Scanlon. 1973. Pleural effusion in lymphoma. Cancer 31:848-853.
10. Fisher, A. M. H., B. Kendall, and B. D. Van Leuven. 1962. Hodgkin's disease: a radiological survey. Clin. Radiol. 13:115-127.
11. Wong, F. M., W. J. Grace, and A. Rottino. 1963. Pleural effusions, ascites, pericardial effusions and edema in Hodgkin's disease. Am. J. Med. Sci. 246:678-682.
12. Westling, P. 1965. Studies of the prognosis in Hodgkin's disease. Acta Radiol. Suppl. 245:5-125.
13. Vieta, J. O., and L. F. Craver. 1941. Intrathoracic manifestations of the lymphomatoid diseases. Radiology 37:138-158.
14. Jenkins, P. F., M. J. Ward, P. Davies, and J. Fletcher. 1981. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic lymphatic leukemia and the lung. Br. J. Dis. Chest. 75:22-30.
15. Yam, L. T. 1967. Diagnostic significance of lymphocytes in pleural effusion. Ann. Intern. Med. 66:972-982.
16. Grimwade, D. J., R. Chopra, A. King, P. Shaw, R. Pearce, D. C. Linch, et al. 1994. Detection and significance of pulmonary Hodgkin's disease at autologous bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 13:173-179.
17. Walden, P. A. M., P. F. Mitchell-Heggs, C. Coppin, J. Dent, and K. W. Bagshawe. 1977. Pleurisy and methotrexate treatment. B.M.J. 2:867.
18. Everts, C. S., J. L. Westcott, and D. G. Bragg. 1973. Methotrexate therapy and pulmonary disease. Radiology 107:539-543.
19. Urban, C., A. Nirenberg, B. Caparros, S. Anac, A. Cacavio, and G. Rosen. 1983. Chemical pleuritis as the cause of acute chest pain following high-dose methotrexate treatment. Cancer 51:34-37.
20. Orwoll, E. S., P. J. Kiessling, and J. R. Patterson. 1978. Interstitial pneumonia from mitomycin. Ann. Intern. Med. 89:352-355.
21. Buzdar, A. U., S. S. Legha, M. A. Luna, C. K. Tashima, G. N. Hortobagyi, and G. R. Blumenschein 1980. Pulmonary toxicity of mitomycin. Cancer 45:236-244.
22. Gunstream, S. R., J. J. Seidenfeld, R. E. Sobonya, and L. J. McMahon. 1983. Mitomycin-associated lung disease. Cancer Treat. Rep. 67:301-304.
23. Ozols, R. F., W. M. Hocan, Y. Ostchega, and R. C. Young. 1983. MVP (mitomycin, vinblastine, and progesterone): a second line regimen in ovarian cancer with a high incidence of pulmonary toxicity. Cancer Treat. Rep. 67:721-722.
24. Pascual, R. S., M. B. Mosher, R. S. Sikand, R. C. DeConti, and A. S. Bouhuys. 1973. Effects of bleomycin on pulmonary function in man. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 108:211-217.
25. Holoye, P. Y., M. A. Luna, B. Mackay, and C. W. M. Bedrosian. 1978. Bleomycin hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Ann. Intern. Med. 88:47-49.
26. Bachman, A. L., and K. Macken. 1959. Pleural effusions following supervoltage radiation for breast carcinoma. Radiology 72:699-709.
27. Whitcomb, M. E., and M. I. Schwarz. 1971. Pleural effusion complicating intensive mediastinal radiation therapy. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 103:100-107.
28. Krowka, M. J., E. C. Rosenow, and H. C. Hoagland. 1985. Pulmonary complications of bone marrow transplantation. Chest 87:237-246.
29. Noble, P. W. 1989. The pulmonary complications of bone marrow transplantation in adults (clinical conference). West. J. Med. 150: 443-449.
30. Schiller, G. 1992. Chylothorax as a complication of central venous catheter-induced superior vena cava thrombosis. Bone Marrow Transplant. 9:302.
31. Rollins, J. B. 1986. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Am. J. Med. 81:297-306.
32. Jones, J. R., K. S. K. Lee, W. E. Beschorner, V. G. Vogel, L. B. Grochow, H. G. Braine, et al. 1987. Veno-occlusive disease of the liver following bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation 44: 778-783.
33. Dulley, F. L., E. J. Kanfer, F. R. Appelbaum, D. Amos, R. S. Hill, C. D. Buckner, et al. 1987. Veno-occlusive disease of the liver after chemoradiotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation 43:870-873.
34. Brugieres, L., O. Hartmann, E. Benhamou, E. S. Zafrani, J. M. Caillaud, C. Patte, et al. 1988. Veno-occlusive disease of the liver following high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation in children with solid tumors: incidence, clinical course and outcome. Bone Marrow Transplant. 3:53-58.
35. Ozkaynak, M. F., K. Weinberg, D. Kohn, L. Sender, R. Parkman, and C. Lenarsky. 1991. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease post-bone marrow transplantation in children conditioned with busulfan and cyclophosphamide: incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcome. Bone Marrow Transplant. 7:467-474.
36. Patz, E. F., W. P. Peters, and P. C. Goodman. 1994. Pulmonary drug toxicity following high-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation: CT findings in 20 cases. J. Thorac. Imaging 9:129-134.
37. Dohmen, K., M. Harada, H. Ishibashi, S. Taniguchi, J. Kudo, R. Shimamura, et al. 1991. Ultrasonographic studies on abdominal complications in patients receiving marrow-ablative chemotherapy and bone marrow or blood stem cell transplantation. J. Clin. Ultrasound 19:321-333.
38. Merz, W. G., and G. R. Sandford. 1979. Isolation and characterization of a polyene-resistant variant of Candida tropicalis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 9:677-680.
39. Kurzrock, R., A. Zander, M. Kanojia, L. Vellekoop, G. Spitzer, and S. Jagannath. 1984. Obstructive lung disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation 37:156-160.
40. Link, H., U. Reinhard, D. Niethammer, G. R. F. Kruger, H. D. Waller, and K. Wilms. 1982. Obstructive ventilation disorder as a severe complication of chronic graft-versus-host disease after bone-marrow transplantation. Exp. Hematol. 10(Suppl. 10):92-93.
41. Wiener-Kronish, J. P., M. A. Matthay, P. W. Callen, R. A. Filly, G. Gamsu, and N. C. Staub. 1985. Relationship of pleural effusions to pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with congestive heart failure. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 132:1253-1256.
42. Shinto, R. A., and R. W. Light. 1990. Effects of diuresis on the characteristics of pleural fluid in patients with congestive heart failure. Am. J. Med. 88:230-234.
43. Chakko, S. C., S. H. Caldwell, and P. P. Sfoorza. 1989. Treatment of congestive heart failure: its effect on pleural fluid chemistry. Chest 95:798-802.
44. Wright, R. S., M. S. Levine, P. E. Bellamy, M. S. Simmons, P. Batra, and L. W. Stevenson. 1990. Ventilatory and diffusion abnormalities in potential heart transplant recipients. Chest 98:816-820.
45. Carter, A. R., H. D. Sostman, A. M. Curtis, and H. A. Swett. 1983. Thoracic alterations after cardiac surgery. Am. J. Roentgenol. 140: 475-481.
46. Thorsen, M. K., and L. R. Goodman. 1988. Extracardiac complications of cardiac surgery. Semin. Roentgenol. 23:32-48.
47. Henry, D. A., H. Jolles, J. J. Berberich, and V. Schmetzer. 1989. The post-cardiac surgery radiograph: a clinically integrated approach. J. Thorac. Imaging 4:20-41.
48. Schulman, L. L., C. R. Smith, R. Drusin, E. A. Rose, Y. Enson, and K. Reemtsma. 1988. Respiratory complications of cardiac transplantation. Am. J. Med. Sci. 296:1-10.
49. Aarnio, P., A. Harjula, L. Heikkila, and S. Mattila. 1990. Surgery after heart transplantation. Scand. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 24: 21-22.
50. Anastasiou-Nana, M. I., J. B. O'Connell, J. N. Nanas, S. G. Sorensen, and J. L. Anderson. 1989. Relative efficiency and risk of endomyocardial biopsy: comparisons in heart transplant and nontransplant patients. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 18:7-11.
51. Di Sesa, V., L. J. Sloss, and L. H. Cohn. 1990. Heart transplantation for intractable prosthetic valve endocarditis. J. Heart Transplant. 9:142-143.
52. Repp, R., H. H. Scheld, J. Bauer, H. Becker, J. Kreuder, and H. Netz. 1992. Cyclosporine losses by a chylothorax (letter). J. Heart Lung Transplant 11(2 Part 1):397-398.
53. Parker, B. M., and J. R. Smith. 1958. Pulmonary embolism and infarction. Am. J. Med. 24:402-427.
54. Murray, J. R. 1971. The pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of pulmonary embolus. Calif. Med. 114:36-43.
55. Young, J. N., J. Yazbeck, G. Esposito, P. Mankad, E. Townsend, and M. Yacoub. 1986. The influence of acute preoperative pulmonary infarction on the results of heart transplantation. J. Heart Transplant. 5:120-122.
56. Cavarocchi, N. C., N. Z. Carp, A. Mitra, J. B. McClurken, I. B. Elfenbein, J. B. Alpern, et al. 1989. Successful heart transplantation in recipients with recent preoperative pulmonary emboli. J. Heart Transplant 8:494-498.
57. Bieber, E., J. P. Quinn, F. R. Venezio, J. B. Miller, and Team LUCT. 1989. Salmonellal empyema in a heart transplant recipient. J. Heart Transplant. 8:262-263.
58. De Pinto, D., S. Park, J. Houck, and R. Pifarre. 1993. Successful treatment of mediastinitis and empyema in a heart transplant patient: one stage procedure (letter). J. Heart Lung Transplant. 12: 883-884.
59. Cover, T. L., P. C. Appelbaum, and R. C. Aber. 1988. Pseudomonas paucimobilis empyema after cardiac transplantation. South Med. J. 81:796-798.
60. Amber, I. J., E. M. Gilbert, G. Schiffman, and J. A. Jacobson. 1990. Increased risk of pneumococcal infections in cardiac transplant recipients. Transplantation 49:122-125.
61. Copeland, J., M. Wieden, W. Feinberg, N. Salomon, D. Hager, and J. Galgiani. 1981. Legionnaires' disease following cardiac transplantation. Chest 79:669-671.
62. Rees, A. P., M. Meadors, H. O. Ventura, and G. A. Pankey. 1991. Diagnosis of disseminated cytomegalovirus infection and pneumonitis in a heart transplant recipient by skin biopsy: case report. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 10:329-332.
63. Schulman, L. L., D. S. Reison, J. H. Austin, and E. A. Rose. 1991. Cytomegalovirus pneumonitis after cardiac transplantation. Arch Intern. Med. 151:1118-1124.
64. Drummer, J. S., L. T. White, M. Ho, B. P. Griffith, R. L. Hardesty, and H. T. Bahnson. 1985. Morbidity of cytomegalovirus infection in recipients of heart or heart-lung transplants who receive cyclosporine. J. Infect. Dis. 152:1182-1191.
65. Schuler, S., R. Parnt, H. Warnecke, G. Matheis, and R. Hetzer. 1988. Extended donor criteria for heart transplantation. J. Heart Transplant. 7:326-330.
66. Johnson, R. F., and R. V. Loo. 1964. Hepatic hydrothorax: studies to determine the source of the fluid and report thirteen cases. Ann. Intern. Med. 61:385.
67. Krowka, M. J., and D. A. Cortese. 1985. Pulmonary aspects of chronic liver disease and liver transplantation. Mayo Clin. Proc. 60:407-416.
68. Krowka, M. J., and D. A. Cortese. 1989. Pulmonary aspects of liver disease and liver transplantation. Clin. Chest Med. 10:593-616.
69. Lieberman, F. L., R. Hidemura, R. L. Peters, and T. B. Reynolds. 1966. Pathogenesis and treatment of hydrothorax complicating cirrhosis with ascites. Ann. Intern. Med. 64:341-351.
70. Afessa, B., P. C. Gay, D. J. Plevak, S. J. Swensen, H. G. Patel, and M. J. Krowka. 1993. Pulmonary complications of orthotopic liver transplantation. Mayo Clin. Proc. 68:427-434.
71. Collins, J. D., A. C. Disher, M. L. Shaver, and T. Q. Miller. 1993. Imaging the hepatic lymphatics: experimental studies in swine. J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 85:185-191.
72. Spizarny, D. L., B. H. Gross, and T. McLoud. 1993. Enlarging pleural effusion after liver transplantation. J. Thorac. Imaging 8:85-87.
73. Olutola, P. S., L. Hutton, and W. J. Wall. 1985. Pleural effusion following liver transplantation. Radiology 157:594.
74. Costello, P., C. R. Williams, R. W. Jenkins, W. A. Jensen, and R. M. Rose. 1987. The incidence and implications of chest radiographic abnormalities following orthotopic liver transplantation. J. Can. Assoc. Radiol. 38:90-95.
75. Shieh, W. B., C. L. Chen, and K. L. Wang. 1992. Respiratory changes and pulmonary complications following orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplant. Proc. 24:1486-1488.
76. Bilik, R., M. Yellen, and R. A. Superina. 1992. Surgical complications in children after liver transplantation. J. Pediatr. Surg. 27:1371-1375.
77. Moulin, D., S. Clement de Clety, M. Reynaert, M. A. Carlier, F. Veyckmans, D. Claus, et al. 1989. Intensive care for children after orthotopic liver transplantation. Intensive Care Med. 15(Suppl. 1):S71-S72.
78. Robinson, L. A., A. L. Moulton, W. H. Fleming, and T. A. Galbraith. 1994. Intrapleural fibrinolytic treatment of multiloculated thoracic empyemas. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 57:803-814.
79. Schroter, G. P., M. Hoelscher, C. W. Putnam, K. A. Porter, J. F. Hansbrough, and T. E. Starzl. 1976. Infections complicating orthotopic liver transplantation. Arch. Surg. 3:1337-1347.
80. Raby, N., G. Forbes, and R. Williams. 1990. Nocardia infection in patients with liver transplants of chronic liver disease: radiologic findings. Radiology 174:713-716.
81. Zajko, A. M., D. Claus, P. Clapuyt, C. O. Esquivel, D. Moulin, T. E. Starzl, et al. 1989. Obstruction to hepatic venous drainage after liver transplantation: treatment with balloon angioplasty. Radiology 170(3 Part 1):763-765.
82. Wolford, J. F., and J. R. Krause. 1990. Post transplant mediastinal Burkitt-like lymphoma. Diagnosis by cytologic and flow cytometric analysis of pleural fluid. Acta Cytol. 34:261-264.
83. Jarratt, M. J., and S. A. Sahn. 1995. Pleural effusions in hospitalized patients on chronic hemodialysis. Chest 108:470-474.
84. Hopps, H. C., and R. W. Wissler. 1955. Uremic pneumonitis. Am. J. Pathol. 31:261-273.
85. Berger, H. W., G. Rammohan, M. S. Neff, and W. Buhain. 1975. Uremic pleural effusion. A study in 14 patients on chronic dialysis. Ann. Intern. Med. 82:362-364.
86. Nidus, B. D., R. Matalon, D. Cantacuzino, and R. P. Eisinger. 1969. Uremic pleuritis: a clinicopathological entity. N. Engl. J. Med. 281: 874-876.
87. Galen, M. A., S. M. Steinberg, E. G. Lowrie, J. M. Lazarus, C. L. Hampers, and J. P. Merrill. 1975. Hemorrhagic pleural effusion in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Ann. Intern. Med. 82: 359-361.
88. Rodelas, R., T. A. Rakowski, W. P. Argy, and G. E. Schreiner. 1980. Fibrosing uremic pleuritis during hemodialysis. J.A.M.A. 243:2424-2425.
89. Harnsberger, H. R., T. G. Lee, and D. H. Mukuno. 1983. Rapid, inexpensive real-time directed thoracentesis. Radiology 146:545-546.
90. Gilbert, L., S. Ribot, H. Frankel, M. Jacobs, and B. J. Mankowitz. 1975. Fibrinous uremic pleuritis: a surgical entity. Chest 67:53-56.
91. Heino, A. 1988. Operative and postoperative non-surgical complications in diabetic patients undergoing renal transplantation. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 22:53-58.
92. Kuzbary, Y., J. C. Lasher, R. Blumhardt, and B. Vicks. 1984. Renal transplant extravasation of urine through a chest tube: an unusual appearance on radionuclide imaging. Nucl. Med. Commun. 5:655-659.
93. Carcillo, J., Jr., and J. R. Salcedo. 1985. Urinothorax as a manifestation of nondilated obstructive uropathy following renal transplantation. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 5:211-213.
94. Miller, K. S., S. Wooten, and S. A. Sahn. 1988. Urinothorax: a cause of low pH transudative pleural effusions. Am. J. Med. 85:448-449.
95. De Camp, M. M., and N. L. Tilney. 1988. Late development of intractable lymphocele after renal transplantation. Transplant. Proc. 20:105-109.
96. Sollinger, H. W., J. R. Starling, T. Oberley, N. R. Glass, and F. O. Beizer. 1983. Severe "weeping" kidney disease after transplantation: a case report. Transplant. Proc. 15:2157-2160.
97. Bear, R. A., R. W. McCallum, J. Cant, M. B. Goldstein, and M. Johnson. 1976. Perirenal lymphocyst formation in renal transplant recipients. Urology 7:581-586.
98. Schweizer, R. T., S. Cho, S. L. Kountz, and F. O. Belzer. 1972. Lymphoceles following renal transplantation. Arch. Surg. 104:42-45.
99. Morley, P., E. Barnett, P. R. F. Bell, J. K. Briggs, K. C. Calman, D. N. H. Hamilton, et al. 1975. Ultrasound in the diagnosis of fluid collections following renal transplantation. Clin. Radiol. 26:199-207.
100. Braun, W. E., L. H. Banowsky, R. A. Straffon, S. Nakamot, W. S. Kiser, and K. L. Popowniak. 1974. Lymphoceles associated with renal transplantation. Am. J. Med. 57:714-729.
101. Koehler, P. R. 1972. Injuries and complications of the lymphatic system following renal transplantation. Lymphology 5:61-67.
102. Hayashi, K., Y. Hoshida, T. Ohnoshi, K. Kawashima, S. Saito, S. Matsutomo, et al. 1993. Primary pulmonary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in a Japanese renal transplant recipient. Int. J. Hematol. 57:245-250.
103. Lippman, S. M., T. M. Grogan, D. A. Ogden, and T. P. Miller. 1987. Post-transplantation T cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. Am. J. Med. 82:814-816.
104. Heino, A., R. Orko, and P. H. Rosenberg. 1986. Anaesthesiological complications in renal transplantation: a retrospective study of 500 transplantations. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 30:574-580.
105. Vereerstraeten, P., J. P. De Koster, J. Vereerstraeten, P. Kinnaert, J. Van Geertruyden, and C. Toussaint. 1975. Pulmonary infections after kidney transplantation. Proc. Eur. Dial. Transplant. Assoc. 11:300-307.
106. Thacker, W. L., R. F. Benson, R. B. Schifman, E. Pugh, A. G. Steigerwalt, W. R. Mayberry, et al. 1989. Legionella tucsonensis sp. nov. isolated from a renal transplant recipient. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28: 1831-1834.
107. McKinney, R. M., H. W. Wilkinson, H. M. Sommers, B. J. Fikes, K. R. Sasseville, M. M. Yungbluth, et al. 1980. Legionella pneumophila serogroup six: isolation from cases of legionellosis, identification by immunofluorescence staining, and immunological response to infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 12:395-401.
108. Bock, B. V., P. H. Edelstein, K. M. Snyder, C. M. Hatayama, R. P. Lewis, B. D. Kirby, et al. 1978. Legionnaires' disease in renal-transplant recipients. Lancet 1:410-413.
109. Marshall, W., R. S. Foster, and W. Winn. 1981. Legionnaires' disease in renal transplant patients. Am. J. Surg. 141:423-429.
110. Moore, E. H., W. R. Webb, G. Gamsu, and J. A. Golden. 1984. Legionnaires' disease in the renal transplant patient: clinical presentation and radiographic progression. Radiology 153:589-593.
111. Foster, R. S., Jr., W. C. Winn, Jr., W. Marshall, and D. W. Gump. 1979. Legionnaires' disease following renal transplantation. Transplantation Proc. 11:93-95.
112. Levin, A. S. S., H. H. Caiaffa Filho, S. I. Sinto, E. Sabbaga, A. A. Barone, C. M. F. Mendes, et al. 1991. An outbreak of nosocomial Legionnaires' disease in a renal transplant unit in Sao Paulo, Brazil. J. Hosp. Infect. 18:243-248.
113. Santamaria, Saber T., J. F. Figueriredo, S. B. Santos, C. E. Levy, M. A. Reis, and A. S. Ferraz. 1993. Nocardia infection in renal transplant recipient: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo 35:417-421.
114. Lovett, I. S., E. T. Houang, S. Burge, M. Turner-Warwick, F. D. Thompson, A. R. Harrison, et al. 1981. An outbreak of Nocardia asteroides infection in a renal transplant unit. Q. J. Med. 50:123-135.
115. Ochiai, T., H. Amemiya, K. Watanabe, H. Sato, A. Kobayashi, H. Takizawa, et al. 1978. Successful treatment of Nocardia asteroides infection with minocycline in kidney transplant patients. Jpn. J. Surg. 8:138-144.
116. Tzamaloukas, A. H., T. Ahlin, D. Katzestein, and W. A. Sterling. 1982. Association of pulmonary embolism and pulmonary nocardiosis in renal transplant. Transplantation 33:569.
117. Arduino, R. C., P. C. Johnson, and A. G. Miranda. 1993. Nocardiosis in renal transplant recipients undergoing immunosuppression with cyclosporine. Clin. Infect. Dis. 16:505-512.
118. Lakshminarayan, S., and S. A. Sahn. 1973. Tuberculosis in a patient after renal transplantation. Tubercle 54:72-76.
119. Hall, C. M., P. A. Willcox, C. R. Swanepoel, D. Kahn, and R. V. Z. Smit. 1994. Mycobacterial infection in renal transplant recipients. Chest 106:435-439.
120. Wood, M., J. D. Wallin, and W. O'Neill, Jr. 1983. Disseminated tuberculosis in a renal transplant recipient: presentation as an anterior mediastinal mass. South. Med. J. 76:1577-1579.
121. Malhotra, K. K., S. C. Dash, I. K. Dhawan, U. N. Bhuyan, and A. Gupta. 1986. Tuberculosis and renal transplantation: observations from an endemic area of tuberculosis. Postgrad. Med. J. 62:359-362.
122. Conces, D. J., Jr., V. A. Vix, and R. D. Tarver. 1990. Pleural cryptococcosis. J. Thorac. Imaging 5:84-86.
123. Lye, W. C., N. K. Chin, and Y. S. Lee. 1993. Disseminated cryptococcosis presenting with a pleural effusion in a kidney transplant recipient: early diagnosis by pleural biopsy and successful treatment with oral fluconazole (letter). Nephron 65:646.
124. Spencer, C. D., and G. E. Crawford. 1982. Nontoxic staphylococcal pneumonia with empyema in a renal transplant recipient. West. J. Med. 136:147-149.
125. Berk, M. R., A. M. Meyers, W. Cassal, J. R. Botha, and J. A. Myburgh. 1984. Nontyphoid salmonella infections after renal transplantation. A serious clinical problem. Nephron 37:186-189.
126. Castaneda, M. A., and P. J. Garvin. 1986. General surgical procedures in renal allograft recipients. Am. J. Surg. 152:717-721.
127. Egan, T. M., L. R. Kaiser, and J. D. Cooper. 1989. Lung transplantation. Curr. Probl. Surg. 26:681-751.
128. Tazelaar, H. D., and S. A. Yousem. 1988. The pathology of combined heart-lung transplantation. Hum. Pathol. 19:1403-1416.
129. Bando, K., R. J. Keenan, I. L. Paradis, H. Konishi, K. Komatsu, R. L. Hardesty, et al. 1994. Impact of pulmonary hypertension on outcome after single-lung transplantation. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 58:1336-1342.
130. Kaiser, L. R., M. K. Pasque, and E. P. Trulock. 1991. Bilateral sequential lung transplantation: the procedure of choice for double-lung replacement. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 52:445-446.
131. Triantafillou, A. N., M. K. Pasque, C. B. Huddleston, C. G. Pond, R. F. Cerza, R. M. Fortsot, et al. 1994. Predictors, frequency, and indications for cardiopulmonary bypass during lung transplantation in adults. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 57:1248-1251.
132. deHoyos, A., W. Demajo, G. Snell, J. Miller, and J. R. Maurer. 1993. Preoperative prediction for the use of cardiopulmonary bypass in lung transplantation. J. Thorac. Surg. 106:787-796.
133. Bidstrup, B. P., D. Royston, K. M. Taylor, and R. N. Sapsford. 1989. Reduction in blood loss and use after cardiopulmonary bypass with high dose aprotinin. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 97:364.
134. Grosse, H., W. Lobbes, M. Frambach, O. von Broen, B. Ringe, and M. Barthels. 1991. The use of high dose aprotinin in liver transplantation: the influence of fibrinolysis and blood loss. Thromb. Res. 63:287-297.
135. Shennib, H., R. Adoumie, and M. Noirclerc. 1992. Current status of lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis. Arch. Intern. Med. 152:1585-1588.
136. Panketh, A. R. L., R. K. Knight, M. E. Hodson, and J. C. Batten. 1982. Management of pneumothorax in adults with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 37:850-853.
137. Noppen, M., E. Dhondt, T. Mahler, A. Malfoot, I. Dab, and W. Vincken. 1994. Successful management of recurrent pneumothorax in cystic fibrosis by localized apical thoracoscopic talc poudrage. Chest 106:262-264.
138. Noyes, B. E., and D. M. Orenstein. 1992. Treatment of cystic fibrosis in the era of lung transplantation. Chest 101:1187-1188.
139. Rich, H., W. Warwick, and A. Leonard. 1978. Open thoracotomy and pleural abrasion in the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax in cystic fibrosis. J. Pediatr. Surg. 13:237-242.
140. Madden, B. P., M. E. Hodson, M. H. Yacoub, E. W. Alton, P. J. Barnes, D. M. Denison, et al. 1992. Heart-lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis. B.M.J. 304:835-836.
141. Tsang, V., B. P. Madden, M. E. Hodson, and M. H. Yacoub. 1990. Heart-lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis. Pediatr. Pulmonol. Suppl. 256.
142. Herridge, M. S., A. L. de Hoyos, C. Chaparro, T. L. Winlon, S. Kesten, and J. R. Maurer. 1995. Pleural complications in lung transplant recipients. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 110:22-26.
143. Griffith, B. P., and M. Zenati. 1990. The pulmonary donor. Clin. Chest Med. 11:217-226.
144. Mills, N. L., A. D. Boyd, and C. Gheranpong. 1970. The significance of bronchial circulation in lung transplantation. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 60:866-878.
145. Schafers, H. J., C. M. Schafer, C. Zink, A. Haverich, and H. G. Borst. 1994. Surgical treatment of airway complications after lung transplantation. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 107:1476-1480.
146. Novick, R. J., M. P. Kaye, G. A. Patterson, B. Andreassian, W. Klepetko, A. H. Menkis, et al. 1993. Redo lung transplantation: a North American-European experience. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 12:5-16.
147. Chiles, C., D. F. Guthaner, S. W. Jamieson, E. B. Stinson, P. E. Oyer, and J. F. Silverman. 1985. Heart-lung transplantation: the postoperative chest radiograph. Radiology 154:299-304.
148. Raju, S., B. J. Heath, E. T. Warren, and J. D. Hardy. 1990. Single-and double-lung transplantation. Ann. Surg. 211:681-693.
149. Siegelman, S. S., S. B. P. Sinha, and F. J. Veith. 1973. Pulmonary reimplantation response. Ann. Surg. 177:30-36
150. Ruggiero, R., R. Fietsam, Jr., G. A. Thomas, J. Muz, R. H. Farris, T. A. Kowal, et al. 1994. Detection of canine allograft lung rejection by pulmonary lymphoscintigraphy. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 108:253-258.
151. Winter, J. B., M. Groen, A. H. Petersen, C. R. H. Wildevuur, and J. Prop. 1993. Reduced antibody responses after immunization in rat lung transplants. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 147:664-668.
152. Trulock, E. P. 1993. Management of lung rejection. Chest 103:1566-1567.
153. Bergin, C. J., R. A. Castellino, N. Blank, G. J. Berry, R. K. Sibley, and V. A. Starnes. 1990. Acute lung rejection after heart-lung transplantation: correlation of findings on chest radiographs with lung biopsy results. Am. J. Roentgenol. 155:23-27.
154. Medina, L. S., M. J. Siegel, P. A. Bejarano, H. S. Glazer, D. J. Anderson, and G. B. Mallory. 1993. Pediatric lung transplantation: radiographic-histopathologic correlation. Radiology 187:807-810.
155. Medina, L. S., M. J. Siegel, H. S. Glazer, D. J. Anderson, J. Semenkovich, P. A. Bejarano, et al. 1994. Diagnosis of pulmonary complications associated with lung transplantation in children: value of CT vs. histopathologic studies. Am. J. Roentgenol. 162:969-974.
156. Judson, M. A., and S. A. Sahn. 1995. Pleural effusions following lung transplantation: time course, characteristics, and clinical implications. Chest (In press)
157. Cooper, J. D., R. J. Ginsberg, and M. Goldberg. 1986. Unilateral lung transplantation for pulmonary fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 314:1140-1145.
158. O'Donovan, P. B. 1993. Imaging of complications of lung transplantation. Radiographies 13:787-796.
159. Snell, G. I., A. de Hoyos, M. Krajden, T. Winton, and J. R. Maurer. 1993. Pseudomonas cepacia in lung transplant recipients with cystic fibrosis. Chest 103:466-471.
160. Noyes, B. E., M. G. Michaels, G. Kurland, J. M. Armitage, and D. M. Orenstein. 1994. Pseudomonas cepacia empyema necessitatis after lung transplantation in two patients with cystic fibrosis. Chest 105: 1888-1891.
161. Brooks, R. G., J. M. Hofflin, S. W. Jamieson, E. B. Stinson, and J. S. Remington. 1985. Infectious complications in heart-lung transplant recipients. Am. J. Med. 79:412-422.
162. Horvarth, J., S. Dummer, J. Loyd, B. Walker, W. H. Merrill, and W. H. Frist. 1993. Infection in the transplanted and native lung after single lung transplantation. Chest 104:681-685.
163. Penketh, A. R. L., T. W. Higenbottam, J. Hutter, C. Coutts, S. Stewart, and J. Wallwork. 1988. Clinical experience in the management of pulmonary opportunist infection and rejection in recipients of heart-lung transplants. Thorax 43:762-769.
164. Dromer, C., S. A. M. Nashef, J. Velly, C. Martigne, and L. Couraud. 1993. Tuberculosis in transplanted lungs. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 924-927.
165. Emery, R. W., J. L. Graif, K. Hale, F. Eales, T. J. Von Rueden, M. R. Pritzker, et al. 1991. Treatment of end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with double lung transplantation. Chest 99:533-537.
166. Trulock, E. P., N.A. Ettinger, E. M. Brunt, M. K. Pasque, L. R. Kaiser, and J. D. Cooper. 1992. The role of transbronchial lung biopsy in the treatment of lung transplant recipients. Chest 101:1049-1054.
167. Yousem, S. A., C. M. Burke, and M. E. Billingham. 1985. Pathologic pulmonary alterations in long-term human heart-lung transplantation. Hum. Pathol. 16:911-923.
168. Haverich, A., K. D. Dawkins, J. C. Baldwin, B. A. Reitz, M.E. Billingham, and S. W. Jamieson. 1985. Long-term cardiac and pulmonary histology in primates following combined heart and lung transplantation. Transplantation 39:356-360.
169. Engeler, C. E., P. N. Olson, C. M. Engeler, B. L. M. Carpenter, J.E. Crowe, D. L. Day, et al. 1992. Shifting pneumothorax after heart-lung transplantation. Radiology 185:715-717.
170. Wittich, G. R., C. A. Kusnick, V. A. Starnes, and D. E. Lucas. 1992. Communication between the two pleural cavities after major cardiothoracic surgery: relevance to percutaneous intervention. Radiology 184:461-462.
171. Paranjpe, D. V., G. R. Wittich, L. W. Hamid, and C. J. Bergin. 1994. Frequency and management of pneumothoraces in heart-lung transplant recipients. Radiology 190:1344-1345.
172. Sacks, E. M., and E. C. Unger. 1990. Heart-lung transplantation: postoperative pleural effusion (letter). Am. J. Roentgenol. 154: 1344-1345.
173. Holland, S. A., L. C. Hutton, and F. N. McKenzie. 1989. Radiologic findings in heart-lung transplantation: a preliminary experience. J. Can. Assoc. Radiol. 40:94-97.
174. Hosenpud, J. D., R. J. Novick, T. J. Breen, and O. P. Daily. 1994. The registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: eleventh official report, 1994. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 13:561-570.
175. Spaggiari, L., M. Rusca, P. Carbognani, L. Cattelani, E. Rossini, R. Paolucci, et al. 1993. Contralateral spontaneous pneumothorax after single lung transplantation for fibrosis. Acta Biomed. Ateneo Parmense 64:29-31.
176. Venuta, F., E. A. Rendina, T. D. Giacomo, P. P. Ciriaco, G. D. Rocca, and C. Ricci. 1994. Thoracoscopic treatment of recurrent contralateral pneumothorax after single lung transplantation. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 13:555-557.
177. Waller, D. A., I. D. Conacher, and J. H. Dark. 1994. Videothoracoscopic pleurectomy after contralateral single-lung transplantation. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 57:1021-1023.
178. McGregor, C. G. A., R. C. Daly, S. G. Peters, D. E. Midthun, J. P. Scott, M. S. Allen, et al. 1994. Evolving strategies in lung transplantation for emphysema. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 57:1513-1521.
179. Penn, I. 1990. Cancers complicating organ transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 323:1767-1768.
180. List, A. F., F. A. Greco, and L. B. Vogler. 1987. Lymphoproliferative diseases in immunocompromised hosts: the role of Epstein-Barr virus. J. Clin. Oncol. 5:1673-1689.
181. Nalesnik, M. A., R. Jaffe, and R. E. Starzel. 1988. The pathology of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders occurring in the setting of cyclosporine A-prednisone immunosuppression. Am. J. Pathol. 133:173-192.
182. Dodd, G. D., III, J. Ledesma-Medina, R. L. Baron, and C. R. Fuhrman. 1992. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder: intrathoracic manifestations. Radiology 184:65-69.