Sexual selection as the mechanism of evolution of Machiavellian intelligence: A Darwinian theory of the origins of psychosis

Journal of Psychopharmacology

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 77-87

  Crow, T J ^a  

^a WARNEFORD HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Darwinian; Evolution; Machiavellian; Manic depressive; Psychosis; Schizophrenia; Sexual selection

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EVOLUTION; FEMALE; HEREDITY; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE; LANGUAGE ABILITY; MALE; ONSET AGE; PERSONALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEX DIFFERENCE; THEORY;

EID: 0029878817     PISSN: 02698811     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/026988119601000111     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Angst J, Scharfetter C, Stassen H H (1983) Classification of schizo-affective patients by multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis. Psychiatr Clin 16: 254-264
2. Annett M (1985) Left, right, hand and brain. Lawrence Erlbaum, London
3. Bear D, Schiff D, Saver J, Greenberg M, Freeman R (1986) Qantitative analysis of cerebral asymmetries. Arch Neurol 43: 598-603
4. Bogerts B, Ashtari M, Degreef G, Alvir J M J, Bilder R M, Lieberman J (1990) Reduced temporal limbic structure volumes on magnetic resonance images in first episode schizophrenia. Psychiatr Res Neuroimaging 35: 1-13
5. Brown R, Colter N, Corsellis J A N, Crow T J, Frith C D, Jagoe R, Johnstone E C, Marsh L (1986) Postmortem evidence of structural brain changes in schizophrenia. Differences in brain weight, temporal horn area, and parahippocampal gyrus compared with affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatr 43: 36-42
6. Byrne R, Whiten A (eds) (1988) Machiavellian intelligence. Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes and humans. Clarendon Press, Oxford
7. Buss D M (1985) Human mate selection. Am Sci 73: 47-51
8. Chance M R A, Mead A (1953) Social behaviour and primate evolution. Symp Soc Exp Biol 7: 395-439
9. Crichton-Browne J (1879) On the weight of the brain and its component parts in the insane. Brain 2: 42-67
10. Crow T J (1986a) The continuum of psychosis and its implication for the structure of the gene. Br J Psychiatr 149: 419-429
11. Crow TJ (1986b) Temporal disorientation in chronic schizophrenia: the implications of an organic psychological impairment for the concept of "functional psychosis". In Kerr, A, Snaith, P (eds), Contemporary issues in schizophrenia. Gaskell, London, pp. 168-174
12. Crow T J (1988) Sex chromosomes and psychosis. The case for a pseudoautosomal locus. Br J Psychiatr 153: 675-683
13. Crow T J (1989) Pseudoautosomal locus for the cerebral dominance gene. Lancet 2: 339-340
14. Crow T J (1990a) Temporal lobe asymmetries as the key to the etiology of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bull 16: 433-443
15. Crow T J (1990b) Nature of the genetic contribution to psychotic illness - a continuum viewpoint. Acta Psychiatr Scand 81: 401-408
16. Crow T J (1990c) The continuum of psychosis and its genetic origins. Br J Psychiatr 156: 788-797
17. Crow T J (1991) Origins of psychosis and "The Descent of Man". Br J Psychiatr 159(suppl. 14): 76-82
18. Crow T J (1993) Sexual selection, Machiavellian intelligence and the origins of psychosis. Lancet 342: 594-598
19. Crow T J, Done D J (1986) Age of onset of schizophrenia in siblings: a test of the contagion hypothesis. Psychiatr Res 18: 107-117
20. Crow T J, Done D J (1992) Prenatal exposure to influenza does not cause schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatr 161: 390-393
21. Crow T J, Ball J, Bloom S R, Brown R, Bruton C J, Colter N, Frith C D, Johnstone E C, Owens D G, Roberts G W (1989a) Schizophrenia as an anomally of development of cerebral asymmetry. A postmortem study and a proposal concerning the genetic basis of the disease. Arch Gen Psychiatr 46: 1145-1150
22. Crow T J, DeLisi L E, Johnstone E C (1989b) Concordance by sex in sibling pairs with schizophrenia is paternally inherited. Evidence for a pseudoautosomal locus. Br J Psychiatr 155: 92-97
23. Crow T J, Brown R, Bruton C J, Firth C D, Gray V (1992) Loss of Sylvian fissure asymmetry in schizophrenia: findings in the Runwell 2 series of brains. Schizophrenia Res 6: 152-153
24. Daniel E G, Goldberg T E, Gibbons R D, Weinberger D R (1991) Lack of a bimodal distribution of ventricular size in schizophrenia: a Gaussian mixture analysis of 1056 cases and controls. Biol Psychiatr 30: 887-903
25. Darwin C (1871) The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. (facsimile of original published by J. Murray in 1981, London) Princeton University Press, New Jersey
26. DeLisi L E, Boccio A, Riordan H, Hoff A L, Dorfman A, McClelland J, Kushner M, van Eyl O, Oden N (1991) Familial thyroid disease and delayed language development in first admission patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Res 39: 39-50
27. Done D J, Johnstone E C, Frith C D, Golding J, Shepherd P M, Crow T J (1991) Complications of pregnancy and delivery in relation to psychosis in adult life: data from the British perinatal mortality survey sample. Br Med J 302: 1576-1580
28. Done D J, Crow T J, Johnstone E C, Sacker A (1994) Childhood antecedents of schizophrenia and affective illness: social adjustment at ages 7 and 11. Br Med J 309: 699-703
29. Falkai P, Bogerts B, Greve B, Pfeiffer U, Machus B, Folsch-Reetz B, Majtenyi C, Ovary I (1992) Loss of sylvian fissure asymmetry in schizophrenia. A quantitative post mortem study. Schizophrenia Res 7: 23-32
30. Fitzherbert J (1955) Increase in intelligence quotient at onset of schizophrenia: three adolescent cases. Br J Med Psychol 28: 191-193
31. Geschwind N, Levitsky W (1968) Left-right asymmetry in temporal speech region. Science 161: 186-187
32. Gorwood P, Leboyer M, Damato T, Jay M, Campion D, Hillaire D, Mallet J, Feingold J (1992) Evidence for a pseudoautosomal locus for schizophrenia. I: A replication study using phenotype analysis. Br J Psychiatr 161: 55-58
33. Harvey I, McGuffin P, Williams M, Toone B K (1990) The ventricle-brain ratio (VBR) in functional psychoses: an admixture analysis. Psychiatr Res Neuroimagiag 35: 61-69
34. Humphrey N K (1976) The social function of intellect. In Bateson P P G, Kinde R A (eds), Growing points in ethology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 303-317
35. Jablensky A, Sartorius N, Ernberg G, Anker M, Korten A, Cooper J E, Day R, Bertelsen A (1992) Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization ten country study. Psychol Med 20: 1-97
36. Jarvik L F (1975) Human intelligence: sex differences. Acta Genet Med Gemellol 24: 189-211
37. Jerison H J (1973) Evolution of the brain and intelligence. Academic Press, New York
38. Johnstone E C, Crow T J, Frith C D, Husband J, Kreel L (1976) Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. Lancet ii: 924-926
39. Jolly A (1966) Lemur social behavior and primate intelligence. Science 153: 501-506
40. Karlsson J (1970) The rate of schizophrenia in foster-reared close relatives of schizophrenic index cases. Biol Psychiatr 2: 285-290
41. Kasanin J (1933) The acute schizo-affective psychoses. Am J Psychiatr 90: 97-126
42. Kendell R E, Gourlay J (1970) The clinical distinction between the affective psychoses and schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatr 117: 261-266
43. King K, Fraser W I, Thomas P, Kendell R E (1990) Re-examination of the language of psychotic subjects. Br J Psychiatr 156: 211-215
44. Kraepelin E (1920) Die Erscheinungsformen des Irreseins. Z Gesamte Neurol Psychiatr 62: 1-29
45. Lane E A, Albee G W (1964) Early childhood intellectual differences between schizophrenic adults and their siblings. J Abnormal Social Psychol 68: 193-195
46. Levy J (1977) The mammalian brain and the adaptive advantage of cerebral asymmetry. Ann N Y Acad Sci 299: 264-272
47. Lewine R R J (1991) Ontogenetic implications of sex differences in schizophrenia. In Walker, E F (ed.), Schizophrenia, a life-course developmental perspective. Academic Press, New York, pp. 195-211
48. Maier W, Lichtermann D (1991) The interrelationship of major psychotic disorder as evidenced by patterns of familial transmission. In Racagni G, Brunello N, Fukuda T (eds), Biological psychiatry. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 503-505
49. Mason C F (1956) Pre-illness intelligence of mental hospital patients. J Consult Psychol 20: 297-300
50. McGlone J (1980) Sex differences in human brain asymmetry: a critical survey. Behav Brain Sci 3: 215-263
51. Morice R D, Ingram JCL (1983) Language complexity and age at onset of schizophrenia. Psychiatr Res 9: 233-242
52. Netley C T (1986) Summary overview of behavioural development in individuals with neonatally identified X and Y aneuploidy. Birth Defects Original Article Ser 22: 293-306
53. Netley C T, Rovet J (1982) Atypical hemispheric lateralization in Turner syndrome subjects. Cortex 18: 377-384
54. Netley C T, Rovet J (1987) Relations between a dermatoglyphic measure, hemispheric specialization, and intellectual abilities in 47 XXY males. Brain Cogn 6: 153-160
55. Odegaard O (1972) The multifactorial inheritance of predisposition to schizophrenia. In Kaplan A R (ed.), Genetic factors in 'schizophrenia'. Thomas, Springfield, pp. 256-275
56. Offord D R (1974) School performance of adult schizophrenics, their siblings and age mates. Br Med J125: 12-19
57. Owens D G C, Johnstone E C, Crow T J, Frith C D, Jagoe J R, Kreel L (1985) Cerebral ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia: relationship to the disease process and its clinical correlates. Psychol Med 15: 27-41
58. Parfitt D N (1956) The neurology of schizophrenia. J Mental Sci 102: 671-718
59. Penrose LS (1942) Auxiliary genes for determining sex as contributory causes of mental illness. J Mental Sci 88: 308-316
60. Penrose L S (1991) Survey of cases of mental illness. Eur Arch Psychiatr Clin Neurosci 240: 315-324
61. Pilbeam D, Gould S J (1974) Size and scaling in human evolution. Science 186: 892-901
62. Rosenthal D (1962) Familial concordance by sex with respect to schizophrenia. Psychol Bull 59: 401-421
63. Southard E E (1915) On the topographical distribution of cortex lesions and anomalies in dementia praecox, with some account of their functional significance. Am J Insanity 71: 603-671
64. Suddath R L, Christison G W, Torrey E F, Casonova M F, Weinberger D R (1990) Anatomical abnormalities in the brains of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. New Engl J Med 322: 789-794
65. Thomas P F, King K, Fraser W I (1987) Positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and linguistic performance. Acta Psychiatr Scand 76: 144-151
66. United Nations Demographic Yearbook (1987) United Nations 1989, New York