Mikrobielle sicherheit von blutprodukten

Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 42-58

  Hoher P G ^a  

^a HELIOS KLINIKUM WUPPERTAL   (Germany)

Author keywords

Blutkomponententransfusion; Mikrobiologie des Blutes; Transfusions nebenreaktionen; Transfusionsassoziierte Sepsis; tiologie der Bakteri mie

Indexed keywords

BACTEREMIA; BLOOD TRANSFUSION REACTION; HUMAN; MICROBIOLOGY; REVIEW; SEPSIS;

BLOOD BANKS; BLOOD COMPONENT TRANSFUSION; BLOOD DONORS; BLOOD PRESERVATION; BLOOD-BORNE PATHOGENS; HUMANS; RISK FACTORS; SEPSIS;

EID: 0029876563     PISSN: 16603796     EISSN: 16603818     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000223254     Document Type: Article

References (183)

1. De Stasio G: Transfusion risks and alternatives to transfusion, Recenti ProgMed 1992;83:321-329.
2. Waymarck JP, Yurt RW: The effect of blood transfusions on immune function, V, The effect of the inflammatory response to bacterial infections, J Surg Res 1990:48:147-153.
3. Chiu EKW, Yuen KY, Lie AKW, Liang R, Lau YL, Lee ACW, Kwong YL, Wong S, Ng MH, Chan TK: A prospective study of symptomatic bacteriemia following platelet transfusion and of its management, Transfusion 1994;34:950-954.
4. Woolsey G: Transfusion for pernicious anaemia: Two cases, Arch Surg 1911:53:132-138.
5. Fordye JA: Some problems in the pathology of syphilis, Am J Med Sei 1913:149:781-788.
6. Mvhre BA: Bacterial contamination is still a hazard of blood transfusion, Arch Pathol Lab Med 1985: 109:982-983.
7. Richards C, Kolins J, Trindade CD: Autologous transfusion-transmitted Yersinia enterocolitica, JAMA 1992:268:1541-1542.
8. Sazama K: Bacteria in blood for transfusion, A review, Arch Pathol Lab Med 1994:118:350-365.
9. Sibrowski W, Penner M, Kiihnl P: Transfusionsbedingte Virusinfektionen: Wie groß ist das Restrisiko? Infusionsther Transfusionsmed 1993:20(suppl 2):4-9.
10. Honig CL, Bove JR: Transfusion-associated fatalities: Review of Bureau of Biologies reports 1976-1978. Transfusion 1980;20:653-661.
11. Mortenscn LS, Christensen KD, Jorgensen J: Thrombovte concentrate infusions - a study of the frequency of contamination and its clinical significance, Ugeskr Laeger 1990;152:2431-2433.
12. Surgenor DM, Wallace EL, Hao SHS, Chapman RH: Collection and transfusion of blood in the United States 1982-1988. N Engl J Med 1990; 322:1646-1651.
13. Wagner SJ, Friedman LI, Dodd RY: Transfusion-associated bacterial sepsis, Clin Microbiol Rev 1994;7:290-302.
14. Sazama K: Reports of 355 transfusion-associated deaths: 1976 through 1985. Transfusion 1990;30: 583-590.
15. Buchholz DH, Young VM, Friedman NR, Reilly JA, Mardiney MR: Bacterial proliferation in platelet products stored at room temperature: Transfusion-induced Enterobacter sepsis, N Engl J Med 1971: 285:429-433.
16. Buchholz, DH, Young GM, Friedman NR, Reilly JA, Mardiney MR Jr.: Detection and quantitation of bacteria in platelet products stored at ambient temperature, Transfusion 1973;13:268-275.
17. Aber RC: Transfusion-associated Yersinia cntcro-colitica, Transfusion 1990;30:193-195.
18. Blajchman MA: Transfusion-associated bacterial sepsis: The phoenix rises yet again, Transfusion 1994:34:940-942.
19. Hcltbcrg O, Skov F, Gemer-Smidt P, Kolmos HJ, Dvbkjer E, Gutschik E, Jerne D, Jepsen OB, Wei-scher M, Frederiksen W, Sorensen H: Nosocomial epidemic of Serratia marcescens septicemia ascribed to contaminated blood transfusion bags, Transfusion 1993:33:221-227.
20. Goldman M, Blajchman MA: Blood product-associated bacterial sepsis, Transfus Med Rev 1991:1:73-83.
21. Alvarez, E, Rogge K, Lichtiger B: Bacterial contamination of cellular blood components: A retrospective study, Transfusion 1994;34:suppl 25.
22. Högmann CF, Fritz H, Sandberg I: Post transfusion serratia marcescens septicemia, Transfusion 1993:33: 189-191.
23. Bick M: Some observations on certain bacteriological and serological examinations of stored blood, Med J Aust 1945:1:265-268.
24. Blajchman MA, Thomley JH, Richardson H, Elder D, Spiak C, Racher J: Platelet transfusion-induced serratia marcescens sepsis due to vacuum tube contamination, Transfusion 1979:19:39-44.
25. Boland CR, Craig NS, Jacobs AL: Collection and transfusion of preserved blood: An improved technique, Lancet 1939:1:388-391.
26. Borden CW, Hall WH: Fatal transfusion reactions from massive bacterial contamination of blood, N Engl J Med 1952:243:760-765.
27. Braude A I, Carey FJ, Sicmienski J: Studies of bacterial transfusion reactions from refrigerated blood: The properties of cold-growing bacteria, J Clin Invest 1955:34:311-325.
28. Felsbv M, Munk-Andersen G, Siboni K: Simultaneous contamination of transfusion blood with Enterobacter agglomerans and Pseudomonas fluorescons, supposedly from the pilot tubes, J Med Microbiol 1973;6:413-416.
29. Katz L, Johnson DL, Neufeld PD, Gupta KG: Evacuated blood-collection tubes: The backflow hazard, Can Med Assoc J 1975:113:208-213.
30. Kosmin M: Bacteremia during leukapheresis, Transfusion 1980:20:115.
31. McLeish WA, Corrigan EN, Elder RH, Westwood JCN: Contaminated vacuum tubes, Can Med Assoc J 1975:112:682.
32. Mendelssohn K, Witts LT: Transmission of infection during with drawal of blood, BMJ 1945:1:625-626.
33. Rhame FS, Root RK, MacLowry JD, Dadisman TA, Bennet JV: Salmonella septicemia from platelet transfusions: Study of an outbreak traced to a hematogenous carrier of Salmonella cholerae-suis, Ann Intern Med 1973:78:633-641.
34. Walter CW, Kundsin RB, Button LN: New technic for detection of bacterial contamination in a blood bank using plastic equipment, N Engl J Med 1957: 257:364-369.
35. Weinstein JJ: Reactions from the transfusion of unpooled liquid human plasma: Analysis of 1500 transfusions, Med Ann DC 1942;7:226-229.
36. Anderson KC, Lew BC, Gorgone BC, Martel J, Leamy CB, Sullivan B: Transfusion-related sepsis after prolonged platelet storage, Am J Med 1986; 81:405-411.
37. Gibson T, Norris W: Skin fragments removed by injection needles, Lancet 1958:2:983-985.
38. Brown E, Wenzel RP, Hendley JO: Exploration of the microbial anatomy of normal human skin by using plasmid profiles of coagulase-negative staphylococci: Search for the reservoir of resident skin flora, J Infect Dis 1989;160:644-650.
39. Fenwick SG, Murray A: Detection of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica by polymerase chain reaction, Lancet 1991:337:496-497.
40. Ness PM, Perkins HA: Transient bacteremia after dental procedures and other minor manipulations, Transfusion 1980:20:82-85.
41. Novak M: Preservation of storage blood with sulfanilamide, JAMA 1939:113:2227-2229.
42. Stenhouse MA, Milner LV: A survey of cold-growing gram-negative organisms isolated from the skin of prospective blood donors, Transfus Med 1992:2:235-237.
43. Strand CL, Wajsbort RR, Slurmann K: Effect of iodophor vs iodine tincture skin preparation on blood culture contamination rate, JAMA 1993:269: 1004-1006.
44. Walker RH: Technical manual, l th ed, AABB 1990:628:420-421.
45. Taylor MC, Keane T, Falkner FR: Pseudomonas putida in transfused blood, Lancet 1984:2:107.
46. Elin RJ, Lundberg WB, Schmidt PJ: Evaluation of bacterial contamination in blood processing, Transfusion 1975:15:260-265.
47. Schifman RB, Pindur A: The effect of skin disinfection material on reducing blood culture contamination, Am J Clin Pathol 1993:99:536-538.
48. Puckett A: Bacterial contamination of blood for transfusion: A study of the growth characteristics of four implicated organisms, Med Lab Sei 1986:43: 252-257.
49. Casewcll MW, Slater NGP, Cooper JE: Operating theatre water-baths cause of Pseudomonas septicaemia, J Hosp Infect 1981:2:237-240.
50. Centers for Disease Control: Update: Yersinia enterocolitica bacteremia and endotoxin shock associated with red blood cell transfusions - United States, MMWR 1991:40:176-178.
51. Barrett BB, Andersen JW, Anderson KC: Strategies for the avoidance of bacterial contamination of blood components, Transfusion 1993:33:228-234.
52. Braine HG, Kickler TS, C'harachc P, Ness PM, Davis J, Reichart C, Fuller AK: Bacterial sepsis secondary to platelet transfusion: An adverse effect of extended storage at room temperature, Transfusion 1986:26:391-393.
53. Halpin TJ, Kilker S, Epstein J: Bacterial contamination of platelet pools - Ohio 1991. MMWR 1992:41:36-37.
54. Heal JM, Jones ME, Forey J, Chaudhry A, Stricof RL: Fatal Salmonella septicemia after platelet transfusion, Transfusion 1987;27:2-5.
55. Morrow JF, Braine HG, Kickler TS, Ness PM, Dick JD, Fuller AK: Septic reactions to platelet transfusions, persistent problem, JAMA 1991:266:555-558.
56. Müder RR, Yce YC, Rihs JD, Bunker M: Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteremia from transfusion of contaminated platelets: Application of bacterial DNA analysis, Transfusion 1992:32:771-774.
57. Morduchowicz G, Pitlik SD, Huminer D, Alkan M, Drucker M, Rosenfeld JB, Block CS: Transfusion reactions due to bacterial contamination of blood and blood products, Rev Infect Dis 1991:13:307-314.
58. Wang CW, Lee CU: Malaria and relapsing fever following blood transfusion including the report of a case of congenital transmission of relapsing fever, Chin Med J [Engl] 1936:50:241-248.
59. Mallin WS, Reuss DT, Bracke JW, Roberts SC, Moore GL: Bacteriological study of platelet concentrates stored at 22 °C and 4 "C, Transfusion 1973:13: 439-442.
60. Stevens AR, Legg JS, Henry BS, Dille JM, Kirby WMM, Much CA: Fatal transfusion reactions from contamination of stored blood by cold growing bacteria, Ann Intern Med 1953:39:1228-1239.
61. Chambers RW, Foley HT, Schmidt PJ: Transfusion of syphilis by fresh blood components, Transfusion 1969:9:32-34.
62. Punsalang A, Heal JM, Murphy PJ: Growth of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in platelet concentrates, Transfusion 1989:29:596-599.
63. Kim DM, Estes TJ, Brecher ME: WBC filtration, blood gas analysis and plasma hemoglobin in Yersinia enterocolitica contaminated red cells, Abstract SI 56. Transfusion 1992:32S-41S
64. Badon SJ, Fister RD, Cable RG: Survival of Borrelia burgdorferi in blood products, Transfusion 1989:29:581-583.
65. Bjune G, Ruud TE, Eng J: Bacterial shock due to transfusion with Yersinia enterocolitica infected blood, Scand J Infect Dis 1984:16:411-412.
66. Bufill JA, Ritch PS: Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0:3 sepsis after blood transfusion, N Engl J Med 1989:320:810.
67. Jeppsson B, Lindahl S, Ingemansson S, Kornhall S, Sjövall, S: Bacterial contamination of blood transfusion: An unusual cause of sepsis, Acta Chir Scand 1984:150:489-481.
68. Mollarct HH: Le choc scptique transfusion ne I du a Yersinia enterocolitica, Apropos de 19 cas, Med Malad Infect 1989:4:186-192.
69. Pepersack F, Prigogvne T, Butzler JP, Yourassowsky E: Campylobacter jejuni post-transfusional septicaemia, Lancet 1979:2:911.
70. Phillips P, Grayson L, Stockman K, Hansky J: Trans-fusion-related Pseudomonas sepsis, Lancet 1984:1: 879.
71. Scott J, Boulton FE, Govan JRW, Miles RS, McCleilland DBL, Prowsc CV: A fatal transfusion reaction associated with blood contaminated with Pseudomonas fluorescens, Vox Sang 1988:54: 201-204.
72. Stenhousc MA, Milner LV: Yersinia enterocolitica: A hazard in blood transfusion, Transfusion 1982:22:396-398.
73. Tipple MA, Bland LA, Murphy JJ: Sepsis associated with transfusion of red cells contaminated with Yersinia enterocolitica, Transfusion 1990:30:207-213.
74. Wolf CFW, Javidian P, Olenich M, Halverson G, James M, Krieger K: Fatal Serratia lique faciens septic shock after transfusion of contaminated red blood cells (adenine-saline added): report of a case, Abstract SI51. Transfusion 1993:33S-40S
75. Risseuw-Appel IM, Kothe FC: Transfusion syphilis: A case report, Sex Transm Dis 1983:10:200-201.
76. Soendjojo A, Boedisantoso M, Ilias ML Rahardjo D: Syphilis d’emblee due to blood transfusion, Br J Vener Dis 1982:58:149-150.
77. Transfusion malaria: Serologic identification of infected donors - Pennsylvania, Georgia, MMWR 1982:32:222-229.
78. Heal JM, Singal S, Sardisco E, Mayer T, Bacterial proliferation in platelet concentrates, Transfusion 1986:26:388-390.
79. Kahn RA, Flinton LJ: The relationship between platelets and bacteria, Blood 1974:44:715-721.
80. Kahn RA, Syring RL: The fate of bacteria introduced into whole blood from which platelet concentrates were prepared and stored at 22 or 4 C, Transfusion 1975:15:363-367.
81. Murphy S, Gardner FI I: Effect of storage temperature on maintenance of platelet viability - deleterious effect of refrigerated storage, N Engl J Med 1969:280:1094-1098.
82. My lire BA, Walker J, White ML: Bacterial properties of platelet concentrates, Transfusion 1974: 14:116-123.
83. Silver II, Sonnewirth AC, Beisser LD: Bacteriologic study of platelet concentrates prepared and stored without refrigeration, Transfusion 1970:10:15-16.
84. Yomotovian R, Lazarus HM, Goodnough LT, Hirschler NV, Morrissey AM, Jacobs MR: A prospective microbiologic surveillance program to detect and prevent the transfusion of bacter-ially contaminated platelets, Transfusion 1993:33: 902-909.
85. Cunningham M, Cash JD: Bacterial contamination of platelet concentrates stored at 20 C, J Clin Pathol 1973:26:401-404.
86. Arnow PM, Weiss LM: Weil D, Rosen NR: Escherichia coli sepsis from contaminated platelet transfusion, Arch Intern Med 1986:146:321-324.
87. Bland LA, Villarino ME, Arduino MJ, McAllister SK, Gordon SM, Uyeda CT, Valdon C, Potts D, Jarvis WR, Favero MS: Bacteriologic and endotoxin analysis of salvaged blood uses in autologous transfusions during cardiac operations, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992:103:582-588.
88. Ezzedine II, Baele P, Robert A: Bacteriologic quality of inlraoperative autotransfusion, Surgery 1991:109(3 pt 1):25.
89. Owings DV, Kruskall MS, Thurer RL, Donovan LM: Autologous blood donation prior to elective cardiac surgery, Safety and effect on subsequent blood use, JAMA 1989:262:1963-1968.
90. Osawa T, Nakamura S, Imai T: Intraoperative blood recovery in transurethral resection of prostata (TURP), Nippon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi 1992:83:1276-1283.
91. Wollinsky KH, Mchrkens HH, Geiger P, Weindler M, Waltera SU, Grimm H: Kinetik der Bakterienauswaschung im Cell-Saver III Haemonelics, Beitr Infusionsther, Basel, Karger, 1991. vol 28. pp 337-340.
92. Decker K, Heeg P: Mikrobiologische Untersuchungen bei intra- und postoperativer Autotransfusion in der Orthopädie, Infusionstherapie 1990: 17(suppl 2):43-44.
93. Schmidt R, Gollmcr E, Zunser R, Kruger J, Ackermann R: Prevalence of Erythema migrans borre-liosis in blood donors, Infusionstherapie 1989:16: 248-251.
94. Katz AJ, Tilton KC: Sterility of platelet concentrates stored at 25 °C, Transfusion 1970:10:329-330.
95. Department of Health and Human Services and Food and Drug Administration: Septic reactions after platelet transfusions: in Blood Products, 16th Meet, vol I, Transcripts, Washington, DC Baker, Hames& Burkes Reporting, 1986. pp 151-241.
96. Winston DL Dudnick DV, Chapin M, Ilo WG, Gale RP, Martin WJ: Coagulase-negalive staphylococcal bacteremia in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy, Arch Intern Med 1983:143:32-36.
97. Ilaniill TR, Hamill SG, Busch MP: Effects of room-temperature exposure on bacterial growth in stored red cells, Transfusion 1990;30:302-306.
98. Saxena S, Odono V, Uba J, Nelson JM, Lewis WL, Shulman I A: The risk of bacterial growth in units of blood that have been warmed to more than 10 degrees C, Am J Clin Pathol 1990:94:80-83.
99. Rosenthal EJK: Epidemiologie von Seplikämie-Erregern, Dtsch Med Wochcnschr 1993:118: 1269-1275.
100. Maki D: Nosocomial bacteremia, An epidemiologic overview, Am J Med 1981;70:719-732.
101. Centers for Disease Control: Yersinia enterocolitica bacteremia and endotoxin shock associated with red blood cell transfusion - United States, MMWR 1988:37:577-578.
102. Davis JP, Moser M, Hucheson RH, Betz TG, Wilder MIL Winlermeyer LA, Francis BJ, Donnell HD Jr.: Yersinia enterocolitica bacteremia and endotoxin shock associated with red blood cell transfusion United States 1987-1988. MMWR 1988:37:577-578.
103. Woemle CH, Hoffmann RE, Smith JD, Osterholm MT, Thompson I E, Sewell CM, Halpin TJ, Istre GR, Hutcheson R: Update: Yersinia enterocolitica bacteremia and endotoxin shock associated with red blood cell transfusions - United States 1991. MMRW 1991:40:176-178.
104. Jones BL, Saw MH, Hanson MF, Mackie MJ, Scott J, Murphy WG: Yersinia enterocolitica septicaemia from transfusion of red cell concentrate stored for 16 days, J Clin Pathol 1993;40:477-478.
105. Boelaert JR, van Landuyl HW, Valcke YJ, et al: The role of iron overload in Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis bacteremia in hemodialysis patients, J Infect Dis 1987:156:384-387.
106. Arduino MJ, Bland LA, Tipple MA, Aguero SM, Favero MS, Jarvis WR: Growth and endotoxin production of Yersinia enterocolitica and Enterobacter agglomcrans in packed erythrocytes, J Clin Microbiof 1989:22:1483-1485.
107. Katz L, MacPherson L, Zuck TF: Yersinia and blood donation, Transfusion 1992:32:191.
108. Halkier-Sörensen L, Kragballe K, Nedergaard ST: Lack of transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi by blood transfusion, Lancet 1990:1:550.
109. Weiland T, Kuhnl P, Laufs R, Heesemann J: Prävalenz von Borrelia-burgdorferi-Antikörpern bei Hamburger Blutspendern, Beitr Infusionsther, Basel, Karger, 1992. vol 30. pp 92-95.
110. Weiland T, Kuhnl P, Darda C, Sibrowski W, Pulz M: Rückverfolgung eines Borreliose-infizierten Blutspenders, Beitr Infusionsther, Basel, Karger, 1991. vol 28. pp 32-34.
111. Wylie BR: Transfusion transmitted infection: Viral and exotic diseases, Anaesth Intensive Care 1993: 21:24-30.
112. Mintz ED, Anderson JF, Cable RG, Hadler JL: Transfusion-transmitted babesiosis: A case report from a new endemic area, Transfusion 1991:31: 365-368.
113. Popovsky MA: Transfusion-transmitted babesiosis, Transfusion 1991:31:296-298.
114. Garfield MD, Ershler WB, Maki DG: Malaria transmission by platelet concentrate transfusion, JAMA 1978:240:2285-2286.
115. Dike AE: Two cases of transfusion malaria, Lancet 1970;1:72-73.
116. Wells L, Ala FA: Malaria and blood transfusion, Lancet 1985;2: 1317-1319.
117. Lozner EL, Newhouser RL: Studies on the trans-missibilitv of malaria by plasma transfusion, Am J Med Sei 1943:206:141 -146.
118. Bruce-Chwatt LJ: Essential maiariology, London, Heincmann Medical Books, 1980. pp 47-49.
119. Grant DB, Perinpanayagam MS, Shute PG, Zeitlin RA: A case of malignant tertian (Plasmodium falciparum) malaria after blood transfusion, Lancet 1960;2:469-470.
120. Hutton EL, Shute PG: The risk of transmitting malaria by blood transfusion, J Trop Med Hyg 1939:42:309-312.
121. Sazama K: Prevention of transfusion-transmitted malaria: Is it time to revisit the standards? Transfusion 1991:31:786-788.
122. Nahlcn BL, Lobcl HA, Cannon SE, Campell CC: Reassessment of blood donor selection criteria for United Slates travelers to malaria areas, Transfusion 1991:31:798-804.
123. Reik H, Rubin SJ: Evaluation of the buffy-coat smear for rapid detection of bacteremia, JAMA 1981:245:357-359.
124. Shimizu M: Current status of transfusion-transmitted infection, Rinsho Kctsueki 1993:34:411-417.
125. Shulman JA: Parasitic infections and their impact on blood donor selection and testing, Arch Pathol Lab Med 1994:118:366-370.
126. A ABB: American Association of Blood Banks Advisory Statement, A ABB News Briefs 1989; 12:1-4.
127. Grossmann BJ, Collins P, Lau PM, Perrcten JL, Bowman RJ, Malcom S, Palko WM: Screening blood donors for gastrointestinal illness: A strategy to eliminate carriers of Yersinia enterocolitica, Transfusion 1991:31:500-501.
128. Hoppe PA: Interim measures for detection of bac-teriallv contaminated red cell components, Transfusion 1992:32:199-201.
129. Kim DM, Brecher ME, Bland LA, Estes TJ, McAllister SK, Aguero SM, Carmen RA, Nelson EJ: Prestorage removal of Yersinia cntcrocolitica from red cells with white ccll-reduction filters, Transfusion 1992:32:658-662.
130. Wagner SJ, Robinette D, Dodd R: Factors affecting Yersinia enterocolitica (serotype 0:8) viability in deliberately inoculated blood, Transfusion 1993:33: 713-716.
131. Wenz B, Ciavarella D, Freundlich L: Effect of pre-storage white cell reduction on bacterial growth in platelet concentrates, Transfusion 1993:33:520-523.
132. Brecher ME, Boothe G, Kerr A: Hie use of a chemiluminescence-linked universal bacterial ribo-somal RNA gene probe and blood gas analysis for the rapid detection of bacterial contamination in white cell-reduced and nonreduced platelets, Transfusion 1993:33:450-457.
133. Mvhre BA, Demainew SH, Yoshimori RN, Nelson E, Carmen RA: pi I changes caused by bacterial growth in contaminated platelet concentrates, Ann Clin Lab Sei 1985:15:509-514.
134. Goddard D, Jacobs SI, Manohitharajah SM: The bacteriological screening of platelet concentrates stored at 22 C, Transfusion 1973;13:103-106.
135. Nightingale SL: Possibility of Yersinia enterocolitica bacteremia due to transfusion, JAMA 1991: 266:190.
136. Geller P, Jawctz E: Experimental studies on bacterial contamination of bank blood, J Lab Clin Med 1954:43:696-706.
137. McCullough J, Carter SJ, Quie PG: Preservation of opsonic activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia eoli in bank blood, J Lab Clin Med 1972:79:886-892.
138. McCullough J, Yunis EJ, Benson SJ, Quie PG: Effect of blood-bank storage on leukocyte function, Lancet 1969:2: 1333-1337.
139. Högman CF, Gong J, Hambraeus A, Johannson CS, Eriksson L: The role of white cells in the transmission of Yersinia enterocolitica in blood components, Transfusion 1992:32:597-600.
140. Högman CF, Gong J, Eriksson L, Hambraeus A, Johansson CS: White cells protect donor blood against bacterial contamination, Transfusion 1991: 31:620-626.
141. Wagner S, Moroff G, Katz A, Friedman L: Bacterial levels (BL) in components prepared from deliberately inoculated (DI) whole blood (WB) held for 8 and 24 hours at room temperature (RT), Transfusion 1994:34:suppl S36.
142. Wenz B, Burns ER, Freundlich LF: Prevention of growth of Yersinia enterocolitica in blood by polyester fiber filtration, Transfusion 1992:32:663-666.
143. Buchholz DH, AuBuchon JP, Snyder EL, Kandier R, Edbcrg S, Piscitclli V, Pickard C, Napychank P: Removal of Yersinia enterocolitica from AS-1 red cells, Transfusion 1992:32:667-672.
144. Franzin L, Giovanni P: Growth of Yersinia species in artificially contaminated blood bags, Transfusion 1992;32:673-676.
145. Gong J, Rawal BD, Ilogman CF, Vyas GN, Nilsson B, Gustafsson I: Complement killing of Yersinia enterocolitica and retention of the bacteria by leukocyte removal filters, Vox Sang 1994:66:166-170.
146. Gong J, Högman CF, Hambraeus A, Johansson CS, Eriksson L: Transfusion-associated Serratia marces-cens infection: Studies of the mechanism of action, Transfusion 1993:33:802-808.
147. Gong J, Högman CF, Hambraeus A, Johannson CS, Eriksson L: Transfusion-transmitted Yersinia enterocolitica infection, Protection through huffy coat removal and failure of the bacteria to grow in platelet-rich or platelet-poor plasma, Vox Sang 1993:65:42-44.
148. Pietersz RNI, Recsink I IW, Pauw W, Dekker WJA, Buisman L: Prevention of Yersinia enterocolitica growth in rcd-blood-ccll concentrates, Lancet 1992: 340:755-756.
149. Sherburne B, McCullough A, Dzik WH, DeGiroiami P: Bacterial proliferation in platelet concentrates is unaffected by pre-storage leukocyte depletion, Abstract 1391. Blood 1991;78(suppl):350a
150. Rawal PD, Vyas GN: Complement-mediated bacterial action and the removal of Yersinia enleroco-litica by white cell filters, Transfusion 1993:33:536.
151. AuBuchon JP, Pickard C: White cell reduction and bacterial proliferation (letter), Transfusion 1993; 33:533-534.
152. Moraes-Souza H, Bordin JO, Bardossv L, Blajch-man MA: Treatment of T, cruzi infected human platelet concentrates with Aminomethyltrimethyl Psoralen (AMT) and ultraviolet A (UV-A) light, Transfusion 1994:34(suppl):S 171.
153. Glaser A, Erpenbeck T, Boeck M, Heim M, Mem-pel W: Effectiveness of white cell reduction Infiltration with respect to blood storage time, Transfusion 1993:33:536-537.
154. Hunwicke RF: Sulphanilamide as a preservative in stored blood, BMJ 1940:2:380-381.
155. Tocci LJ, Naphychank PA, Cable RG, Snyder EL: The effect of solvent/detergent-treated plasma on stored platelet concentrates, Transfusion 1993:33: 145-149
156. AuBuchon JP, Dodd RY: Inactivation of microbial contaminants of blood components, Clin Lab Med 1992:12:787-803.
157. Lin L, Wiesehahn G P, Morel PA, Corash L: Use of 8-methoxypsoralcn and long-wavelength ultraviolet radiation for decontamination of platelet concentrates, Blood 1989:74:517-525.
158. Prince AM, Stephan W, Brotman B: Beta-propio-lactone ultra-violet irradiation: A review of its effectiveness for inactivation of viruses in blood derivatives, Rev Infect Dis 1983:5:92-107.
159. Prodouz KN, Fralantoni JC, Boone EJ, Bonner RF: Use of lascr-UV for inactivation of virus in blood products, Blood 1987:50:589-591.
160. Gottlieb P, Bcn-Hur E, Lustigman S, Margolis-Nunno H, Horowitz B: Parasite inactivation in red blood cells and platelet concentrates by photodynamic treatment, Transfusion 1994;34(suppl):S172.
161. Lin L, Londe H, Janda JM, Hanson CV, Corash L: Photochemical inactivation of pathogenic bacteria in human platelet concentrates, Blood 1994:83: 2698-2706.
162. Lin L, Dikeman R, Corten L, Behrmann B, Rhein schmidt M, Corash L: Photochemical inactivation of pathogenic bacteria in platelet concentrates using a novel psoralen, Transfusion 1994:34 (suppl):S171
163. Reinhold RB, Fine J: A technique for quantitative measurement of endotoxin in human plasma, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1971:137:334-340.
164. Fine J: Detection of contaminated blood, Lancet 1972;2:981.
165. Thomas LLM, Sturk A, Kahle LI I, ten Cate JW: Quantitative endotoxin determination in blood with a chromogenic substrate, Clin Chim Acta 1981:116:63-68.
166. McCarthy LR, Senne JE: Evaluation of acridine orange stain for detection of microorganisms in blood cultures J Clin Microbiol 1980:11:281-285.
167. Nolle FS, Williams JM, Jcrris R, Morello JA, Lcitch CD, Matushek S, Schwabe LD, Dorigan F, Kocka FE: Multicenler clinical evaluation of a continuous monitoring blood culture system using fluorescent-sensor technology (BACTEC 9240), J Clin Microbiol 1993:31:552-557.
168. Gong J, Högman CF, Lundholm M, Gustafsson I: Novel automated microbial screening of platelet concentrates, APMIS 1994:102:72-78.
169. DAB 10: V,2.1.1. Prüfung auf Sterilität Grundlfg 1991.
170. Gueguen M, Durand F, Delamaire D, Beauplel A, Tardivel R, Genetet B, Chalumcau II, Balme MC: A new method for monitoring the sterility of blood donation, Transfusion 1986:26:293-295.
171. Chongokolwatana V, Morgan M, Faegin JC, Jacobs MR, Yomtovian R: Comparison of microscopy and a bacterial DNA probe detecting bacteriallv contaminated platelets, Abstract SI91. Transfusion 1993: 33S:5GS
172. Feng P, Keasler SP, Hill WE: Direct identification of Yersinia enterocolitica in blood by polymerase chain reaction amplification, Transfusion 1992:32: 850-854.
173. Hogan J, Currv B, Brecher M, Boothe G, Kemper M, Pineda A, Halling V, Tegtmeier G, Henderson S, Yomtovian R, Chongokolwatana V: Detection of bacteriallv contaminated platelet units with an all-bacterial DNA probe test, Abstract SI52. Transfusion 1993:33S-40S
174. Kemper M, Kuramoto K: Rapid detection of bacterial contamination in blood and blood components, Abstract SI96. Transfusion 1993;33S-51S
175. Tegtmeier GE: Closing the HIV window: Implications for the American Association of Blood Banks, A ABB News Briefs 1995:17:12-13.
176. Wright DC, Sclss IF, Vinton KJ, Pierce RN: Fatal Yersinia enterocolitica sepsis after blood transfusion, Arch Pathol Lab Med 1985:109:1040-1042.
177. Collins PS, Youkcy JR, Collins GJ, et al: Fatal sepsis from blood contaminated w-ith Yersinia enterocolitica: A case report, Milit Med 1985:150: 689-692.
178. Galloway SJ, Jones PD: Transfusion acquired Yersinia enterocolitica, Aust NZ J Med 1986:16:248.
179. Elrick J: A case study: Fatal gram-negative shock following blood transfusion, Yersinia News 1985:5:1-2.
180. Brown SE, White SE: Yersinia enterocolitica and transfusion-induced septicemia, Anesth Analg 1988:67:415-417.
181. Jacobs J, Jamaer D, Vandeven J, Wouters M, Ver-mylcn C, Vandepitte J: Yersinia enterocolitica in donor blood: A case report and review, J Clin Microbiol 1989:27:1119-1121.
182. Janot C, Briquel ME, Streiff F, Burdin JC: Infectious complications due to transfusion aquired Yersinia enterocolitica, Transfusion 1989:29:372-373.
183. Stubbs JR, Reddy RL, Elg SA, Perry EH, Adcock L, McCullough J: Fatal Yersinia enterocolitica (serotype 0:5. 27) sepsis after blood transfusion, Vox Sang 1991:61:18-23