Epidemiology of childhood disorders in a cross-cultural context

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines

Volumn 37, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 35-49

  Bird, Hector R ^a  

^a NEW YORK STATE PSYCHIATRIC INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cross cultural; Epidemiology; Methodology; Psychopathology

Indexed keywords

CHILD PSYCHIATRY; CULTURAL FACTOR; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR DISORDERS; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT;

EID: 0029875284     PISSN: 00219630     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01379.x     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Achenbach, T. M. (1991a). Integrative Guide for the 1991 CBCL/4-18, YSR, and TRF Profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
2. Achenbach, T. M. (1991b). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist 4-18 and 1991 Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
3. Achenbach, T. M. (1991c). Manual for the Teacher Report Form and Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
4. Achenbach, T. M. (1991d). Manual for the Youth Self Report Form and Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
5. Achenbach, T. M. & Edelbrock, C. (1981). Behavioral problems and competencies reported by parents of children aged four through sixteen. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 46 (Serial No. 188), 1-82.
6. Achenbach, T. M. & Edelbrock, C. (1983). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and Revised Child Behavior Profile. Burlington, VT, University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
7. Achenbach, T, M. & Edelbrock, C. (1986). Manual for the Teacher's Report Form and Revised Version of the Child Behavior Profile. Burlington, VT, University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
8. Achenbach, T. M. & Edelbrock, C. (1987). Manual for the Youth Self-Report and Profile. Burlington, VT, University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
9. Achenbach, T. M., Verhulst, F. C., Baron, D. G. & Akkerhuis, G. W. (1987a). Epidemiological comparisons of American and Dutch children: I. Behavioral/emotional problems and competencies reported by parents for ages 4 to 16. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 317-325.
10. Achenbach, T. M., Verhulst, F. C., Edelbrock, C. S., Baron, D. G. & Akkerhuis, G. W. (1987b). Epidemiological comparisons of American and Dutch children: I. Behavioral/ emotional problems and competencies reported by teachers for ages 6 to 11. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 326-332.
11. Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H. & Howell, C. T. (1987c). Child-adolescent behavior and emotional problems: implications of cross-informant correlation for situational specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 213-232.
12. Achenbach, T. M. Hensley, V. R., Phares, V. & Grayson, D. (1990a). Problems and competencies reported by parents of Australian and American children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31, 265-286.
13. Achenbach, T. M., Bird, H. R., Canino G., Phares, V., Gould, M. S. & Rubio-Stipec, M. (1990b). Epidemiological comparisons of Puerto Rican and U.S. mainland children: Parent, teacher and self-reports. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 84-93.
14. American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Third Edition). Washington D.C. APA.
15. American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Third Edition - Revised). Washington D.C. APA.
16. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition). Washington D.C. APA.
17. Anderson, J., Williams, S., McGee, R. & Silva, P. (1987). DSM-III disorders in preadolescent children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 69-76.
18. Angold, A. & Costello, E. J. (in press). A test-restest reliability study of child-reported psychiatric symptoms and diagnoses using the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA-C). Psychological Medicine.
19. Angold, A., Prendergast, M., Cox, A., Harrington, R., Simon-off, E. & Rutter, M. (in press). The Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA). Psychological Medicine.
20. Bird, H. R. (1994). Letter to the Editor: Correction and amplification. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 429.
21. Bird, H. R., Canino, G., Rubio-Stipec, M., Gould, M. S., Ribera, J., Sesman, M., Woodbury, M., Huertas, S., Pagan, A., Sanchez-Lacay, A. & Moscoso, M. (1988). Estimates of the prevalence of childhood maladjustment in a community survey in Puerto Rico. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 1120-1126.
22. Bird, H., Canino, G., Rubio-Stipec, M. & Ribera, J. (1987). Further measures of the psychometric properties of the children's global assessment scale (CGAS). Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 821-824.
23. Bird, H. R., Gould, M. S. & Staghezza, B. (1992). Aggregating data from multiple informants in child psychiatry epidemiological research. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 78-85.
24. Bird, H., Gould, M. & Staghezza, B. (1993). Patterns of diagnostic comorbidity in a community sample of children aged 9 through 16 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 361-368.
25. Bird, H., Yager, T., Staghezza, B., Gould, M., Canino, G. & Rubio-Stipec, M. (1990). Impairment in the epidemiological measurement of childhood psychopathology in the community. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 796-803.
26. Boyle, M. H., Offord, D. R., Hoffman, H. G., Catlin, G. P., Byles, G. A., Cadman, D. T., Crawford, J. W., Links, P. L., Rae-Grant, N. I. & Szatmari, P. (1987). Ontario Child Health Study: I. Methodology. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 826-831.
27. Brandenberg, N. A., Friedman, R. M. & Silver, S. E. (1990). The epidemiology of childhood psychiatric disorders: prevalence findings from recent studies. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 76-83.
28. Bravo, M., Canino, G. & Bird, H. (1987). The Spanish diagnostic interview schedule: Its translation and adaptation in Puerto Rico. Acta Psiquiat. Psicol. Amer. Latina, 33, 27-42.
29. Canino, G., Bird, H. R., Shrout, P. E., Rubio-Stipec, M., Bravo, M., Martinez, R., Sesman, M. & Guevara, L. M. (1987). The prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in Puerto Rico. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 127-133.
30. Canino, G., Burnam, A. & Caetano, R. (1992). The prevalence of alcohol abuse and/or dependence in two Hispanic communities. In Heizer, J. & Canino, G. (Eds) Alcoholism - North America, Europe and Asia: a coordinated analysis of populations from ten regions (pp. 131-158). New York: Oxford University Press.
31. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd Edition). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
32. Cohen, P., Cohen, J. & Brook, J. (1993a). An epidemiological study of disorders in late childhood and adolescence - II. Persistence of disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 869-877.
33. Cohen, P., Cohen, J., Kasen, S., Velez, C. N., Hartmark, C., Johnson, J., Rojas, M., Brook, J. & Struening, E. L. (1993b). An epidemiological study of disorders in late childhood and adolescence: I. Age and gender-specific prevalence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 851-867.
34. Cohen, P., Velez, N., Kohn, M., Schwab-Stone, M. & Johnson, J. (1987). Child psychiatric diagnosis by computer algorithm: Theoretical issues and empirical tests. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 631-638.
35. Costello, A. J., Edelbrock, C., Dulcan, M. K., Kalas, R. & Klaric, S. (1987). Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC). Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh.
36. Costello, A. J., Edelbrock, C. S., Dulcan, M. & Kalas, R. (1984). Testing of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC) in a Clinical Population: Final Report. Rockville, MD, Center for Epidemiological Studies, NIMH.
37. Costello, E. J., Costello, A. J., Edelbrock, C., Burns, B., Dulcan, M. K., Brent, D. & Janiszewski, S. (1988). Psychiatric disorders in pediatric primary care: Prevalence and risk factors. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 1107-1116.
38. Costello, E. J., Farmer, E., Angold, A., Burns, B. J. & Erkanli, A. (submitted). The Great Smoky Mountains Study: risk for psychiatric disorder in American-Indian and white youth,
39. de Groot, A., Koot, H. M. & Verhulst, F. C. (1994). The cross-cultural generalizability of the CBCL cross-informant syndromes. Psychological Assessment, 6, 225-230.
40. Doepfner, M., Berner, W., Schmeck, K., Lehmkuhl, G. & Poustka, F. (1995). Internal consistency and validity of the CBCL and TRF in a German sample: a cross-cultural comparison. In J. Sergeant, Eunethydis: European Approaches to Hyperkinetic Disorder (pp. 51-81). Universiteit van Amsterdam, Zurich: Fotorotar.
41. Edelbrock, C. & Costello, A. J. (1988). Convergence between statistically derived behavior problem syndromes and child psychiatric diagnoses. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16, 219-231.
42. Esser, G., Schmidt, M. H. & Woerner, W. (1990). Epidemiology and course of psychiatric disorders in school-age children - results of a longitudinal study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31, 243-263.
43. Fabrega, H. (1990). Hispanic mental health research: A case for cultural psychiatry. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 12, 339-365.
44. Feehan, M., McGee, R. & Williams, S. (1993). Mental health disorders from age 15 to age 18 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 1118-1126.
45. Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J. & Lynskey, M. T. (1993). Prevalence and comorbidity of DSM-IIIR diagnoses in a birth cohort of 15-year-olds. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 1127-1134.
46. Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., Shannon, F. T. & Lawton, J. M. (1989). The Christchurch Child Development Study: a review of epidemiological findings. Paediatr. Perinatal Epidemiology, 3, 302-325.
47. Fombonne, E. (1994). The Chartres Study: I. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among French school-aged children. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 69-79.
48. Good, B. & Good, M. D. (1985). The cultural context of diagnosis and therapy: A view from medical anthropology. In M. R. Miranda & H, H. L. Kitano, Mental Health Research in Minority Communities: Development of Culturally Sensitive Training Programs. Rockville, MD: NIMH.
49. Gould, M. S., Bird, H. R. & Jaramillo, B. S. (1993). Correspondence between statistically derived behavior problem syndromes and child psychiatric diagnoses in a community sample. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 287-313.
50. Gould, M. & Shaffer, D. (1985). Epidemiology and Child Psychiatry. In J. Cavenar (Ed.) Psychiatry. New York: Lippincott.
51. Gould, M. S., Wunsch-Hitzig, R. & Dohrenwend, B. (1981). Estimating the prevalence of childhood psychopathology: a critical review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 20, 462-476.
52. Graham, P. & Rutter, M. (1968). The reliability and validity of the psychiatric assessment of the child - II Interview with the parents. British Journal of Psychiatry, 114, 581-592.
53. Hellinckx, W., Grietens, H. & Verhulst, F. (1994). Competence and behavioral problems in 6 to 12-year-old children in Flanders (Belgium) and Holland: A cross-national comparison. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 2, 130-142.
54. Heizer, J. E. & Canino, G. (1992). Epidemiology and cross-national comparisons. In J. Heizer & G. Canino (Eds), Alcoholism - North America, Europe and Asia: a coordinated analysis of populations from ten regions (pp. 3-12). New York: Oxford University Press.
55. Heizer, J. E., Canino, G., Yeh, E. K., Bland, R. C., Lee, C. K., Hwu, H. G. & Newman, S. (1990). Alcoholism: North America and Asia: a comparison of population surveys with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 313-319.
56. Herjanic, B. & Campbell, W. (1977). Differentiating psychiatrically disturbed children on the basis of a structured psychiatric interview. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 5, 127-135.
57. Herjanic, B. & Reich, W. (1982). Development of a structured psychiatric interview for children: Agreement between child and parent on individual symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 10, 307-324.
58. Hodges, K., McKnew, D., Cytryn, L., Stern, L. & Kline, J. (1982). The Child Assessment Schedule (CAS) diagnostic interview: A report on reliability and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 21, 468-473.
59. Jeffers, A. & Fitzgerald, M. (1991). Irish Families Under Stress, Vol. 2. Dublin: Eastern Health Board.
60. Kashani, J. H., Beck, N. C., Hoeper, E. W., Fallahi, C., Corcoran, M. A., McAllister, J. A., Rosenberg, T. K. & Reid, J. C. (1987). Psychiatric disorders in a community sample of adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 584-589.
61. Kashani, J., McGee, R., Clarkson, S., Anderson, J., Walton L., Williams, S., Silva, P., Robins, A., Cytryn, M. & McKnew, D. (1983). Depression in a sample of 9 y.o. children: prevalence and associated characteristics. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1217-1223.
62. Kleinman, A. (1986). Social origins of distress and disease: depression, neurasthenia and pain in modern China. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
63. Kleinman, A. (1987). Anthropology and psychiatry: the role of culture in cross-cultural research on illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 447-454.
64. Kovacs, M. (1985). ISC (the Interview Schedule for Children). Psychopharmacological Bulletin, 21, 995-1000.
65. Lambert, M. C., Knight, P., Taylor, R. & Achenbach, T. M. (1994). Epidemiology of behavioral and emotional problems among children of Jamaica and the United States: parent reports for ages 6 to 11. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 22, 113-128.
66. Lambert, M. C., Knight, F., Taylor, R. & Achenbach, T. M. (in press). Epidemiology of behavioral and emotional problems among children of Jamaica and the United States: Teacher reports for ages 6-11. J. Cross-Cultural Psychology.
67. Lewis-Fernandez, R. & Kleinman, A. (1994). Culture, personality, and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 67-71.
68. Loeber, R., Green, S. M., Lahey, B. B. & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1990). Optimal informants on childhood disruptive behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 1, 317-337.
69. MacDonald, V. M., Tsiantis, J., Achenbach, T. M., Motti-Stefanidi, F. & Richardson, C. (1995). Competencies and problems reported by parents of Greek and American children, ages 6-11. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 4, 1-13.
70. McGee, R., Feehan, M., Williams, S. M., Partridge, F., Silva, P. A. & Kelly, J. (1990). DSM-III disorders in a large sample of adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 611-619.
71. Montenegro, H. (1983). Estandardizacion del Inventario de Problemas Conductales y Destrezas Sociales de T. Achenbach en Ninos de 6 a 11 Anos. Santiago, Chile: Centro de Estudios de Desarrollo y Estimulacion Psicosocial.
72. Offord, D., Boyle, M. H. & Racine, Y. (1989). Ontario Child Health Study: correlates of disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 856-860.
73. Offord, D. R., Boyle, M. H., Szatmari, P., Rae-Grant, N. L, Links, P. S., Cadman, D. T., Byles, J. A., Crawford, J. W., Blum, H. M., Byrne. C., Thomas, H. & Woodward, C. A. (1987). Ontario child health study. II. Six-month prevalence of disorder and rates of service utilization. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 832-836.
74. Piacentini, J., Cohen, P. & Cohen, J. (1992). Combining discrepant diagnostic information from multiple sources: are complex algorithms better than simple ones? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 51-63.
75. Quay, H. C. & Peterson, D. R. (1987). Manual for the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist. Miami, FL: H. C. Quay & D. R. Peterson.
76. Regier, D. A., Myers, J. K., Kramer, M., Robins, L. N., Blazer, D. G., Hough, R. L., Eaton, W. W. & Locke, B. (1984). The NIMH epidemiologic catchment area program. Archives of General Psychiatry, 10, 934-941.
77. Rey, J. M. & Morris-Yates, A. (1992). Diagnostic accuracy in adolescents of several depression rating scales extracted from a general purpose behavior checklist. Journal of Affective Disorders, 26, 7-16.
78. Robins, L., Heizer, J. E., Croughan, J. & Ratcliff, K. S. (1981). NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule: its history, characteristics and validity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 381-389.
79. Rogler, L. H. (1989). The meaning of culturally sensitive research in mental health. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 296-303.
80. Rutter, M. (1967). A children's behavior questionnaire for completion by teachers: preliminary findings. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 1-11.
81. Rutter, M., Tizard, J. & Whitmore, K. (1970). Education, health and behavior. Harlow, U.K.: Longman.
82. Sergeant, J. (1995). Hyperkinetic disorder revisited. In J. Sergeant, Eunethydis: European approaches to hyperkinetic disorder (pp. 7-17). Zurich: Fotorotar.
83. Shaffer, D., Gould, M. S., Brasic, J, Ambrosini, P., Bird, H. R. & Aluwahlia, S. (1983). A children's global assessment scale (CGAS). Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1228-1231.
84. Stanger, C., Fombonne, E. & Achenbach, T. M. (1994). Epidemiological comparisons of American and French children: Parent reports of problems and competencies for ages 6-11. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 3, 16-28.
85. Velez, C. N., Johnson, J. & Cohen, P. (1989). A longitudinal analysis of selected risk factors of childhood psychopathology. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 861-864.
86. Verhulst, F. C. (1995). The cross-cultural generalizability of the CBCL. In J. Sergeant (Ed.), Eunethydis: European approaches to hyperkinetic disorder (pp. 19-35). Zurich: Fotorotar.
87. Verhulst, F. C. & Achenbach, T. M. (1995). Empirically based assessment and taxonomy of psychopathology: cross-cultural applications. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 4, 61-76.
88. Verhulst, F. C., Achenbach, T. M., Ferdinand, R. F. & Kasius, M. C. (1993). Epidemiological comparisons of Dutch adolescents self-reports. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 1135-1144.
89. Verhulst, F. C., Berden, G. F. M. & Sanders-Woudstra, J. (1985). Mental health in Dutch children: (II) The prevalence of psychiatric disorder and relationship between measures. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Suppl. No. 324. 72, 1-45.
90. Weine, A. M., Phillips, J. S. & Achenbach, T. M. (in press). Behavioral and emotional problems in Chinese and American children: Parent and teacher reports for ages 6-13. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology.
91. Weinstein, S. R., Noam, G. G., Grimes, K., Stone, K. & Schwab-Stone, M. (1990). Convergence of DSM-III diagnoses and self-reported symptoms in child and adolescent inpatients. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 627-634.
92. Weissman, M. M., Bland, M. B., Canino, G. J., Faravelli, C., Greenwald, S, Hwu, H. G., Joyce, P. R., Karam, E. G., Lee, C. K., Lellouch, J., Lepine, J. P., Newman, S. C., Rubio-Stipec, M., Wells, J. E., Wickramaratne, P. J. Wittchen, H. U. & Yeh, E. K. (1992). The changing rate of major depression: cross-national comparisons. From the Cross-National Collaborative Group. Journal of the American Medical Association, 268, 3098-3105.
93. Weissman, M. M., Bland, M. B., Canino, G. J., Greenwald, S, Hwu, H. G., Lee, C. K., Newman, S. C., Oakley-Browne, M. A., Rubio-Stipec, M., Wickramaratne, P. J. Wittchen, H. U. & Yeh, E. K. (1994). The cross national epidemiology of obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55, 5-10.
94. Weisz, J. R., Sigman, M., Weiss, B. & Mosk, J. (1993). Parent reports of behavioral and emotional problems among children in Kenya, Thailand and the United States. Child Development, 64, 98-109.
95. Weisz, J. R., Suwanlert, S., Chaiyasit, W., Weiss, B., Achenbach, T. M. & Trevathan, D. (1989). Epidemiology of behavioral and emotional problems among Thai and American children. Teacher reports for ages 6-11. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 471-484.
96. Weisz, J. R., Suwanlert, S., Chaiyasit, W., Weiss, B., Achenbach, T. M. & Walter, B. R. (1987). Epidemiology of behavioral and emotional problems among Thai and American children. Parent reports for ages 6-11. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 890-897.
97. Whitaker, A., Johnson, J., Shaffer, D., Rapoport, J., Kalikow, K., Walsh, B. T., Davies, M., Braiman, S. & Dolinsky, A. (1990). Uncommon troubles in young people: prevalence estimates of selected psychiatric disorders in a nonreferred adolescent population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 487-496.
98. World Health Organization (1978). International Classification of Diseases (Ninth Edition). Geneva: WHO.
99. World Health Organization (1992). The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders. Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva: WHO.