Assessment of Cellular Telephone and Other Radio Frequency Exposure for Epidemiologie Research

Epidemiology

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 291-298

  Rothman, Kenneth J ^a   Chou, Chung Kwang ^b   Morgan, Robert ^c   Balzano, Quirino ^d   Guy, Arthur W ^e   Punch, Donna P ^a   Preston Martin, Susan ^f   Mandel, Jack ^g   Steffens, Rebecca ^h   Carlo, George ^h  

^a Epidemiology Resources Inc   (United States)

^b CITY OF HOPE NATIONAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c Environmental Health Strategies Inc   (United States)

^d MOTOROLA INC   (United States)

^e University of Washington   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^h Hlth/Enviromental Sciences Group   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer; Cellular telephones; Electromagnetic radiation; Radio frequency energy; Study design

Indexed keywords

BRAIN CANCER; ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION HAZARD; RADIOFREQUENCY; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; TELECOMMUNICATION; TELEPHONE;

BRAIN NEOPLASMS; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CAUSALITY; COHORT STUDIES; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS; HUMANS; LEUKEMIA, RADIATION-INDUCED; NEOPLASMS, RADIATION-INDUCED; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; RADIATION DOSAGE; RADIO WAVES; RISK; TELECOMMUNICATIONS; TELEPHONE;

EID: 0029874310     PISSN: 10443983     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001648-199605000-00013     Document Type: Review

References (43)

1. Anderson V, Joynet K. Specific absorption rate levels measured in a phantom head exposed to radiofrequency transmissions from analog hand-held mobile phones. Bioelectromagnetics 1995;16:60-69.
2. Tell RA, Mantiply ED. Population exposure to VHF and UHF broadcast radiation in the United States. Proc IEEE 1980;68:6-12.
3. Durney CH, Massoudi H, Iskandet MF. Radiofrequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook. 4th ed. Report USAFSAM-TR-85-73. Brooks AFB, TX: USAF SAM, 1986.
4. Gandhi OP: Some numerical methods for dosimerry: extremely low frequencies to microwave frequencies. Radio Science 1995;30:161-177.
5. IEEE-COMAR. Human Exposure to RF Emissions from Cellular Radio Base Station Antennas. Entity Position Statement. Washington DC: IEEE United States Activities Board, 1992.
6. Bawin SM, Adey WR. Amplitude-modulated, very high frequency (VHF) electric fields. Neurosci Res Program Bull 1977;15:36-38.
7. Bawin SM, Kaczmarek LK, Adey WR. Effects of modulated VHF fields on the central nervous system. Ann NY Acad Sci 1975;247:74-81.
8. 8: Litovitz TA, Krause D, Penafiel M, Elson EC, Mullins JM. The role of coherence time in the effect of microwaves on ornithine decarboxylase activity. Bioelectromagnetics 1993;14:395-403.
9. Blackman CF, Benane SG, Elder JA, House DE, Lampe JA, Faulk JM. Induction of calcium-ion efflux from brain tissue by radiofrequency radiation: effect of sample number and modulation frequency on the powerdensity window. Bioelectromagnetics 1980;1:35-43.
10. Comments on the Proposed Categorical Exclusion of Base Stations and Mobile Transmitters. Document submitted by Motorola to the Federal Communications Commission, Docket 79-144, 1985.
11. IEEE COMAR. Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Fields from Portable and Mobile Telephones and Other Communication Devices. Entity Position Statement. Washington DC: IEEE United States Activities Board, 1992,
12. Petersen RC, Testagrossa PA. Radio-frequency electromagnetic fields associated with cellular-radio cell-site antennas. Bioelectromagnetics 1992;13: 527-542.
13. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE Recommended Practice for the Measurement of Potentially Hazardous Electromagnetic Fields-RF and Microwave. ANSI/IEEE C95.3-1991. Piscataway, NJ: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1992.
14. National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements. Biological Effects and Exposure Criteria for Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields. Report 86. Bethesda, MD: National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements, 1986.
15. International Radiation Protection Association. Guidelines on limits of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in the frequency range from 100 kHz to 300 GHz. Health Phys 1988;54:115-123.
16. Balzano Q, Garay O, Manning T. RF Energy in Cars from Window Mounted Antennas. Conference Record of the 36th Annual Conference.Dallas: IEEE Vehicular Technology Group, 1994;32-40.
17. Johnson CC, Guy AW. Nonionizing electromagnetic wave effects in biological materials and systems. Proc IEEE 1972;60:692-718.
18. Kuster N, Balzano Q. Energy absorption mechanisms by biological bodies in the near field of dipole antennas. IEEE Trans Vehicular Technol 1992;41: 17-23.
19. Bakano Q, et al. Electromagnetic energy exposure of simulated users of portable cellular telephones. IEEE Trans Vehicular Technol 1995;44:390-403.
20. Calle EE, Savitz DA. Leukemia in occupational groups with presumed exposure to electrical and magnetic fields. N Engl J Med 1985;313:1476-1477.
21. Coleman M, Bell J, Skeet R. Leukaemia incidence in electrical workers. Lancet 1983;1:982.
22. Garland FC, Shaw E, Gorham ED, Garland CF, White MR, Sinsheimer PJ. Incidence of leukemia in occupations with potential electromagnetic field exposure in United States Navy personnel. Am J Epidemiol 1990;132:293-303.
23. Hill DG. A longitudinal study of a cohort with past exposure to radar: the MIT radiation laboratory follow-up study (Dissertation). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1988.
24. Lilienfeld AM, Tonascia J, Tonascia S, et al. Evaluation of Health Status of Foreign Service and Other Employees from Selected Eastern European Posts. Final Report to U.S. Department of State. Baltimore: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 1978.
25. McDowall ME. Leukaemia mortality in electrical workers in England and Wales. Lancet 1983;1:246.
26. Milham S Jr. Mortality in workers exposed to electromagnetic fields. Environ Health Perspect 1985;62:297-300.
27. Milham S Jr. Increased mortality in amateur radio operators due to lymphatic and hematopoietic malignancies. Am J Epidemiol 1988;127:50-54.
28. Milham S Jr. Mortality by license class in amateur radio operators. Am J Epidemiol 1988;128:1175-1176.
29. Pearce NE, Sheppard RA, Howard JK, Fraser J, Lilley BM. Leukaemia in electrical workers in New Zealand. Lancet 1985;1:811-812.
30. Pearce N, Reif J, Fraser J. Case-control studies of cancer in New Zealand electrical workers. Int J Epidemiol 1989;18:55-59.
31. Robinette CD, Silverman C, Jablon S. Effects upon health of occupational exposure to microwave radiation (radar). Am J Epidemiol 1980;112:39-53.
32. Robinson CF, Lalich NR, Burnett CA, Sestito JP, Frazier TM, Fine LJ. Electromagnetic field exposure and leukemia mortality in the United States. J Occup Med 1991;33:160-162.
33. Sahl JD, Kelsh MA, Greenland S. Cohort and nested case-control studies of hematopoietic cancers and brain cancer among electric utility workers. Epidemiology 1993:4:104-114.
34. Savitz DA, Loomis DP. Magnetic field exposure in relation to leukemia and brain cancer mortality among electric utility workers. Am J Epidemiol 1995;141:123-134.
35. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. Sci Total Environ 1996 (in press).
36. Thériault G, Goldberg M, Miller AB, Armstrong B, Guénel P, Deadman J, Imbernon E, To T, Chevalier A, Cyr D, Wall C. Cancer risks associated with occupational exposure to magnetic fields among electric utility workers in Ontario and Quebec, Canada and France: 1970-1989. Am J Epidemiol 1994;39:550-572.
37. Wiklund K, Einhorn J, Eklund G. An application of the Swedish cancer environment registry: leukemia among telephone operators at the telecommunications administration in Sweden. Int J Epidemiol 1981;10:373-376.
38. Wright WE, Peters JM, Mack TM. Leukaemia in workers exposed to electrical and magnetic fields. Lancet 1982;2:1160.
39. Gallagher RP, McBride ML, Band PR, Spinelli JJ, Threlfall WJ, Tamara S. Brain cancer and exposure to electromagnetic fields. J Occup Med 1991;33: 944-945.
40. Preston-Martin S, Mack W, Henderson BE. Risk factors for gliomas and meningiomas in males in Los Angeles County. Cancer Res 1989;49:6137-6143.
41. Speers MA, Dobbins JG, Miller VS. Occupational exposures and brain cancer mortality: a preliminary study of East Texas residents. Am J Ind Med 1988;13:629-638.
42. Thomas TL, Stolley PD, Stemhagen A, Fontham ETH, Bleecker ML, Stewart PA, Hoover RN. Brain tumor mortality risk among men with electrical and electronics jobs: a case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987;79:233-238.
43. Punch DP, Rothman KJ, Loughlin JE, Dreyer NA. Utility of telephone company records for epidemiologic studies of cellular telephones. Epidemiology 1996;7:299-302.