Bias caused by migration in case-control studies of prenatal risk factors for childhood and adult diseases

American Journal of Epidemiology

Volumn 143, Issue 8, 1996, Pages 823-831

  Jones, Michael E ^a   Swerdlow, Anthony J ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

bias (epidemiology); case control studies; prenatal exposure delayed effects

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIABETES MELLITUS; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MIGRATION; PARITY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL CLASS; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 0029873774     PISSN: 00029262     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008821     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Buck GM, Cookfair DL, Michalek AM, et al. Intrauterine growth retardation and risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Am J Epidemiol 1989;129:874-84.
2. Daling JR, Starzyk P, Olshan AF, et al. Birth weight and the incidence of childhood cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1984;72: 1039-41.
3. Harvey EB, Boice JD Jr, Honeyman M, et al. Prenatal x-ray exposure and childhood cancer in twins. N Engl J Med 1985; 312:541-5.
4. Depue RH, Pike MC, Henderson BE. Estrogen exposure during gestation and risk of testicular cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983;71:1151-5.
5. Walker AH, Ross RK, Haile RWC, et al. Hormonal factors and risk of ovarian germ cell cancer in young women. Br J Cancer 1988;57:418-22.
6. Trichopoulos D. Is breast cancer initiated in utero? Epidemiology 1990;1:95-6.
7. Ekbom A, Wakefield AJ, Zack M, et al. Perinatal measles infection and subsequent Crohn's disease. Lancet 1994;344: 508-10.
8. Dahlquist G, Källén B. Maternal-child blood group incompatibility and other perinatal events increase the risk for early-onset type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1992;35:671-5.
9. Adams W, Kendell RE, Hare EH, et al. Epidemiological evidence that maternal influenza contributes to the aetiology of schizophrenia: an analysis of Scottish, English, and Danish data. Br J Psychiatry 1993;163:522-34.
10. Launer LJ, Hofman A, Grobbee DE. Relation between birth weight and blood pressure: longitudinal study of infants and children. BMJ 1993;307:1451-4.
11. Rona RJ, Gulliford MC, Chinn S. Effects of prematurity and intrauterine growth on respiratory health and lung function in childhood. BMJ 1993;306:817-20.
12. Law CM, de Swiet M, Osmond C, et al. Initiation of hypertension in utero and its amplification throughout life. BMJ 1993;306:24-7.
13. Barker DJP, Gluckman PD, Godfrey KM, et al. Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in adult life. Lancet 1993;341: 938-41.
14. Barker DJP, ed. Fetal and infant origins of adult disease. London: BMJ, 1992.
15. Adelstein P, Fedrick J. Pyloric stenosis in the Oxford Record Linkage Study Area. J Med Genet 1976;13:439-48.
16. Blair E, Stanley F. Intrauterine growth and spastic cerebral palsy. I. Association with birth weight for gestational age. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;162:229-37.
17. Swerdlow AJ, Wood KH, Smith PG. A case-control study of the aetiology of cryptorchidism. J Epidemiol Community Health 1983;37:238-44.
18. Malone KE, Daling JR. Birth weight and the risk of testicular cancer. (Letter). J Natl Cancer Inst 1986;77:829-30.
19. Ekbom A, Adami H-O, Helmick CG, et al. Perinatal risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 1990;132:1111-19.
20. O'Callaghan E, Gibson T, Colohan HA, et al. Risk of schizophrenia in adults bom after obstetric complications and their association with early onset of illness: a controlled study. BMJ 1992;305:1256-9.
21. McNeil TF, Cantor-Graae E, Nordström LG, et al. Head circumference in "preschizophrenic" and control neonates. Br J Psychiatry 1993;162:517-23.
22. MacMahon B, Newill VA. Birth characteristics of children dying of malignant neoplasms. J Natl Cancer Inst 1962;28: 231-44.
23. Golding J, Greenwood R, Birmingham K, et al. Childhood cancer, intramuscular vitamin K, and pethidine given during labour. BMJ 1992;305:341-6.
24. Emerson JC, Malone KE, Daling JR, et al. Childhood brain tumor risk in relation to birth characteristics. J Clin Epidemiol 1991;44:1159-66.
25. Johnson CC, Spitz MR. Neuroblastoma: case-control analysis of birth characteristics. J Natl Cancer Inst 1985;74:789-92.
26. Johnson CC, Spitz MR. Prematurity and risk of childhood cancer. (Letter). J Natl Cancer Inst 1986;76:359.
27. Shaw G, Lavey R, Jackson R, et al. Association of childhood leukemia with maternal age, birth order, and paternal occupation: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 1984;119: 788-95.
28. Flanders WD, Louv WC. The exposure odds ratio in nested case-control studies with competing risks. Am J Epidemiol 1986;124:684-92.
29. Stata Corporation. Stata Reference Manual: Release 3.1. 6th ed. College Station, TX: 1993.
30. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys. Census 1981. county report, Oxfordshire, part 1. London: HMSO, 1982:6.
31. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys. Census 1981, regional migration, south east, part 1. London: HMSO, 1983:394.
32. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys. Population trends. 67. London: HMSO, 1992:41, 54.
33. US Bureau of the Census, Population Division. Geographical mobility: March 1992 to March 1993. Washington, DC: GPO, 1995. (Current Population report P20-481).
34. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys. 1991 census, migration, Great Britain. Part 1 (100 percent tables), vol. 2. London: HMSO, 1994.