Histidine biosynthetic pathway and genes: Structure, regulation, and evolution

Microbiological Reviews

Volumn 60, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 44-69

  Alifano, Pietro ^a   Fani, Renato ^b   Liò, Pietro ^b   Lazcano, Antonio ^c   Bazzicalupo, Marco ^b   Carlomagno, M Stella ^a   Bruni, Carmelo B ^a,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO   (Mexico)

^d Dipto Biol e Patol Cell e Molec   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HISTIDINE;

AMINO ACID SYNTHESIS; ARCHAEBACTERIUM; EUBACTERIUM; EUKARYOTE; GENE STRUCTURE; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN PROCESSING; REVIEW; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

ARCHAEA; ESCHERICHIA COLI; EUKARYOTA; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM; TYPHIMURIUM;

EID: 0029873217     PISSN: 01460749     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.60.1.44-69.1996     Document Type: Review

References (302)

1. Adams, E. 1954. The enzymatic synthesis of histidine from histidinol. J. Biol. Chem. 209:829-846.
2. Adhya, S., and M. Gottesman. 1978. Control of transcription termination. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 47:967-996.
3. Adhya, S., and M. Goltesman. 1982. Promoter occlusion: transcription through a promoter may inhibit its activity. Cell 29:939-944.
4. Alifano, P., C. B. Bruni, and M. S. Carlomagno. 1994. Control of mRNA processing and decay in prokaryotes. Genetica 94:157-172.
5. Alifano, P., and M. S. Carlomagno. Unpublished data.
6. Alifano, P., M. S. Ciampi, A. G. Nappo, C. B. Bruni, and M. S. Carlomagno. 1988. In vivo analysis of the mechanisms responsible for strong transcriptional polarity in a "sense" mutant within an intercistronic region. Cell 55:351-360.
7. Alifano, P., C. Piscitelli, V. Blasi, F. Rivellini, A. G. Nappo, C. B. Bruni, and M. S. Carlomagno. 1992. Processing of a polycistronic mRNA requires a 5′ cis element and active translation. Mol. Microbiol. 6:787-798.
8. Alifano, P., F. Rivellini, D. Limauro, C. B. Bruni, and M. S. Carlomagno. 1991. A consensus motif common to all Rho-dependent prokaryotic transcription terminators. Cell 64:553-563.
9. Alifano, P., F. Rivellini, A. G. Nappo, C. B. Bruni, and M. S. Carlomagno. 1994. Alternative patterns of his operon transcription and mRNA processing generated by metabolic perturbation. Gene 146:15-21.
10. Alifano, P., F. Rivellini, C. Piscitelli, C. M. Arraiano, C. B. Bruni, and M. S. Carlomagno. 1994. Ribonuclease E provides substrates for ribonuclease P-dependent processing of a polycistronic mRNA. Genes Dev. 8:3021-3031.
11. Altboum, Z., S. Gottlieb, G. A. Lebens, I. Polacheck, and E. Segal. 1990. Isolation of the Candida albicans histidinol dehydrogenase (HIS4) gene and characterization of a histidine auxotroph. J. Bacteriol. 172:3898-3904.
12. Altman, S. 1990. Ribonuclease P. J. Biol. Chem. 265:20053-20056.
13. Ames, B. N. 1955. The biosynthesis of histidine, p. 357-372. In W. D. McElroy and B. Glass (ed.), Amino acid metabolism. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.
14. Ames, B. N. 1957. The biosynthesis of histidine: D-erythro-imidazole-glycerol phosphate dehydrase. J. Biol. Chem. 228:131-143.
15. Ames, B. N., and B. Carry. 1959. Coordinate repression of the synthesis of four histidine biosynthetic enzymes by histidine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 45:1453-1461.
16. Ames, B. N., B. Garry, and L. A. Herzenberg. 1960. The genetic control of the enzymes of histidine biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium. J. Gen. Microbiol. 22:369-378.
17. Ames, B. N., R. F. Goldberger, P. E. Hartman, R. G. Martin, and J. R. Roth. 1967. The histidine operon, p. 272-287. In V. V. Koningsberger and L. Bosch (ed.). Regulation of nucleic acid and protein biosynthesis. Elsevier Publishing Co.. Amsterdam.
18. Ames, B. N., and P. E. Hartman. 1963. The histidine operon. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 28:349-356.
19. Ames, B. N., P. E. Hartman, and F. Jacob. 1963. Chromosomal alterations affecting the regulation of histidine biosynthetic enzymes in Salmonella. J. Mol. Biol. 7:23-42.
20. Ames, B. N., R. G. Martin, and B. Garry. 1961. The first step of histidine biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 236:2019-2026.
21. Ames, B. N., H. K. Mitchell, and M. B. Mitchell. 1953. Some new naturally occurring imidazoles related to the biosynthesis of histidine. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75:1015-1018.
22. Anagnostopulos, C., P. J. Piggot, and J. A. Hoch. 1993. The genetic map of Bacillus subtilis, p. 425-462. In A. L. Sonenshein, J. A. Hoch, and R. Losick (ed.). Bacillus subtilis and other gram-positive bacteria. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
23. Anton, D. N. 1968. Histidine regulatory mutants in Salmonella typhimurium. V. Two new classes of histidine regulatory mutants. J. Mol. Biol. 33:533-546.
24. Anton, D. N. 1978. Genetic control of defective cell shape and osmotic-sensitivity in a mutant of Salmonella typhimurium. Mol. Gen. Genet. 160: 277-286.
25. Anton, D. N. 1979. Positive selection of mutants with cell envelope defects of a Salmonella typhimurium strain hypersensitive to the products of genes hisF and hisH. J. Bacteriol. 137:1271-1281.
26. Arndt, K. T., C. Styles, and G. R. Fink. 1987. Multiple global regulators control HIS4 transcription in yeast. Science 237:874-880.
27. Artz, S. W., and J. R. Broach. 1975. Histidine regulation in Salmonella typhimurium. an activator-attenuator model of gene regulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72:3453-3457.
28. Artz, S. W., and D. Holzschu. 1983. Histidine biosynthesis and its regulation, p. 379-404. In K. M. Herrmann and R. L. Somerville (ed.). Amino acids: biosynthesis and genetic regulation. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, Mass.
29. Atkins, J. F., and J. C. Loper. 1970. Transcription initiation in the histidine operon of Salmonella typhimurium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 65:925-932.
30. Bachmann, B. J. 1990. Linkage map of Escherichia coli K-12, edition 8. Microbiol. Rev. 54:130-197.
31. Barnes, W. 1978. DNA sequence from the histidine operon control region: seven histidine codons in a row. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:4281-1285.
32. Bateman, E., and M. R. Paule. 1988. Promoter occlusion during ribosomal RNA transcription. Cell 54:985-992.
33. Bauerle, R. H., and P. Margolin. 1967. Evidence for two sites for initiation of gene expression in the tryptophan operon of Salmonella typhimurium. J. Mol. Biol. 26:423-436.
34. Bear, D. G., P. S. Hicks, K. W. Escudero, C. L. Andrews, J. A. McSwiggen, and P. H. von Hippel. 1988. Interaction of Escherichia coli transcription termination factor Rho with RNA. II. Electron microscopy and nuclease protection experiments. J. Mol. Biol. 199:623-635.
35. Beckler, G. S., and J. N. Reeve. 1986. Conservation of primary structure in the hisI gene of the archaebacterium Methanococcus vannielii, the eubacterium Escherichia coli and the eucaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Gen. Genet. 204:133-140.
36. Belasco, J. G., and C. F. Higgins. 1988. Mechanisms of mRNA decay in bacteria: a perspective. Gene 72:15-23.
37. Bell, R. M., S. M. Parsons, S. A. Dubravac, A. G. Redfield, and D. E. Koshland, Jr. 1974. Characterization of slowly interconvertible states of phosphoribosyladenosine triphosphate synthetase dependent on temperature, substrates and histidine. J. Biol. Chem. 249:4110-4118.
38. Benachenhou-Lafha, N., P. Forterre, and B. Labedan. 1993. Evolution of glutamate dehydrogenase genes: evidence for two paralogous protein families and unusual branching patterns of the archaebacteria in the universal tree of life. J. Mol. Evol. 36:335-346.
39. Bender, M. L., R. J. Ergeron, and M. Komiyama. 1984. The bio-organic chemistry of enzymatic catalysis, p. 116-129. Wiley, New York.
40. Berberich, M. A., P. Venetianer, and R. F. Goldberger. 1966. Alternative modes of derepression of the histidine operon observed in Salmonella typhimurium. J. Biol. Chem. 241:4426-4433.
41. Blasi, F., and C. B. Bruni. 1981. Regulation of the histidine operon: translation controlled transcription termination (a mechanism common to several biosynthetic operons). Curr. Top. Cell. Regul. 19:1-45.
42. Bochner, B. R., and B. N. Ames. 1982. ZTP (5-amino 4-imidazole carboxamide riboside 5′-triphosphate): a proposed alarmone for 10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate deficiency. Cell 29:929-937.
43. Bouvet, P., and J. G. Belasco. 1992. Control of RNase E-mediated RNA degradation by 5′-terminal base pairing in E. coli. Nature (London) 360: 488-491.
44. Brady, D. R., and L. L. Houston. 1973. Some properties of the catalytic sites of imidazoleglycerolephosphate dehydratase-histidinol phosphate phosphatase, a bifunctional enzyme from Salmonella typhimurium. J. Biol. Chem. 248:2588-2592.
45. Brenner, M., and B. N. Ames. 1971. The histidine operon and its regulation, p. 349-387. In H. J. Vogel (ed.). Metabolic pathways, vol. 5. Metabolic regulation. Academic Press Inc., New York.
46. Brown, G. M., and J. M. Williamson. 1987. Biosynthesis of folic acid, riboflavin, thiamine, and pantothenic acid. p. 521-538. In F. C. Neidhardt, J. L. Ingraham, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: cellular and molecular biology, vol. 1. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
47. Brown, J. R., Y. Masuchi, F. T. Robb, and W. F. Doolittle. 1994. Evolutionary relationships of bacterial and archaeal glutamine synthetase genes. J. Mol. Evol. 38:566-576.
48. Bruni, C. B., M. S. Carlomagno, S. Formisano, and G. Paolella. 1986. Primary and secondary structural homologies between the HIS4 gene product of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the hisIE and hisD gene products of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Mol. Gen. Genet. 203:389-396.
49. + oxidoreductase. Eur. J. Biochem. 116:137-142.
50. + oxidoreductase; a bifunctional dehydrogenase. Eur. J. Biochem. 118:125-130.
51. Bürger, E., H. Görisch, and F. Lingens. 1979. The catalytically active form of histidinol dehydrogenase from Salmonella typhimurium. Biochem. J. 181: 771-774.
52. Burke, J. D., and K. L. Gould. 1994. Molecular cloning and characterization of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe his3 gene for use as a selectable marker. Mol. Gen. Genet. 242:169-176.
53. Bustos, S. A., M. R. Schaefer, and S. S. Golden. 1990. Different and rapid responses of four cyanobacterial transcripts to changes in light intensity. J. Bacteriol. 172:1998-2004.
54. Carere, A., S. Russi, M. Bignami, and G. Sermonti. 1973. An operon for histidine biosynthesis in Streptomyces coelicolor. I. Genetic evidence. Mol. Gen. Genet. 123:213-224.
55. Carlomagno, M. S., F. Blasi, and C. B. Bruni. 1983. Gene organization in the distal part of the Salmonella typhimurium histidine operon and determination and sequence of the operon transcription terminator. Mol. Gen. Genet. 191:413-420.
56. Carlomagno, M. S., L. Chiariotti, P. Alifano, A. G. Nappo, and C. B. Bruni. 1988. Structure and function of the Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli K-12 histidine operon. J. Mol. Biol. 203:585-606.
57. Carlomagno, M. S., A. Riccio, and C. B. Bruni. 1985. Convergently functional, rho-independent terminator in Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 163:362-368.
58. Casadesùs, J., and J. R. Roth. 1989. Absence of insertions among spontaneous mutants of Salmonella typhimurium. Mol. Gen. Genet. 216:210-216.
59. Cashel, M., and K. E. Rudd. 1987. The stringent response, p. 1410-1438. In F. C. Neidhardt, J. L. Ingraham, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: cellular and molecular biology, vol. 2. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
60. Chan, C. L., and R. Landick. 1989. The Salmonella typhimurium his operon leader region contains an RNA hairpin-dependent transcription pause site: mechanistic implications of the effect on pausing of altered RNA hairpins. J. Biol. Chem. 264:20796-20804.
61. Chan, C. L., and R. Landick. 1993. Dissection of the his leader pause site by base substitution reveals a multipartite signal that includes a pause RNA hairpin. J. Mol. Biol. 233:25-42.
62. Chan, C. L., and R. Landick. 1994. New perspectives on RNA chain elongation and termination by E. coli RNA polymerase, p. 297-320. In R. Conaway and J. Conaway (ed.). Transcription: mechanism and regulation. Raven Press, New York.
63. Chen, C.-Y. A., and J. P. Richardson. 1987. Sequence elements essential for Rho-dependent transcription termination at λtR1. J. Biol. Chem. 262:11292-11299.
64. Chiariotti, L., P. Alifano, M. S. Carlomagno, and C. B. Bruni. 1986. Nucleotide sequence of the Escherichia coli hisD gene and of the Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium hisIE region. Mol. Gen. Genet. 203:382-388.
65. Chopin, A. 1993. Organization and regulation of genes for amino acid biosynthesis in lactic acid bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 12:21-38.
66. Chumley, F. G., and J. R. Roth. 1981. Genetic fusions that place the lactose genes under histidine operon control. J. Mol. Biol. 145:697-712.
67. Ciampi, M. S., P. Alifano, A. G. Nappo, C. B. Bruni, and M. S. Carlomagno. 1989. Features of the rho-dependent transcription termination polar element within the hisG cistron of Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 171: 4472-4478.
68. Ciampi, M. S., and J. R. Roth. 1988. Polarity effects in the hisG gene of Salmonella require a site within the coding sequence. Genetics 118:193-202.
69. Cole, S. T., and N. Honoré. 1989, Transcription of the sulA-ompA region of Escherichia coli during the SOS response and the role of an antisense RNA molecule. Mol. Microbiol. 3:715-722.
70. Conover, R. K., and W. F. Doolittle. 1990. Characterization of a gene involved in histidine biosynthesis in Halobacterium (Haloferax) volcanii: isolation and rapid mapping by transformation of an auxotroph with cosmid DNA. J. Bacteriol. 172:3244-3249.
71. Crane, D. I., and S. J. Gould. 1994. The Pichia postoris HIS4 gene: nucleotide sequence, creation of a non-reverting his4 deletion mutant, and development of HIS4-based replicating and integrating plasmids. Curr. Genet. 26:443-450.
72. Crawford, I. P., and R. Milkman. 1991. Orthologous and paralogous divergence, reticulate evolution, and lateral gene transfer in bacterial trp genes, p. 77-95. In R. K. Selander, A. G. Clark, and T. S. Whittam (ed.), Evolution at the molecular level. Sinauer Press Publishers, Sunderland, Mass.
73. Cue, D., G. S. Bekler, J. N. Reeve, and J. Konisky. 1985. Structure and sequence divergence of two archaebacterial genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:4207-4211.
74. Dall-Larsen, T. 1988. Regulation of the first step of histidine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Int. J. Biochem. 20:231-235.
75. Dall-Larsen, T. 1988. Stopped flow kinetic studies of adenosine triphosphate phosphoribosyl transferase, the first enzyme in the histidine biosynthesis of Escherichia coli. Int. J. Biochem. 20:811-815.
76. Dall-Larsen, T., and L. Klungsøyr. 1976. The binding of specific ligands to adenosine-triphosphate phosphoribosyltransferase. Eur. J. Biochem. 69: 195-201.
77. Davidson, J. N., K. C. Chen, R. S. Jamison, L. A. Musmanno, and C. B. Kern. 1993. The evolutionary history of the first three enzymes in pyrimidine biosynthesis. Bioessays 15:157-164.
78. Davis, L., and L. S. Williams. 1982. Characterization of a cold-sensitive hisW mutant of Salmonella typhimurium. 3. Bacteriol. 151:867-878.
79. de Crombrugghe, B., S. Adhya, M. Gottesman, and I. Pastan. 1973. Effects of rho on transcription of bacterial operons. Nature (London) New Biol. 241:260-264.
80. Delorme, C., S. D. Ehrlich, and P. Renault. 1992. Histidine biosynthesis genes in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. J. Bacteriol. 174:6571-6579.
81. Di Nocera, P. P., F. Blasi, R. Di Lauro, R. Frunzio, and C. B. Bruni. 1978. Nucleotide sequence of the attenuator region of the histidine operon of Escherichia coli K-12. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:4276-4280.
82. Donachie, W. D., and A. C. Robinson. 1987. Cell division: parameter values and the process, p. 1578-1593. In F. C. Neidhardt, J. L. Ingraham, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: cellular and molecular biology, vol. 2. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
83. Donahue, T. F., P. J. Farabaugh, and G. R. Fink. 1982. The nucleotide sequence of the HIS4 region of yeast. Gene 18:47-59.
84. Eccleston, E. D., M. L. Thayer, and S. Kirkwood. 1979. Mechanisms of action of histidinol dehydrogenase and UDP-Glc dehydrogenase: evidence that the half-reactions proceed on separate subunits. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 11399-11404.
85. Ely, B., and Z. Ciesla. 1974. Internal promoter P2 of the histidine operon of Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 120:984-986.
86. Fani, R., P. Alifano, G. Allotta, M. Bazzicalupo, M. S. Carlomagno, E. Gallori, F. Rivellini, and M. Polsinelli. 1993. The histidine operon of Azospirillum brasilense: organization, nucleotide sequence and functional analysis. Res. Microbiol. 144:187-200.
87. Fani, R., C. Barberio, E. Casalone, D. Cavalieri, A. Lazcano, P. Liò, E. Mori, B. Perito, and M. Polsinelli. Unpublished data.
88. Fani, R., M. Bazzicalupo, G. Damiani, A. Bianchi, C. Schipani, V. Sgaramella, and M. Polsinelli. 1989. Cloning of the histidine genes of Azospirillum brasilense: organization of the hisABFH gene cluster and nucleotide sequence of the hisB gene. Mol. Gen. Genet. 216:224-229.
89. Fani, R., P. Liò, I. Chiarelli, and M. Bazzicalupo. 1994. The evolution of the histidine biosynthetic genes in prokaryotes: a common ancestor for the hisA and hisF genes. J. Mol. Evol. 38:489-495.
90. Fani, R., P. Liò, and A. Lazcano. Molecular evolution of the histidine biosynthetic pathway. J. Mol. Evol., in press.
91. Faxén, M., and L. A. Isaksson. 1994. Functional interactions between translation, transcription and ppGpp in growing Escherichia coli. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1219:425-434.
92. Fersht, A. 1977. Enzyme structure and mechanism, p. 325-329. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.
93. Figueroa, N., N. Wills, and L. Bossi. 1991. Common sequence determinants of the response of a prokaryotic promoter to DNA bending and supercoiling. EMBO J. 10:941-949.
94. Fink, G. R., T. Klopotowski, and B. N. Ames. 1967. Histidine regulatory mutants in Salmonella typhimurium. IV. A positive selection for polar histidine-requiring mutants from histidine operator constitutive mutants. J. Mol. Biol. 30:81-95.
95. Fink, G. R., and R. G. Martin. 1967. Translation and polarity in the histidine operon. II. Polarity in the histidine operon. J. Mol. Biol. 30:97-107.
96. Flores, A. M., and J. Casadesùs. 1995. Suppression of the pleiotropic effects of HisH and HisF overproduction identifies four novel loci on the Salmonella typhimurium chromosome: osmH, sfiW, sfiX, and sfiY. J. Bacteriol. 177:4841-4850.
97. Flores, A., M. Fox, and J. Casadesùs. 1993. The pleiotropic effects of his overexpression in Salmonella typhimurium do not involve AICAR-induced mutagenesis. Mol. Gen. Genet. 240:360-364.
98. Forster, A. C., and S. Altman. 1990. External guide sequences for an RNA enzyme. Science 249:783-786.
99. Fox, M., N. Frandsen, and R. D'Ari. 1993. AICAR is not an endogenous mutagen in Escherichia coli. Mol. Gen. Genet. 240:355-359.
100. Frandsen, N., and R. D'Ari. 1993. Excess histidine enzymes cause AICAR-independent filamentation in Escherichia coli. Mol. Gen. Genet. 240:348-354.
101. Franklin, N. C., and S. E. Luria. 1961. Transduction by bacteriophage P1 and the properties of the lac genetic region in E. coli and S. depenteriae. Virology 15:299-311.
102. Freedman, R., B. Gibson, D. Donovans, K. Biemann, S. Eisenbeis, J. Parker, and P. Shimmel. 1985. Primary structure of the histidine-tRNA synthetase and characterization of hisS transcripts. J. Biol. Chem. 260: 10063-10068.
103. Freedman, R., and P. Schimmel. 1981. In vitro transcription of the histidine operon. J. Biol. Chem. 256:10747-10750.
104. Freese, E., J. E. Heinze, and E. M. Galliers. 1979. Partial purine deprivation causes sporulation of Bacillus subtilis in the presence of excess ammonia, glucose and phosphate. J. Gen. Microbiol. 115:193-205.
105. Frunzio, R., C. B. Bruni, and F. Blasi. 1981. In vivo and in vitro detection of the leader RNA of the histidine operon of Escherichia coli K-12. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:2767-2771.
106. Galloway, J. L., and T. Platt. 1988. Signals sufficient for Rho-dependent transcription termination at trp t′ span a region centered 60 base pairs upstream of the earliest 3′ endpoint. J. Biol. Chem. 263:1761-1767.
107. Geiger, J. R., and J. F. Speyer. 1977. A conditional antimutator in E. coli. Mol. Gen. Genet. 153:87-97.
108. Gibert, I., and J. Casadesùs. 1990. sulA-independent division inhibition in His-constitutive strains of Salmonella typhimurium. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 69:205-210.
109. Gogarten, J. P. 1994. Which is the most conserved group of proteins? Homology, orthology, paralogy and the fusion of independent lineages. J. Mol. Evol. 39:541-543.
110. Goldman, G. H., J. Demolder, S. Dewaele, A. Herrera-Estrella, R. A. Geremia, M. Van Montagu, and R. Contreras. 1992. Molecular cloning of the imidazoleglycerolphosphate dehydratase gene of Trichoderma harzianum by genetic complementation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a direct expression vector. Mol. Gen. Genet. 234:481-488.
111. Görisch, H. 1979. Steady-state investigation of the mechanism of histidinol dehydrogenase. Biochem. J. 181:153-157.
112. Görisch, H., and W. Hölke. 1985. Binding of histidinal to histidinol dehydrogenase. Eur. J. Biochem. 150:305-308.
113. Goto, Y., H. Zalkin, P. S. Keim, and R. L. Heinrikson. 1976. Properties of anthranilate synthetase component II from Pseudomonas putida. J. Biol. Chem. 251:941-949.
114. Granick, S. 1965. Evolution of heme and chlorophyll, p. 67-88. In V. Bryson and H. J. Vogel (ed.), Evolving genes and proteins. Academic Press, New York.
115. Green, J. M., and B. P. Nichols. 1991. p-Aminobenzoate biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 266:12971-12975.
116. Grisolia, V., A. Riccio, and C. B. Bruni. 1983. Structure and function of the internal promoter (hisBp) of the Escherichia coli K-12 histidine operon. J. Bacteriol. 155:1288-1296.
117. Gruhmeyer, C. T., and W. R. Gray. 1986. A cysteine residue (cysteine-116) in the histidinol binding site of histidinol dehydrogenase. Biochemistry 25:4778-4784.
118. 2+-metalloenzyme. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 272:311-317.
119. Gu, W., G. Zhao, C. Eddy, and R. A. Jansen. 1995. Imidazole acetol phosphate aminotransferase in Zymomonas mobilis: molecular genetic, biochemical, and evolutionary analyses. J. Bacteriol. 177:1576-1584.
120. Gupta, R. S., and G. B. Golding. 1993. Evolution of the HSP70 gene and its implication regarding relationships between archaebacteria, eubacteria. and eukaryotes. J. Mol. Evol. 37:573-582.
121. Gupta, R. S., and B. Singh. 1994. Phylogenetic analysis of 70 kD heat shock protein sequences suggests a chimeric origin tor the eukaryotic cell nucleus. Curr. Biol. 4:1104-1114.
122. Haas, F., M. B. Mitchell, B. N. Ames, and H. K. Mitchell. 1952. A series of histidineless mutants of Neurospora crassa. Genetics 37:217-226.
123. Harley, C. B., and R. P. Reynolds. 1987. Analysis of E. coli promoter sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 15:2343-2361.
124. Harris, J. I., and M. Waters. 1976. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, p. 1-49. In P. D. Boyer (ed.). The enzymes, 3rd ed., vol. 13. Academic Press, New York.
125. Hartman, P. E. 1956. Linked loci in the control of consecutive steps in the primary pathway of histidine synthesis in Salmonella typhimurium. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 612:35-62.
126. Hartman, P. E., Z. Hartman, and D. Serman. 1960. Complementation-mapping by abortive transduction of histidine-requiring Salmonella mutants. J.Gen. Microbiol. 22:354-368.
127. Hartman, P. E., Z. Hartman, R. C. Stahl, and B. N. Ames. 1971. Classification and mapping of spontaneous and induced mutations in the histidine operon of Salmonella. Adv. Genet. 16:1-34.
128. Hartman, P. E., J. C. Loper. and D. Serman. 1960. Fine structure mapping by complete transduction between histidine-requiring Salmonella mutants. J. Gen. Microbiol. 22:323-353.
129. Hartman, P. E., and S. R. Suskind. 1965. Gene action. Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
130. Hartmann, R. K., J. Heinrich, J. Schlegl, and H. Schuster. 1995. Precursor of C4 antisense RNA of bacteriophages P1 and P7 is a substrate for RNase P of Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:5822-5826.
131. Heinze, J. E., T. Milani, K. E. Rich, and E. Freese. 1978. Induction of sporulation by inhibitory purines and related compounds. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 521:16-26.
132. Henner, D. J., L. Band, G. Flaggs, and E. Chen. 1986. The organization and nucleotide sequence of the Bacillus subtilis hisH, tyrA and aroE genes. Gene 49:147-152.
133. Hikiji, T., M. Okhuma, M. Takagi, and K. Yano. 1989. An improved host-vector system for Candida maltosa using a gene isolated from its genome that complements the his5 mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr. Genet. 16:261-266.
134. Hinnebusch, A. G. 1988. Mechanisms of gene regulation in the general control of amino acid biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol. Rev. 52:248-273.
135. Hinnebusch, A. G. 1990. Transcriptional and translational regulation of gene expression in the general control of amino acid biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 38:195-240.
136. Hinnebusch, A. G., and G. R. Fink. 1983. Repeated DNA sequences upstream from HIS1 also occur at several other co-regulated genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 258:5238-5247.
137. Hinshelwood, S., and N. G. Stoker. 1992. Cloning of mycobacterial histidine synthesis genes by complementation of a Mycobacterium smegmatis auxotroph. Mol. Microbiol. 6:2887-2895.
138. Hoppe, I., H. N. Johnston, D. Biek, and J. R. Roth. 1979. A refined map of the hisG gene of Salmonella typhimurium. Genetics 92:17-26.
139. Hopwood, D. A., M. J. Bibb, K. E. Chater, G. R. Janssen, F. Malpartida, and C. P. Smith. 1986. Regulation of gene expression in antibiotic producing Streptomyces, p. 251-276. In I. Booth and C. Higgins (ed.), Regulation of gene expression. University Press, Cambridge.
140. Hopwood, D. A., H. M. Kieser, and T. Kieser. 1993. The chromosome map of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), p. 497-506. In A. L. Sonenshein, J. A. Hoch, and R. Losick (ed.). Bacillus subtilis and other gram-positive bacteria. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
141. Horowitz, N. J. 1945. On the evolution of biochemical synthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 31:153-157.
142. Horowitz, N. J. 1965. The evolution of biochemical synthesis - retrospect and prospect, p. 15-23. In V. Bryson and H. J. Vogel (ed.). Evolving genes and proteins. Academic Press. Inc., New York.
143. Hsu, L. C., M. Okamoto, and E. E. Snell. 1989. L-Histidinol phosphate aminotransferase from Salmonella typhimurium: kinetic behavior and sequence at the pyridoxal-P binding site. Biochimie 71:477-489.
144. Hubbard, J. S., and E. R. Stadtman. 1967. Regulation of glutamine synthetase: interactions of inhibitors for Bacillus licheniformis glutamine synthetase. J. Bacteriol. 94:1016-1024.
145. Imamoto, F. 1970. Evidence for premature termination of transcription of the tryptophan operon in polarity mutants of Escherichia coli. Nature (London) 228:232-235.
146. Imamoto, F., J. Ito, and C. Yanofsky. 1966. Polarity studies with the tryptophan operon. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 31:235-249.
147. Imamoto, F., and Y. Kano. 1971. Inhibition of transcription of the tryptophan operon in Escherichia coli by a block in initiation of translation. Nature (London) 232:169-173.
148. Jackson, E. N., and C. Yanofsky. 1972. Internal promoter of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli is located in a structural gene. J. Mol. Biol. 69:307-315.
149. Jackson, E. N., and C. Yanofsky. 1973. The region between the operator and first structural gene of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli may have a regulatory function. J. Mol. Biol. 76:89-101.
150. Jacob, F., and J. Monod. 1961. Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 3:318-356.
151. Jacob, F., and J. Monod. 1961. On the regulation of gene activity. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 26:193-211.
152. Jensen, R. A. 1976. Enzyme recruitment in evolution of new function. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 30:409-425.
153. Jink-Robertson, S., and M. Nomura. 1987. Ribosomes and tRNA, p. 1358-1385. In F. C. Neidhardt, J. L. Ingraham, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: cellular and molecular biology, vol. 2. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
154. Johnston, H. M., W. M. Barnes, F. G. Chumley, L. Bossi, and J. R. Roth. 1980. Model for regulation of the histidine operon of Salmonella. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:508-512.
155. Johnston, H. M., and J. R. Roth. 1979. Histidine mutants requiring adenine: selection of mutants with reduced hisG expression in Salmonella typhimurium. Genetics 92:1-15.
156. Joseph, E., A. Danchin, and A. Ullmann. 1978. Modulation of the lactose operon mRNA turnover by inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 84:769-776.
157. Jovanovich, G., T. Kostic, M. Jankovic, and D. J. Savic. 1994. Nucleotide sequence of the Escherichia coli K12 histidine operon revisited. J. Mol. Biol. 239:433-435.
158. Kaplan, J. B., and B. P. Nichols. 1983. Nucleotide sequence of Escherichia coli pabA and its evolutionary relationships to trp(G)D. J. Mol. Biol. 168: 451-468.
159. Kasai, T. 1974. Regulation of the expression of the histidine operon in Salmonella typhimurium. Nature (London) 249:523-527.
160. Kirschner, K., and H. Bisswanger. 1976. Multifunctional proteins. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 45:143-166.
161. Klem, T. J., and V. J. Davisson. 1993. Imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase: the glutamine amidotransferase in histidine biosynthesis. Biochemistry 32:5177-5186.
162. Klungsøyr, L. 1971. Conformational changes and aggregation in phosphoribosyladenosine triphosphate synthetase: ligand effects on hydrogen exchange and hydrophobic probe uptake. Biochemistry 10:4875-4880.
163. Klungsøyr, L., J. H. Hageman, L. Fall, and D. E. Atkinson. 1968. Interaction between energy charge and product feedback in the regulation of biosynthetic enzymes: aspartokinase, phosphoribosyladenosine triphosphate synthetase, and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase. Biochemistry 7:4035-4040.
164. Klungsøyr, L., and H. Kryvi. 1971. Sedimentation behaviour of phosphoribosyl adenosine triphosphate synthetase: effect of substrate and modifiers. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 227:327-336.
165. Kolter, R., and C. Yanofsky. 1982. Attenuation in amino acid biosynthetic operons. Annu. Rev. Genet. 16:113-134.
166. Kozak, M. 1983. Comparison of initiation of protein synthesis in procaryotes, eucaryotes, and organelles. Microbiol. Rev. 47:1-45.
167. Kuenzler, M., T. Balmelli, C. M. Egli, G. Paravicini, and G. H. Braus. 1993. Cloning, primary structure, and regulation of the HIS7 gene encoding a bifunctional glutamine amidotransferase:cyclase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Bacteriol. 175:5548-5558.
168. Kumada, Y., D. R. Benson, D. Hillemann, T. J. Hosted, D. A. Rochford, C. J. Thompson, W. Wohlleben, and Y. Tateno. 1993. Evolution of the glutamine synthase gene, one of the oldest existing and functioning genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:3009-3013.
169. Landick, R. 1987. The role of the paused transcription complex in trp operon attenuation, p. 441-444. In W. S. Reznikoff, R. R. Burgess, J. E. Dahlberg, C. A. Gross, M. T. Record, Jr., and M. P. Wickens (ed.), RNA polymerase and the regulation of transcription. Elsevier, New York.
170. Landick, R., J. Carey, and C. Yanofsky. 1987. Detection of transcription-pausing in vivo in the tip operon leader region. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:1507-1511.
171. Landick, R., and C. Yanofsky. 1984. Stability of an RNA secondary structure affects in vitro transcription pausing in the trp operon leader region. J. Biol. Chem. 259:11550-11555.
172. Landick, R., and C. Yanofsky. 1987. Isolation and structural analysis of the Escherichia coli trp leader paused transcription complex. J. Mol. Biol. 196: 363-377.
173. Lazcano, A., G. E. Fox, and J. Orò. 1992. Life before DNA: the origin and evolution of early Archean cells, p. 237-339. In R. P. Mortlock (ed.), The evolution of metabolic function. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
174. Lazcano, A., J. Puente, and P. Gogarten. Unpublished data.
175. Lee, D. N., and R. Landick. 1992. Structure of RNA and DNA chains in paused transcription complexes containing Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. J. Mol. Biol. 228:759-777.
176. Lee, D. N., L. Phung, J. Stewart, and R. Landick. 1990. Transcription pausing by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase is modulated by downstream DNA sequences. J. Biol. Chem. 265:15145-15153.
177. Legerton, T. L., and C. Yanofsky. 1985. Cloning and characterization of the multifunctional his-3 gene of Neurospora crassa. Gene 39:129-140.
178. Leupold, U. 1958. Studies on recombination in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 23:161-170.
179. Limauro, D., A. Avitabile, C. Cappellano, A. M. Puglia, and C. B. Bruni. 1990. Cloning and characterization of the histidine biosynthetic gene cluster of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Gene 90:31-41.
180. Limauro, D., A. Avitabile, A. M. Puglia, and C. B. Bruni. 1992. Further characterization of the histidine gene cluster of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2): nucleotide sequence and transcriptional analysis of hisD. Res. Microbiol. 143:683-693.
181. Loper, J. C. 1961. Enzyme complementation in mixed extracts of mutants from the Salmonella histidine B locus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 47:1440-1450.
182. Loper, J. C., and E. Adams. 1965. Purification and properties of histidinol dehydrogenase from Salmonella typhimurium. J. Biol. Chem. 240:788-795.
183. Malone, R. E., K. Sangkyu, S. A. Bullard, S. Lundquist, L. Hutchings-Crow, S. Crampton, L. Lutfiyya, and J. Lee. 1994. Analysis of a recombination hotspot for gene conversion occurring at the HIS2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 137:5-18.
184. Margolies, M. N., and R. F. Goldberger. 1966. Isolation of the fourth enzyme (isomerase) of histidine biosynthesis from Salmonella typhimurium. J. Biol. Chem. 241:3262-3269.
185. Margolies, M. N., and R. F. Goldberger. 1967. Physical and chemical characterization of the isomerase of histidine biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium. J. Biol. Chem. 242:256-264.
186. Martin, R. G. 1963. The one operon-one messenger theory of transcription. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 28:357-361.
187. Martin, R. G. 1963. The first enzyme in histidine biosynthesis: the nature of feedback inhibition by histidine. J. Biol. Chem. 238:257-268.
188. Martin, R. G., M. A. Berberich, B. N. Ames, W. W. Davis, R. F. Goldberger, and J. D. Yourno. 1971. Enzymes and intermediates of histidine biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium. Methods Enzymol. 17B:3-44.
189. Martin, R. G., D. F. Silbert, D. W. E. Smith, and H. J. Whitfield, Jr. 1966. Polarity in the histidine operon. J. Mol. Biol. 21:357-369.
190. Martin, R. G., and N. Talal. 1968. Translation and polarity in the histidine operon. IV. Relation of polarity to map position in hisC. J. Mol. Biol. 36:219-229.
191. Martin, R. G., H. J. Whitfield, Jr., D. B. Berkowitz, and M. J. Voll. 1966. A molecular model of the phenomenon of polarity. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 31:215-220.
192. Mathews, C. K. 1993. The cell - bag of enzymes or network of channels? J. Bacteriol. 175:6377-6381.
193. McSwiggen, J. A., D. G. Bear, and P. H. von Hippel. 1988. Interaction of Escherichia coli transcription termination factor Rho with RNA. I. Binding stoichiometries and free energies. J. Mol. Biol. 199:609-622.
194. Metha, K., T. I. Hale, and P. Christen. 1989. Evolutionary relationships among aminotransferases: tyrosine aminotransferase, histidinol-phosphate aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase are homologous proteins. Eur. J. Biochem. 186:249-253.
195. Milani, T., J. E. Heinze, and E. Freese. 1977. Induction of sporulation in Bacillus subtilis by decoyinine or hadacidin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 77:1118-1125.
196. Miller, S. L. 1953. Production of amino acids under possible primitive earth conditions. Science 117:528-529.
197. Morse, D. E., and M. Guertin. 1971. Regulation of mRNA utilization and degradation by amino acid starvation. Nature (London) 232:165-169.
198. Morse, D. E., and P. Primakoff. 1970. Relief of polarity in E. coli by "suA." Nature (London) 226:28-31.
199. Morse, D. E., and C. Yanofsky. 1969. Polarity and degradation of mRNA. Nature (London) 224:329-331.
200. Mortimer, R. K., P. Romano, G. Suzzi, and M. Polsinelli. 1994. Genome renewal: a new phenomenon revealed from a genetic study of 43 strains of S. cerevisiae derived from natural fermentation of grape musts. Yeast 10: 1543-1552.
201. Mozier, N. M., M. P. Walsh, and J. D. Pearson. 1991. Characterization of a novel zinc-binding site of protein kinase C inhibitor-1. FEBS Lett. 279: 14-18.
202. Mulligan, M. E., D. K. Hawley, R. E. Entriken, and W. R. McClure. 1984. Escherichia coli promoter sequences predict in vitro RNA polymerase selectivity. Nucleic Acids Res. 12:789-800.
203. Murray, M. L., and P. E. Hartman. 1972. Overproduction of hisH and hisF gene products leads to inhibition of cell division in Salmonella. Can. J. Microbiol. 18:671-681.
204. Murray, V. 1987. 5-Amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide is a mutagen in E. coli. Mutat. Res. 190:89-94.
205. Nagai, A., E. Ward, J. Beck, S. Tada, J. Y. Chang, A. Scheidegger, and J. Ryals. 1991. Structural and functional conservation of histidinol dehydrogenase between plants and microbes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:4133-4137.
206. Nègre, D., J.-C. Cortay, P. Donini, and A. J. Cozzone. 1989. Relationship between guanosine tetraphosphate and accuracy of translation in Salmonella typhimurium. Biochemistry 28:1814-1819.
207. Neuhard, J., and P. Nygaard. 1987. Purines and pyrimidines. p. 445-473. In F. C. Neidhardt, J. L. Ingraham, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: cellular and molecular biology, vol. 1. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
208. Newman, J. D., R. J. Diebold, B. W. Schultz, and K. D. Noel. 1994. Infection of soybean and pea nodules by Rhizobium spp. purine auxotrophs in the presence of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside. J. Bacteriol. 176: 3286-3294.
209. Newman, J. D., B. W. Schultz, and K. D. Noel. 1992. Dissection of nodule development by supplementation of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli purine auxotrophs with 4-aminoimidazole-5-carboxamide riboside. Plant Physiol. 99:401-408.
210. Newton, W. A., J. R. Beckwith, D. Zipser, and S. Brenner. 1965. Nonsense mutants and polarity in the lac operon of Escherichia coli. J. Mol. Biol. 14:290-296.
211. Nichols, B. P., G. F. Miozzari, M. van Cleemput, G. N. Bennet, and C. Yanofsky. 1980. Nucleotide sequence of the trpG regions of Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhimurium and Serratia marcescens. J. Mol. Biol. 142:503-517.
212. Nishiwaki, K., N. Hayashi, S. Irie, D. H. Chung, S. Harashima, and Y. Oshima. 1987. Structure of the yeast HIS5 gene responsive to general control of amino acid biosynthesis. Mol. Gen. Genet. 208:159-167.
213. O'Byrne, C. P., N. Nì Bhriain, and C. J. Dorman. 1992. The DNA supercoiling-sensitive expression of the Salmonella typhimurium his operon requires the his attenuator and is modulated by anaerobiosis and by osmolarity. Mol. Microbiol. 6:2467-2476.
214. Oparin, A. I. 1924. Proiskhodenie zhizni, p. 7t. Moscovsky Rabotchii, Moscow. Translation in 1967. (Appendix in J. D. Bernal, The origin of life, p. 345. World Publishers, Cleveland, Ohio.)
215. Oparin, A. I. 1924. Proiskhodenie zhizni, p. 7t. Moscovsky Rabotchii, Moscow. Translation in 1967. (Appendix in J. D. Bernal, The origin of life, p. 345. World Publishers, Cleveland, Ohio.)
216. Oparin, A. I. 1936. The origin of life, p. 270. Dover, New York.
217. Oppenheim, D. S., and C. Yanofsky. 1980. Translational coupling during expression of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli. Genetics 95:785-795.
218. Orò, J., B. Basile, S. Cortes, C. Shen, and T. Yamron. 1984. The prebiotic synthesis and catalytic role of imidazoles and other condensing agents. Origins Life 14:237-242.
219. Parsons, S. M., and D. E. Koshland, Jr. 1974. A rapid isolation of phosphoribosyl adenosine triphosphate synthetase and comparison to native enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 249:4104-4109.
220. Parsons, S. M., and D. E. Koshland, Jr. 1974. Multiple aggregation states of phosphoribosyladenosine triphosphate synthetase. J. Biol. Chem. 249: 4119-4126.
221. Pattee, P.A. 1993. The genetic map of Staphylococcus aureus, p. 489-496. In A. L. Sonenshein, J. A. Hoch, and R. Losick (ed.). Bacillus subtilis and other gram-positive bacteria. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
222. Petersen, C. 1992. Control of functional mRNA stability in bacteria: multiple mechanisms of nucleolytic and non-nucleolytic inactivation. Mol. Microbiol. 6:277-282.
223. Petersen, H. U., A. Danchin, and M. Grunberg-Manago. 1976. Toward an understanding of the formylation of initiator tRNA methionine in prokaryotic protein synthesis. I. In vitro studies of the 30S and 70S ribosomal-tRNA complex. Biochemistry 15:1357-1362.
224. Petersen, H. U., A. Danchin, and M. Grunberg-Manago. 1976. Toward an understanding of the formylation of initiator tRNA methionine in prokaryotic protein synthesis. II. A two-state model for the 70S ribosome. Biochemistry 15:1362-1369.
225. Petersen, H. U., E. Joseph, A. Ullmann, and A. Danchin. 1978. Formylation of initiator tRNA melhionine in procaryotic protein synthesis: in vivo polarity in lactose operon expression. J. Bacteriol. 135:453-459.
226. Piette, J., H. Nyunoya, C. J. Lusty, R. Cunin, G. Weyens, M. Crabeel, D. Charlier, N. Glansdorf, and A. Pierard. 1984. DNA sequences of the carA gene and the control region of carAB: tandem promoters, respectively controlled by arginine and the pyrimidines, regulate the synthesis of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase in Escherichia coli K-12. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:4134-4138.
227. Pittard, A. J. 1987. Biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids, p. 368-394. in F. C. Neidhardt, J. L. Ingraham, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: cellular and molecular biology, vol. 1. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
228. Rechler, M. M., C. B. Bruni, R. G. Martin, and W. Terry. 1972. An intercistronic region in the histidine operon of Salmonella typhimurium. J. Mol. Biol. 69:427-452.
229. Riccio, A., C. B. Bruni, M. Rosenberg, M. Gottesman, K. McKenney, and F. Blasi. 1985. Regulation of single and multicopy his operons in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 163:1172-1179.
230. Richardson, J. P. 1991. Preventing the synthesis of unused transcripts by Rho factor. Cell 64:1047-1049.
231. Rieder, G., and D. Kleiner. 1993. Clarification of the last blind spot in the histidine biosynthesis - function of hisF and hisH gene products. Bioengineering 9:30.
232. Rieder, G., M. J. Merrick, H. Castorph, and D. Kleiner. 1994. Function of hisF and hisH gene products in histidine biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 14386-14390.
233. Riggs, D. L., and S. W. Artz. 1984. The hisD-hisC gene border of the Salmonella typhimurium histidine operon. Mol. Gen. Genet. 196:526-529.
234. Riggs, D. L., R. D. Mueller, H.-S. Kwan, and S. W. Artz. 1986. Promoter domain mediates guanosine tetraphosphate activation of the histidine operon. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:9333-9337.
235. Rivellini, F., P. Alifano, C. Piscitelli, V. Blasi, C. B. Bruni, and M. S. Carlomagno. 1991. A cytosine- over guanosine-rich sequence in RNA activates rho-dependent transcription termination. Mol. Microbiol. 5:3049-3054.
236. Robertson, M. P., and S. L. Miller. 1995. Prebiotic synthesis of 5-substituted uracils: a bridge between the RNA world and the DNA-protein world. Science 268:702-705.
237. Rodriguez, R. L., and R. W. West. 1984. Histidine operon control region of Klebsiella pneumoniae: analysis with an Escherichia coli promoter-probe plasmid vector. J. Bacteriol. 157:764-771.
238. Rodriguez, R. L., R. W. West, R. C. Tait, J. M. Jaynes, and K. T. Shanmugam. 1981. Isolation and characterisation of the hisG and hisD genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Gene 16:317-320.
239. Rohlman, C. E., and R. G. Matthews. 1990. Role of purine biosynthetic intermediates in response to folate stress in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 172:7200-7210.
240. Roth, J. R. and B. N. Ames. 1966. Histidine regulatory mutants in Salmonella typhimurium. II. Histidine regulatory mutants having altered histidyl-tRNA synthetase. J. Mol. Biol. 22:325-334.
241. Roth, J. R., D. N. Anton, and P. E. Hartman. 1966. Histidine regulatory mutants in Salmonella typhimurium. I. Isolation and general properties. J. Mol. Biol. 22:305-323.
242. Roth, J. R., and P. E. Hartman. 1965. Heterogeneity in P22 transducing particles. Virology 27:297-307.
243. Rudd, K. E., and R. Menzel. 1987. his operons of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium are regulated by DNA supercoiling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:517-521.
244. Sabina, R. L., E. W. Holmes, and M. A. Becker. 1984. The enzymatic synthesis of 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide triphosphate. Science 223: 1193-1195.
245. Sabina, R. L., D. Patterson, and E. W. Holmes. 1985. 5-Amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside (Z riboside) metabolism in eukaryotic cells. J. Biol. Chem. 260:6107-6114.
246. Sampei, G., and K. Mizobuchi. 1989. The organization of purL gene encoding 5′-phosphoribosyl-formyl-glycinamide amidotransferase of Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 264:21230-21238.
247. Schendel, F. J., E. Mueller, J. Stubbe, V. Shiau, and J. M. Smith. 1989. Formyl-glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase from Escherichia coli: cloning, sequencing, overproduction, isolation and characterization. Biochemistry 28:2459-2471.
248. Schmid, M. B., and J. R. Roth. 1983. Internal promoters of the his operon in Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 153:1114-1119.
249. Shand, R. F., P. H. Blum, D. L. Holzschu, M. S. Urdea, and S. W. Artz. 1989. Mutational analysis of the histidine operon promoter of Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 171:6330-6337.
250. Shand, R. F., P. H. Blum, R. D. Mueller, D. L. Riggs, and S. W. Artz. 1989. Correlation between histidine operon expression and guanosine 5′-diphosphate-3′-diphosphate levels during amino acid downshift in stringent and relaxed strains of Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 171:737-743.
251. Shen, C., A. Lazcano, and J. Oro. 1990. The enhancement activities of histidyl-histidine in some prebiotic reactions. J. Mol. Evol. 31:445-452.
252. Shen, C., T. Mills, and J. Ore. 1990. Prebiotic synthesis of histidyl-histidine. J. Mol. Evol. 31:175-179.
253. Shen, C., L. Yang, S. L. Miller, and J. Ore. 1987. Prebiotic synthesis of imidazole-4-acetaldehyde and histidine. Origins Life 17:295-305.
254. Shen, C., L. Yang, S. L. Miller, and J. Orò. 1990. Prebiotic synthesis of histidine. J. Mol. Evol. 31:167-174.
255. Sheppard, D. E. 1964. Mutants of Salmonella typhimurium resistant to feedback inhibition by L-histidine. Genetics 50:611-623.
256. Sheridan, R. P., and R. Venkataraghavan. 1992. A systematic search for protein signature sequences. Proteins Struct. Funct. Genet. 14:16-28.
257. Shioi, J., R. J. Galloway, M. Niwano, R. E. Chinnock, and B. L. Taylor. 1982. Requirement of ATP in bacterial chemotaxis. J. Biol. Chem. 257: 7969-7975.
258. Silbert, D. F., G. R. Fink, and B. N. Ames. 1966. Histidine regulatory mutants in Salmonella typhimurium. III. A class of regulatory mutants deficient in tRNA for histidine. J. Mol. Biol. 22:335-347.
259. Smith, D. W. E., and B. N. Ames. 1964. Intermediates in the early steps of histidine biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 239:1848-1855.
260. Smith, D. W. E., and B. N. Ames. 1965. Phosphoribosyladenosine monophosphate, an intermediate in histidine biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 240: 3056-3063.
261. Sonenshein, A. L. 1993. Introduction to metabolic pathways, p. 127-132. In A. L. Sonenshein, J. A. Hoch, and R. Losick (ed.), Bacillus subtilis and other gram-positive bacteria. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
262. Srere, P. A. 1987. Complexes of sequential metabolic enzymes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 56:21-56.
263. Stanssens, P., E. Remaut, and W. Fiers. 1986. Inefficient translation initiation causes premature transcription termination in the lacZ gene. Cell 44:711-718.
264. Stephens, J. C., S. W. Artz, and B. N. Ames. 1975. Guanosine 5′-diphosphate 3′-diphosphate (ppGpp): positive effector for histidine operon transcription and general signal for amino acid deficiency. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72:4389-4393.
265. Stougaard, J., and C. Kennedy. 1988. Regulation of nitrogenase synthesis in histidine auxotrophs of Klebsiella pneumoniae with altered levels of adenylate nucleotides. J. Bacteriol. 170:250-257.
266. Struhl, K. 1985. Nucleotide sequence and transcriptional mapping of the yeast pet56-his3-ded1 gene region. Nucleic Acids Res. 13:8587-8601.
267. Tai-Fen Wei, T. S., F. P. Ramasubramanian, and J. W. Golden. 1993. Anabaena sp. strain PCC7120 bifA gene encoding a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein cloned by in vivo transcriptional interference selection. J. Bacteriol. 175:4025-4035.
268. Takemura, H., S. Horinouchi, and T. Beppu. 1993. Suppression of an ethanol-sensitive mutation of Acetobacter pasteurianus by overexpression of the hisI gene encoding histidinol phosphate aminotransferase. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 76:224-228.
269. Taschner, P. E. M., P. G. Huls, E. Pas, and C. L. Woldringh. 1988. Division behavior and shape changes in isogenic ftsZ, ftsQ, ftsA, pbpB, and ftsE cell division mutants of Escherichia coli during temperature shift experiments. J. Bacteriol. 170:1533-1540.
270. Tebar, A. R., V. M. Fernandez, R. MartinDelRio, and A. O. Ballesteros. 1973. Studies on the quaternary structure of the first enzyme for histidine biosynthesis. Experientia 29:1477-1479.
271. Tebar, A. R., V. M. Fernandez, R. MartinDelRio, and A. O. Ballesteros. 1975. Fluorescence studies of phosphoribosyladenosine triphosphate synthetase of Escherichia coli. FEBS Lett. 50:239-242.
272. Teng, H., E. Segura, and C. Grubmeyer. 1993. Conserved cysteine residues of histidinol dehydrogenase are not involved in catalysis: novel chemistry required for enzymatic aldehyde oxidation. J. Biol. Chem. 268:14182-14188.
273. Tiboni, O., P. Cammarano, and A. M. Sanangelantoni. 1993. Cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding glutamine synthase I from the archaeum Pyrococcus woesei: anomalous phylogenies inferred from analysis of archaeal and bacterial glutamine synthase I sequences. J. Bacteriol. 175:2961-2969.
274. Tiedeman, A. A., J. M. Smith, and H. Zalkin. 1985. Nucleotide sequence of the guaA gene encoding GMP synthetase of Escherichia coli K12. J. Biol. Chem. 260:8676-8679.
275. Toone, W. M., K. E. Rudd, and J. D. Friesen. 1992. Mutations causing aminotriazole resistance and temperature sensitivity reside in gyrB, which encodes the B subunit of DNA gyrase. J. Bacteriol. 174:5479-5481.
276. Travers, A. A. 1984. Conserved features of coordinately regulated E. coli promoters. Nucleic Acids Res. 12:2605-2618.
277. Trieu-Cuot, P., and P. Courvalin. 1983. Nucleotide sequence of Streptococcus faecalis plasmid gene encoding the 3′ 5-aminoglycoside phosphotransferase type III. Gene 23:331-341.
278. Trotta, P. P., L. M. Pinkus, R. H. Haschemeyer, and A. Meister. 1974. Reversible dissociation of the monomer of glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase into catalytically active heavy and light subunits. J. Biol. Chem. 249:492-499.
279. Umbarger, H. E. 1956. Evidence for a negative-feedback mechanism in the biosynthesis of isoleucine. Science 123:848.
280. Venetianer, P. 1968. Preferential synthesis of the messenger RNA of the histidine operon during histidine starvation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 33:959-963.
281. Venetianer, P. 1969. Level of messenger RNA transcribed from the histidine operon in repressed, derepressed, and histidine-starved Salmonella typhimurium. 3. Mol. Biol. 45:375-384.
282. Verde, P., R. Frunzio, P. P. Di Nocera, F. Blasi, and C. B. Bruni. 1981. Identification, nucleotide sequence and expression of the regulatory region of the histidine operon of Escherichia coli K-12. Nucleic Acids Res. 9:2075-2086.
283. Voll, M. J., E. Appella, and R. G. Martin. 1967. Purification and composition studies of phosphoribosyladenosine triphosphate: pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, the first enzyme of histidine biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 242:1760-1767.
284. Wachi, M., M. Doi, S. Tamaki, W. Park, S. Nakajima-Iijima, and M. Matsuhashi. 1987. Mutant isolation and molecular cloning of mre genes, which determine cell shape, sensitivity to mecillinam, and amount of penicillin-binding proteins in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 169:4935-4940.
285. Waley, S. G. 1969. Some aspects of the evolution of metabolic pathways. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 30:1-7.
286. Wang, D., T. I. Meier, C. L. Chan, G. Feng, D. N. Lee, and R. Landick. 1995. Discontinuous movements of DNA and RNA in RNA polymerase accompany formation of a paused transcription complex. Cell 81:341-350.
287. Weber, A. L., and S. L. Miller. 1981. Reasons for the occurrence of the twenty coded protein amino acids. J. Mol. Evol. 17:273-284.
288. Weil, C., G. Bekler, and J. Reeve. 1987. Structure and organization of the hisA gene of the thermophilic archaebacterium Methanococcus thermolithotrophicus. J. Bacteriol. 169:4857-4859.
289. Weinstock, K., and J. N. Strathern. 1993. Molecular genetics in Saccharomyces kluyveri: the HIS3 homolog and its use as a selectable marker gene in S. kluyveri and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 9:351-361.
290. Weng, M., C. A. Makaroff, and H. Zalkin. 1986. Nucleotide sequence of Escherichia coli pyrG encoding CTP synthetase. J. Biol. Chem. 261:5568-5574.
291. White, D. H., and J. C. Erickson. 1980. Catalysis of peptide bond formation by histidyl-histidine in a fluctuating clay environment. J. Mol. Evol. 16:279-290.
292. White, H. B. 1976. Coenzymes as fossils of an earlier metabolic state. J. Mol. Evol. 7:101-117.
293. Whitfield, H. J., Jr. 1971. Purification and properties of the wild type and a feedback resistant phosphoribosyladenosine triphosphate pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, the first enzyme of histidine biosynthesis in Salmonella tphimurium. J. Biol. Chem. 246:899-908.
294. Winkler, M. E. 1987, Biosynthesis of histidine, p. 395-411. In F. C. Neidhardt, J. L. Ingraham, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: cellular and molecular biology, vol. 1. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
295. Winkler, M. E. (University of Texas). 1995. Personal communication.
296. Winkler, M. E., D. J. Roth, and P. E. Hartman. 1978. Promoter- and attenuator-related metabolic regulation of the Salmonella typhimurium histidine operon. J. Bacteriol. 133:830-843.
297. Winkler, M. E., and C. Yanofsky. 1981. Pausing of RNA polymerase during in vitro transcription of the tryptophan operon leader region. Biochemistry 20:3738-3744.
298. Vager, T. D., and P. H. von Hippel. 1987. Transcript elongation and termination in Escherichia coli, p. 1241-1275. In F. C. Neidhardt, J. L. Ingraham, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. cellular and molecular biology, vol. 2. American Society for Microbiology. Washington, D.C.
299. Yanofsky, C. 1981. Attenuation in the control of expression of bacterial operons. Nature (London) 289:751-758.
300. Yeas, M. 1974. On the earlier states of the biochemical system. J. Theor. Biol. 44:145-160.
301. Ye, Q.-Z., J. Liu, and C. T. Walsh. 1990. p-Aminobenzoate synthesis in Escherichia coli: purification and characterization of PabB as aminodeoxychorismate synthase and enzyme X as aminodeoxychorismate lyase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:9391-9395.
302. Zipser, D. 1969. Polar mutations and operon function. Nature (London) 221:21-25.