Carcinogenesis of cutaneous malignancies

Dermatologic Surgery

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 209-215

  Buzzell, Robert A ^a  

^a SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BASAL CELL CARCINOMA; BASAL CELL NEVUS SYNDROME; CANCER INHIBITION; HUMAN; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; NONHUMAN; ONCOGENE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS; SKIN CARCINOGENESIS; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; VIRUS CARCINOGENESIS; WART VIRUS;

EID: 0029871528     PISSN: 10760512     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.1996.tb00311.x     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Helman LJ, Thiele CJ. New insights into the causes of cancer. Pediatr Clin North Am 1991;8:201-21.
2. Pitot HC, Dragan YP. Facts and theories concerning the mechanisms of carcinogenesis. FASEB J 1993;5:2280-6.
3. Boyd JA, Barrett JC. Genetic and cellular basis of multistep carcinogenesis. Pharmacol Ther 1990;46:469-86.
4. Bishop JM. Molecular themes in oncogenesis. Cell 1991;64:235-48.
5. Harris CC. Chemical and physical carcinogenesis: advances and perspectives for the 1990's. Cancer Res 1991;51(Suppl):5023-44.
6. Weiner T, Cance WG. Molecular mechanisms involved in tumorigenesis and their surgical implications. Am J Surg 1994;167:428-34.
7. Perkins AS, Vande Woude GF. Principles of molecular cell biology of cancer: oncogenes. In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 4th ed. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1993:35-59.
8. Epstein EH. The morbid cutaneous anatomy of the human genome. Arch Dermatol 1993;129:1417-23.
9. Boutwell RK. Model systems for defining initiation, promotion, and progression of skin neoplasms. In: Slaga TJ, Klein-Szanto AJP, Boutwell RK, et al, eds. Skin Carcinogenesis: Mechanisms and Human Relevance. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1989:3-15.
10. Pitot HC. Mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis: theoretical and experimental bases. In: Cooper CS, Grover PL, eds. Chemical Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis I. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990:3-29.
11. Slaga TJ. Mechanisms involved in two-stage carcinogenesis in mouse skin. In: Slaga TJ, ed. Mechanisms of Tumor Promotion, Volume II: Tumor Promotion and Skin Carcinogenesis. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 1984:1-16.
12. Pitot HC. The molecular biology of carcinogenesis. Cancer 1993; 72:962-70.
13. Weinberg RA. Oncogenes and multistep carcinogenesis. In: Weinberg RA, ed. Oncogenes and the Molecular Origins of Cancer. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989:307-26.
14. Pitot HC. Endogenous carcinogenesis: the role of tumor promotion. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1991;198:661-6.
15. Boutwell RK. The function and mechanism of promoters of carcinogenesis. CRC Crit Rev Toxicol 1974;2:419-43.
16. Bishop JM. The molecular genetics of cancer. Science 1987;235: 305-11.
17. Skinner MA, Iglehart JD. The emerging genetics of cancer. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1989;168:371-9.
18. Varmus H. An historical overview of oncogenes. In: Weinberg RA, ed. Oncogenes and the Molecular Origins of Cancer. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989: 3-44.
19. Rous P. Transmission of a malignant new growth by means of a cell-free filtrate. J Am Med Assoc 1911;56:198-200.
20. Bishop JM, Cellular oncogenes and retroviruses. Annu Rev Biochem 1983;52:350-4.
21. Hunter T. Oncogene products in the cytoplasm: the protein kinases. In: Weinberg RA, ed. Oncogenes and the Molecular Origins of Cancer. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989:147-73.
22. Cantley LC, Auger KR, Carpenter C, et al. Oncogenes and signal transduction. Cell 1991;64:281-302.
23. Bishop JM, Varmus HE. Functions and origins of retroviral transforming genes. In: Weiss R, Teich N, Varmus H, et al, eds. RNA Tumor Viruses: Molecular Biology of Tumor Viruses, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1985:249-356.
24. Solomon E, Borrow J, Goddard AD. Chromosome aberrations and cancer. Science 1991;254:1153-60.
25. Anderson MW, Reynolds SH, You M, et al. Role of proto-oncogene activation in carcinogenesis. Environ Health Perspect 1992; 98:13-24.
26. Aaronson SA. Growth factors and cancer. Science 1991;254.1146-53.
27. Weinberg RA. Growth factors and oncogenes. In: Weinberg RA, ed. Oncogenes and the Molecular Origins of Cancer. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989:45-66.
28. Cross M, Dexter TM. Growth factors in development, transformation, and tumorigenesis. Cell 1991;64:271-80.
29. Mendelsohn J, Lippman ME. Principles of molecular cell biology of cancer: growth factors. In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 4th ed. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1993:114-33.
30. Gill GN. Growth factors and their receptors. In: Weinberg RA, ed. Oncogenes and the Molecular Origins of Cancer. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989:67-96.
31. Bourne HR, DeFranco AL. Signal transduction and intracellular messengers. In: Weinberg RA, ed. Oncogenes and the Molecular Origins of Cancer. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989:97-124.
32. Doolittle RF, Hunkapiller MW, Hood LE, et al. Simian sarcoma virus onc gene, v-sis, is derived from the gene (or genes) encoding a platelet-derived growth factor. Science 1983;221:275-7.
33. SIS of simian sarcoma virus. Nature 1983;304:35-9.
34. Downward J, Yarden Y, Mayes E, et al. Close similarity of epidermal growth factor receptor and v-erb-B oncogene protein sequences. Nature 1984;307:521-7.
35. Wells A, Bishop JM. Genetic determinants of neoplastic transformation by the retroviral oncogene v-erbB. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988;85:7597-601.
36. Meisenhelder J, Suh PG, Rhee SG, et al. Phospholipase C-γ is a substrate for the PDGF and EGF receptor protein-ryrosine kinases in vivo and in vitro. Cell 1989;57:1109-22.
37. Berridge MJ, Irvine RF. Inositol phosphates and cell signaling. Nature 1989;341:197-205.
38. Nishizuka Y. The role of protein kinase C in cell surface signal transduction and tumor promotion. Nature 1984;308:693-8.
39. Stryer L, Bourne HR. G proteins: a family of signal transducers. Annu Rev Cell Biol 1986;2:391-419.
40. McCormick F. ras oncogenes. In: Weinberg RA, ed. Oncogenes and the Molecular Origins of Cancer. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989:125-45.
41. Eisenman RN. Nuclear oncogenes. In: Weinberg RA, ed. Oncogenes and the Molecular Origins of Cancer. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989:175-221.
42. Chiu R, Boyle WJ, Meek J, et al. The c-fos protein interacts with c-jun / AP-1 to stimulate transcription of AP-1 responsive genes. Cell 1988;54:541-52.
43. Holt J. Fos and jun: inducible transcription factors regulating growth of normal and transformed cells. In: Benz CC, Liu ET, eds. Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes in Human Malignancies. Norwell MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993:301-11.
44. Harris H. The analysis of malignancy by cell fusion: The position in 1988 Cancer Res 1988;48:3302-6.
45. Sager R. Genetic suppression of tumor formation. Adv Cancer Res 1985;44:43-68
46. Marshall CJ. Tumor suppressor genes. Cell 1991;64:313-26.
47. Weinberg RA. Tumor suppressor genes. Science 1991;254:1138-46.
48. Knudson AG. Mutation and cancer: statistical study of retinoblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1971;68:820-3.
49. Benedict WF, Murphree AL, Banerjee A, et al. Patient with 13 chromosome deletion: Evidence that the retinoblastoma gene is a recessive cancer gene. Science 1983;219:973-5.
50. Godbout R, Dryja TP, Gallie BL, et al. Somatic inactivation of genes on chromosome 13 is a common event in retinoblastoma. Nature 1983;304:451-3.
51. Goodrich DW, Lee WH. Molecular characterization of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene. Biochem Biophys Acta 1993;1155:43-61.
52. Horowitz JM. Regulation of transcription by the retinoblastoma protein. Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer 1993;6:124-31.
53. Livingston DM, Kaelin W, Chittenden T, et al. Structural and functional contributions to the G1 blocking action of the retinoblastoma protein. Br J Cancer 1993;68:264-8.
54. Lin BT, Wang JY. Cell cycle regulation of retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. In: Regulation of the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, 1992:227-43.
55. Lees JA, Buchkovich KJ, Marshak DR, et al. The retinoblastoma protein is phosphorylated on multiple sites by human cdc2. EMBO J 1991;10:4279-90.
56. Hollstein M, Sidransky D, Vogelstein B, et al. p53 mutations in human cancers. Science 1991;253:49-53.
57. Levine AJ, Momand J, Finlay CA. The p53 tumour suppressor gene. Nature 1991;351:453-6.
58. Finlay CA. Normal and malignant growth by p53. In: Benz CC, Liu ET, eds. Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes in Human Malignancies. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993: 327-44.
59. Soussi T, Legros Y, Lubin R, et al. Multifactorial analysis of p53 alteration in human cancer: a review. Int J Cancer 1994;57:1-7.
60. Lane DP. The regulation of p53 function. Int J Cancer 1994;57: 623-7.
61. Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. p53 function and dysfunction. Cell 1992;70:523-6.
62. Kastan MB, Onyekwere O, Sidransky D, et al. Participation of p53 protein in the cellular response to DNA damage. Cancer Res 1991;51:6304-11.
63. Maltzman W, Czyzyk I. UV irradiation stimulates levels of p53 cellular tumour antigen in nontransformed mouse cells. Mol Cell Biol 1984;4:1689-94.
64. Hall PA, McKee PH, Menage H, et al. High levels of p53 protein in UV-irradiated normal human skin. Oncogene 1993;8:203-7.
65. Lane DP. p53, guardian of the genome. Nature 1992;358:15-6.
66. Harris CC, Hollstein M. Clinical implications of the p53 tumorsuppressor gene. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1318-27.
67. Bártek J, Bártková J, Vojtěsěk B, et al. Aberrant expression of the p53 oncoprotein is a common feature of a wide spectrum of human malignancies. Oncogene 1991;6:1699-703.
68. Miller DL, Weinstock MA. Nonmelanoma skin cancer in the United States: incidence. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;30:774-8.
69. Fry RJ, Ley RD. Ultraviolet radiation carcinogenesis. In: Siaga TJ, ed. Mechanisms of Tumor Promotion, Volume II: Tumor Promotion and Skin Carcinogenesis. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 1984:73-96.
70. Freeman RG. Data on the action spectrum for ultraviolet carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1975;55:1119-21.
71. Forbes PD. Photocarcinogenesis: an overview. J Invest Dermatol 1981;77.139-43.
72. Brash DE, Rudolph JA, Simon JA. A role for sunlight in skin cancer: UV-induced p53 mutations in squamous cell carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:10124-8
73. Alcalay J, Freeman SE, Goldberg LH, et al. Excision repair of pyrimidine dimers induced by simulated solar radiation in the skin of patients with basal cell carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 1990;95:506-9.
74. Sutherland BM, Harber LC, Kochevar IE. Pyrimidine dimer formation and repair in human skin. Cancer Res 1980;40:3181-5.
75. Ziegler A, Lefell DJ, Kunala S, et al. Mutation hotspots due to sunlight in the p53 gene of nonmelanoma skin cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:4216-20.
76. Pierceall WE, Mukhopadhyay T, Goldberg LH, et al. Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene in human cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. Mol Carcinogen 1991;4:445-9.
77. Kress S, Sutter C, Strickland PT, et al Carcinogen-specific mutational pattern in the p53 gene in ultraviolet B radiation-induced squamous cell carcinomas of mouse skin. Cancer Res 1992;52:6400-3.
78. Moles JP, Moyret C, Guillot B, et al. p53 gene mutations in human epithelial skin cancers. Oncogene 1993;8:583-8.
79. Rady P, Scinicariello F, Wagner RF Jr, et al. p53 mutations in basal cell carcinomas. Cancer Res 1992;52:3804-6.
80. Gusterson BA, Anbazhagan R, Warren W, et al. Expression of p53 in premalignant and malignant squamous epithelium. Oncogene 1991;6:1785-9.
81. Sato M, Nishigori C, Zghal M, et al. Ultraviolet-specific mutations in p53 gene in skin tumors in xeroderma pigmentosum patients. Cancer Res 1993;53:2944-6.
82. Campbell C, Quinn AG, Ro YS, et al. p53 mutations are common and early events that precede tumor invasion in squamous cell neoplasia of the skin. J Invest Dermatol 1993;100:746-8.
83. Nagamo T, Ueda M, Ichihashi M. Expression of p53 protein is an early event in ultraviolet light-induced cutaneous squamous cell carcinogenesis. Arch Dermatol 1993;129:1157-61.
84. Parrish JA, ed. The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Immune System. Johnson & Johnson, 1983:3-415.
85. Hersey P, Haran G, Hasic E, et al. Alteration of T cell subsets and induction of suppressor T cell activity in normal subjects after exposure to sunlight. J Immunol 1983;31:171-4.
86. Aberer W, Schuler G, Stingl G, et al. Ultraviolet light depletes surface markers of Langerhans cells. J Invest Dermatol 1981;76: 202-10.
87. Kripke ML. Antigenicity of murine skin tumors induced by ultraviolet light. J Natl Cancer Inst 1974;53:1333-6.
88. Kripke ML, Fisher MS. Immunologic parameters of ultraviolet carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1976;57:211-5.
89. Fisher MS, Kripke ML. Further studies on the tumor-specific suppressor cells induced by ultraviolet radiation. J Immunol 1978;121:1139-44.
90. Toews GB, Bergstresser PR, Streilein JW, et al. Epidermal langerhans cell density determines whether contact hypersensitivity or unresponsiveness follows skin painting with DNFB. J Immunol 1980;124:445-53.
91. Hausen H. Viruses in Human Cancers. Science 1991;254:1167-73.
92. Howley PM. Role of the human papillomaviruses in human cancer. Cancer Res 1991;51(Suppl):5019-22.
93. Eliezri YD, Silverstein SJ, Nuovo GJ. Occurrence of human papillomavirus type 16 DNA in cutaneous squamous and basal cell neoplasms. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:836-42.
94. Wong M, Gruber J. Viral interactions with the p53 gene in human cancer: NCI workshop. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:177-82.
95. Werness BA, Levine AJ, Howley PM. Association of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 E6 proteins with p53. Science 1990;248:76-9.
96. Munger K, Phelps WC, Bubb V, et al. The E6 and E7 genes of the human papillomavirus type 16 together are necessary and sufficient for transformation of primary human keratinocytes. J Virol 1989;63:4417-21.
97. Hubbert NL, Sedman SA, Schiller JT. Human papillomavirus type 16 E6 increases the degradation rate of p53 in human keratinocytes. J Virol 1992;66:6237-41.
98. Scheffner M, Werness BA, Huibregtse JM, et al. The E6 oncoprotein encoded by human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 promotes the degradation of p53. Cell 1990;63:1129-36.
99. Paquette RL, Lee YY, Wilczynski SP, et al. Mutations of p53 and human papillomavirus infection in cervical carcinoma. Cancer 1993;72:1272-9.
100. Dyson N, Howley PM, Munger K, et al. The human papillomavirus-16 E7 oncoprotem is able to bind to the retinoblastoma gene product. Science 1989;243:934-7.
101. Farndon PA, Del Mastro RG, Evans DG, et al. Location of gene for Gorlin syndrome. Lancet 1992;339:581-2.
102. Reis A, Küster W, Linss G, et al. Localisation of gene for the naevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome. Lancet 1992;339:617.
103. Gailani MR, Bale SJ, Leffell DJ, et al. Developmental defects in Gorlin syndrome related to a putative tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 9. Cell 1992;69:111-7.