Genes and cerebral ischemia therapeutic perspectives

Cerebrovascular Diseases

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 119-127

  Matsushima, Kazushi ^a   Rainald, Schmidt Kastner ^a   Hakim, Antoine M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Cerebral ischemia; Genes; Neurotrophic factors; Therapy

Indexed keywords

HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN; NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR;

APOPTOSIS; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CELL CYCLE; CELL DEATH; CELL SURVIVAL; DEPRESSION; ETIOLOGY; GENE; HUMAN; IMMEDIATE EARLY GENE; NERVE CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0029869613     PISSN: 10159770     EISSN: 14219786     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000108011     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Siesjö BK: Cerebral circulation and metabolism. J Neurosurg 1984:60:883-908.
2. Hansen A: Effect of anoxia on ion distribution in the brain. Physiol Rev 1985;65:101-148.
3. Meldrum B: Protection against ischemic neuronal damage by drugs acting on excitatory ncurotransmission. Cerebrovase Brain Metab Rev 1990:2:27-57.
4. Choi DW. Rothman SM: The role of glutamate neurotoxicity in hypoxic-ischemic neuronal death. Annu Rev Neurosci 1990;13:171-182.
5. Siesjö BK; Historical overview: Calcium, ischemia. and death of brain cells. Ann NY Acad Sci 1988:522:638-661.
6. Cheung JY, Bonventre JV, Malis CD, Leaf A: Calcium and ischemic injury. N Engl J Med 1986:314:1670-1676.
7. Scubcrt P, Lee K, Lynch G: Ischemia triggers NMDA receptor-linked cytoskelctal proteolysis in hippocampus. Brain Res 1989;492:366-370.
8. Siman R. Noszek JC: Excitatory amino acids activate calpain I and induce structural protein breakdown in vivo. Neuron 1988;1:279-287.
9. Park CK, Nehls DG, Graham DI, Teasdale GM, MeCuIloch J: The glutamate antagonist MK-801 reduces focal ischemic brain damage in the rat. Ann Neurol 1988:24:543-551.
10. Boxer PA, Cordon JJ, Mann ME, Rodolosi LC, Vartanian MG, Rock DM, Taylor CP, Mar-coux FW: Comparison of phenytoin with noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartatc antagonists in a model of focal brain ischemia in rat. Stroke 1990:21 (suppl III):III-47-III-51.
11. Xue D. Huang Z-G, Barnes K, Lesiuk HJ, Smith KE, Buchan AM: Delayed treatment with AMPA, but not NMDA, antagonists reduces ncocortical infarction. J Ccrcb Blood Flow Mctab 1994;14:251-261.
12. Bartus RT, Baker KL, Heiscr AD, Sawyer SD, Dean RL. Elliott PJ, Straub JA: Postischcmic administration of AK275, a calpain inhibitor, provides substantial protection against focal ischemic brain damage. J Cercb Blood Flow Mctab 1994;14:537-544.
13. Buisson A. Margaill I, Callebert J, Plotkinc M. Boulu RG: Mechanisms involved in the ncuro-protcctivc activity of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor during focal cerebral ischemia. J Ncu-rochcm 1993;61:690-696.
14. Sakaki T, Tsujimoto S, Sasaoka Y, Tsunoda S. Shintomi K: The effect of a new calcium antagonist, TA3090 (clcntiazcm), on experimental transient focal cerebral ischemia in cats. Stroke 1993;24:872-879.
15. Simon RP. Cho H, Gwinn R, Lowcnstcin Dll: The temporal profile of 72-kDa heat-shock protein expression following global ischemia. J Neurosci 1991;11:881-889.
16. Li Y. Chopp M, Garcia JH, Yoshida Y, Zhang ZG. Levine SR: Distribution of the 72-kd heat-shock protein as a function of transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke 1992:23: 1292-1298.
17. Finklestein SP. Apostolides PJ. C’aday CG, Prosser J, Philips MF, Klagsbrun M: Increased basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) imniuno-rcactivity at the site of focal brain wounds. Brain Res 1988;460:253-259.
18. Lindvall O, Ernfors P. Bcngzon J. Kokaia Z, Smith M-L. Siesjö BK. Persson H: Differential regulation of mRNAs for nerve growth factor, brain-derived ncurotrophic factor, and ncuro-trophin 3 in the adult rat brain following cerebral ischemia and hypoglycemic coma. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 1992:89:648-652.
19. Kirino T, Tsujita Y, Tamura A: Induced tolerance to ischemia in gerbil hippocampal neurons. J Ccrcb Blood Row Metab 1991:11:299-307.
20. Kitagawa K. Matsumoto M. Tagaya M. Hata R. Ueda H. Niinobc M, Handa N, Fukunaga R, Kimura K. Mikoshiba K. KamadaT: ‘Ischemic tolerance’ phenomenon found in the brain. Brain Res 1990;528:21-24.
21. Glazier SS, O’Rourke DM, Graham DI, Welsh FA: Induction of ischemic tolerance following brief focal ischemia in rat brain. J Ccrcb Blood Flow Metab 1994:14:545-553.
22. Simon RP. Niiro M. Gwinn R: Prior ischemic stress protects against experimental stroke. Ncurosci Lett 1993;163:135-137.
23. Morgan JL, Curran T: Stimulus-transcription coupling in the nervous system: Involvement of the inducible proto-oncogenes fos and jun. Annu Rev Ncurosci 1991:14:421-451.
24. Dragunow M. Currie RW. Faull RLM. Robertson HA, Jansen K: Immediate-early genes, kindling and long-term potentiation. Ncurosci Biobchav Rev 1989;13:301-313.
25. Hcngerer B, Lindholm D, Heumann R. Rüther U, Wagner EF. Thocncn H: Lesion-induced increase in nerve growth factor mRNA is mediated by c-fos. Proc Nall Acad Sei USA 1990: 87:3899-3903.
26. Shcng M. Greenberg ME: The regulation and function of c-fos and other immediate early genes in the nervous system. Neuron 1990,4: 477-485.
27. Evan GL, Wyllie AH, Gilbert CS, Lilllewood TDE. Land H. Brooks M. Waters CM, Penn LZ. Hancock DC: Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by c-myc protein. Cell 1992:69: 119-128.
28. Smcync RJ, Vcndrcll M. Hayward M, Baker SJ, Miao GG. Schilling K, Robertson LM, Curran T, Morgan JI: Continuous c-fos expression precedes programmed cell death in vivo. Nature 1993;363:166-169.
29. Liu Z-G, Smith SW. McLaughlin KA, Schwartz LM. Osborne BA: Apoptotic signals delivered through the T-cell receptor of a T-cell hybrid require the immediate-early gene nur77. Nature 1994;367:281-284.
30. Oltavai ZN, Milliman CL, KorsmcyerSJ: Bel-2 hctcrodimcrizcs in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates programmed cell death. Cell 1993:74:609-619.
31. Jorgensen MB, Deckert J. Wright DC, Gehlert DR: Delayed c-fos proto-oncogene expression in the rat hippocampus induced by transient global cerebral ischemia: An in situ hybridization study. Brain Res 1989:484:393-398.
32. Wessel TC. Joh TH, Volpe BT: In situ hybridization analysis of c-fos and c-jun expression in the rat brain following transient forebrain ischemia. Brain Res 1991:567:231-240.
33. Kiessling M. Slumm G. Xie Y. Herdcgcn T. Aguzzi A. Bravo R. Gass P: DilTcrcntial transcription and translation of immediate early genes in the gerbil hippocampus after transient global ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1993:13:914-924.
34. Dragunow M. Young D. Hughes P. MacGib-bon G. Lawlor P. Singleton K. Sirimanne E. Bcilharz E. Gluckman P: Is c-Jun involved in nerve cell death following status epilepticus and hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury? Mol Brain Res 1993:18:347-352.
35. Ucmura Y. Kowall NW. Moskowitz MA: Focal ischemia in rats causes time-dependent expression of c-fos protein immunorcactivity in widespread regions of ipsilatcral cortex. Brain Res 1991:552:99-105.
36. An G. Lin T-N. Liu J-S. Xue J-J. He Y-Y. Hsu CY: Expression of c-fos and c-jun family genes after focal cerebral ischemia. Ann Neurol 1993; 33:457-464.
37. Mercola D. Rundcll A, Westwick J, Edwards SA: Antisense RNA to the c-fos gene: Restoration of density-dependent growth arrest in a transformed cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987;147:288-294.
38. Murphy PR, Sato Y. Knee RS: Phos-phorothioate antisense oligodcoxynucleotides against basic fibroblast growth factor inhibit anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth of a malignant glioblastoma cell line. Mol Endocrinol 1992:6:877.
39. Inouyc M: Antisense RNA: Its functions and applications in gene regulation. A review. Gene 1988;72:25-34.
40. Simon RW, Klcckner N: Biological regulation by antisense RNA in prokaryotes. Annu Rev Genet 1988:22:567-600.
41. Levi BZ. Ozato K: Constitutive expression of c-fos antisense RNA blocks c-fos gene induction by interferon and by phorbol ester and reduces c-myc expression in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. Genes Dev 1988;2:554-566.
42. Colotta F, Polentarutli N. Sironi M, Manto-vani A: Expression and involvement of c-fos and c-jun protooncogcncs in programmed cell death induced by growth factor deprivation in lymphoid cell lines. J Biol Chcrn 1992:267: 18278-18283.
43. Chiasson BJ, Hooper ML, Murphy PR, Robertson HA: Antisense oligonucleotide eliminates in vivo expression of c-fos in mammalian brain. Eur J Pharmacol 1992;227:451-453.
44. Liu PK, Salmincn A, He YY. Jiang MH, Xue JJ, Liu JS. Hsu CY: Suppression of ischemia-induced Fos expression and AP-1 activity by an antisense oligodcoxynucleotide to c-fos mRNA. Ann Neurol 1994;36:566-576.
45. Nowak TS Jr. Fried RL. Lust WD. Passonnc.au JV: Changes in brain energy metabolism and protein synthesis following transient bilateral ischemia in the gerbil. J Neurochem 1985:44: 487-494.
46. Nowak TS Jr: Protein synthesis and the heat shock stress response after ischemia. Cerebro-vasc Brain Metab Rev 1990:2:345-366.
47. Kawagoc J, Abe S, Nagano S, Nakamura S, Kogure K: Distribution of heat shock protein-70 mRNAs and heal shock cognate protein-70 mRNAs after transient global ischemia in gerbil brain. J Ccrcb Blood Flow Metab 1992:12: 794-801.
48. Nowak TS Jr: Localization of 70kDa stress protein mRNA induction in gerbil brain after ischemia. J Ccrcb Blood Flow Metab 1991:11: 432-439.
49. Welsh FA. Moyer DJ. Harris VA: Regional expression of heat shock protein-70 mRNA and c-fos mRNA following focal ischemia in rat brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992:12: 204-212.
50. Pelham HRB: Speculations on the functions of the major heat shock and glucose-regulated proteins. Cell 1986:46:959-961.
51. Dcshaics RJ. Koch BD, Werner-Washburne M. Craig EA, Schekman R: A subfamily of stress proteins facilitates translocation of secretory and mitochondrial precursor polypeptides. Nature 1988:332:800-805.
52. Vass K. Welch WJ, Nowak TS Jr: Localization of 70-kDa stress protein induction in gerbil brain after ischemia. Acta Ncuropathol 1988; 77:128-135.
53. Chopp M. Li Y. Dercski MO. Levine SR. Yoshida Y. Garcia JH: Neuronal injury and expression of 72-kDa heat-shock protein after forebrain ischemia in the rat. Acta Neuropa-tliol 1991:83:66-71.
54. Kitagawa K. Matsumoto M. Kawabara K. Ta-gaya M. Ohtsuki T. Ucda N. Handa N. Kimura K. Kaniada T: ’Ischemic tolerance’ phenomenon detected in various brain regions. Brain Res 1991;561:203-211.
55. Thocncn H: The changing scene of neurotroph-ic factors. TINS 1991:14:165-170.
56. Ebcndal T: Function and evolution in the NGF family and its receptors. J Ncurosci Res 1992; 32:461-470.
57. Korsching S: The ncurotrophic factor concept: A reexamination. J Neurosci 1993:13:2739- 2748.
58. Lindsay RM. Wiegand SJ, Altar CA. DiStcfano PS: Ncurotrophic factors: Front molecule to man. TINS 1994:171:182-190.
59. Mattson MP. Cheng B. Smilh-Swimosky VL: Mechanisms of ncurotrophic factor protection against calcium- and free radical-mediated cx-citotoxic injury; Implications for treating neu-rodcgcncrativc disorders. Exp Neurol 1993; 124:89-95.
60. Ernfors P. Weimore C, Olson L. Persson H: Identification of cells in rat brain and peripheral tissues expressing ntRNA for members of the nerve growth factor family. Neuron 1990:5: 511-526.
61. Laulerbom JC, Tran TMP, Isackson PJ, Gall CM: Nerve growth factor mRNA is expressed by GABAcrgic neurons in rat hippocampus. NeuroRcport 1993;5:273-276.
62. Takeda A. Onodera H. Sugimolo A. Kogure K. Obinata M, Shibahara S: Coordinated expression of messenger RNAs for nerve growth factor, brain-derived ncurotrophic factor and neu-rotrophin-3 in the rat hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia. Neuroscience 1993;55:23-31.
63. Hashimoto Y. Kawatsura H. Shiga Y. Furuka-wa S, Shigeno T: Significance of nerve growth factor content levels after transient forcbrain ischemia in gerbils. Neurosci Lett 1992:139: 45-46.
64. Shozuhara H. Onodera H. Katoh-Scmba R. Kato K. Yamasaki Y. Kogure K: Temporal profiles of nerve growth factor p-subunit level in rat brain regions after transient ischemia. J Ncurochcm 1992:59:175-180.
65. Schmidt-Kastncr R. Freund TF: Selective vulnerability of the hippocampus in brain ischemia. Neuroscience 1991;40:599-636.
66. Shigeno T, Mima T, Takakura K, Graham DI, Kato G, Hashimoto Y, Furukawa S: Amelioration of delayed neuronal death in the hippocampus by nerve growth factor. J Neurosci 1991;11:2914-2919.
67. Yamamoto S, Yoshimine T, Fujita T, Kuroda R. Iric T. Fujioka K, Hayakawa T: Protective effect of NGF atclocollagen mini-pellet on the hippocampal delayed neuronal death in gerbils. Neurosci Lett 1992;141:161-165.
68. Beck T, Wree A. Sauer DD: Chronic infusion of nerve growth factor does not rescue pyramidal cells after transient forcbrain ischemia in the rat. Neurosci Lett 1992:135:252-254.
69. l25I]NT-3. Eur J Neurosci 1994;6:1389-1405.
70. Hossntann KA: Disturbances of cerebral protein synthesis and ischemic cell death; in Ko-gure K, Hossmann KA. Siesjo BK (eds): Prog Brain Res. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1993, vol 96, pp 161-177.
71. Merlio JP, Emfors P. Kokaia Z. Middlemas DS. Bcngzon J, Kokaia M, Smith ML, Siesjo BK, Hunter T, Lindvall O, Pcrsson H; Increased production of the TrkB protein tyrosine kinase receptor after brain insults. Neuron 1993;10:151-164.
72. Beck T, Lindholm D, Castren E, Wrec A: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor protects against ischemic cell damage in rat hippocampus. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1994; 14:689-692.
73. Tsukahara T, Yonckawa Y. Tanaka K. Ohara O, Watanabe S, Kimura T, Nishijima T, Tani-guchi T: The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in transient forcbrain ischemia in the rat brain. Neurosurgery 1994;34:323-331.
74. Schmidt-Kastner R, Hossmann KA: Distribution of ischemic neuronal damage in the dorsal hippocampus of rat. Acta Neuropathol 1988; 76:411-421.
75. Takeda A, Onodera H, Yamasaki Y, Furukawa K. Kogure K, Obinata M, Shibahara S: Decreased expression of neurolrophin-3 mRNA in the rat hippocampus following transient forcbrain ischemia. Brain Res 1992:569: 177-80.
76. Nozaki K, Finklcstein SP. Beal MF: Basic fibroblast growth factor protects against hypox-ia-ischcmia and NMDA neurotoxicity in neonatal rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1993; 13: 221-228.
77. Yantada K. Kinoshita A, Kohmura E. Sakagu-chi T, Taguchi J, Kataoka K, Hayakawa T: Basic fibroblast growth factor prevents thalamic degeneration after cortical infarction. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1991; 11-.472-478.
78. Klcmpt ND, Klcmpt M, Gunn AJ, Singh K, Gluckman PD: Expression of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGF-BP 2) following transient hypoxia-ischemia in the infant rat brain. Mol Brain Res 1992:15:55-61.
79. Beilharz EJ, Klcmpt ND. Klempt M, Siri-mannc E, Dragunow M, Gluckman PD: Differential expression of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBP) 4 and 5 mRNA in the rat brain after transient hypoxic-ischemic injury. Mol Brain Res 1993;18:209-215.
80. Bergstedt K, Wieloch T: Changes in insulinlike growth factor I receptor density after transient cerebral ischemia in the rat. Lack of protection against ischemic brain damage following injection of insulin-like growth factor 1. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1993;13:895-898.
81. Gluckman P, Klempt N, Guan J, Mallard C, Sirimanne E, Dragunow M, Klempt M, Singh K, Williams C, Nikolics K: A role for IGF-1 in the rescue of CNS neurons following hypoxic-ischemic injury. Biochem Biophys Res Cont-mun 1992;182:593-599.
82. Zhu CZ, Auer RN: Intravcntricular administration of insulin and IGF-1 in transient forebrain ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1994;14:237-242.
83. Wiessner C, Gehrmann J, Lindholm D, Topper R, Krcutzberg GW, Hossmann KA: Expression of transforming growth factor-βl and interlcu-kin-lβ mRNA in rat brain following transient forcbrain ischemia. Acta Neuropathol 1993;86: 439-446.
84. Prehn JHM, Backhauss C, Kricglstcin J: Transforming growth factor-ßi prevents glutamate neurotoxicity in rat neocortical cultures and protects mouse ncocortcx from ischemic injury in vivo. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1993; 13: 521-525.
85. Kerr JFR, Searle J, Karmin BV, Bishop CJ: Apoptosis: in PoKen CS (ed): Perspectives on Mammalian Cell Death. New York, Oxford University Press, 1987, pp 93-128.
86. Wyllie AH: Glucocorticoid-induced thymooyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation. Nature 1980:284:555-556.
87. Linnik MD, Zobrist RH, Hatfield MD: Evidence supporting a role for programmed cell death in focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke 1993;24:2002-2009.
88. Heron A, Pollard H, Dessi F, Moreau F, Las-bennes F, Bcn-Ari Y, Charriaut-Marlanguc C: Regional variability in DNA fragmentation after global ischemia evidenced by combined histological and gel electrophoresis observations in the rat brain. J Neurochem 1993;61: 1973-1976.
89. MacManus JP, Buchan AM. Hill IE, Ras-quinha I, Preston E: Global ischemia can cause DNA fragmentation indicative of apoptosis in rat brain. Neurosci Lett 1993; 164: 89-92.
90. Bcilharz EJ, Williams CE. Dragunow M, Siri-mannc ES, Gluckman PD: Mechanisms of delayed cell death following hypoxic-ischemic injury in the immature rat: Evidence for apoptosis during selective neuronal loss. Mol Brain Res 1995;29:1-14.
91. Sci Y. Von Lubitz DJE, Basilc AS, Bomer MM, Lin R-S, Skolnick P, Fossom LH: Intemucleosomal DNA fragmentation in ger-bil hippocampus following forcbrain ischemia. Neurosci Lett 1994;171:179-182.
92. Li Y, Chopp M. Jiang N, Zaloga C: In situ detection of DNA fragmentation after focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Mol Brain Res 1995;28:164-168.
93. Rubin LL, Philpott K, Brooks S: The cell cycle and cell death. Curr Biol 1993;3:391-394.
94. Hcintz N: Cell death and the cell cycle: A relationship between transformation and neuro-degeneration? Trends Biochem Sci 1993; 18: 157-159.
95. Pittman RN, Mills JC, DiBenedctto AJ, Hy-nicka WP, Wang S: Neurona cell death: Searching for the smoking gun. Curr Opinion Neurobiol 1994;4:87-94.
96. Freeman RS, Estus S, Johnson EM Jr: Analysis of cell cycle-related gene expression in postmitotic neurons: Selective induction of cyclin Dl during programmed cell death. Neuron 1994;12:343-355.
97. Levine AJ, Momand J, Finlay CA: The p53 tumour suppressor gene. Nature 1991;351: 453-456.
98. Clarke AR, Purdic CA, Harrison DJ, Morris RG, Bird CC, Hooper ML, Wyllie AH: Thymocyte apoptosis induced by p53-depcndent and independent pathways. Nature 1993;362: 849-852.
99. Yonish-Rouach E, Resnitzky D, Lotem J, Sachs L, Kimchi A, Orcn M: Wild-type p53 induces apoptosis of myeloid leukaemic cells that is inhibited by interleukin-6. Nature 1991;352:345-347.
100. Ucker DS: Death by suicide: One way to go in mammalian cellular development? New Biol 1991;3:103-109.
101. Chopp M, Li Y, Zhang ZG, Frcytag SO: p53 expression in brain after middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992;182:1201-1207.
102. Li Y. Chopp M, Zhang ZG, Zaloga C. Nic-wenhuis L, Gautam S: p53-immunoreactive protein and p53 mRNA expression after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Stroke 1994;25:849-856.
103. Crumrine RC, Thomas AL, Morgan PF: Attenuation of p53 expression protects against focal ischemic damage in transgenic mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Mctab 1994;14:887-891.
104. Raff MC, Barres BA. Bumc JF, Coles HS, Ishizaki Y, Jacobson MD: Programmed cell death and the control of cell survival: Lessons from the nervous system. Science I993;262: 695-700.
105. Reed JC: Bel-2 and the regulation of programmed cell death. J Cell Biol 1994;124:1-6.
106. Garcia I. Martinou I, Tsujimoto Y. Martinou J-C: Prevention of programmed cell death of sympathetic neurons by the bcl-2 proto-onco-gene. Science 1992;258:302-304.
107. Kane DJ. Sarafian TA. Anton R. Hahn H, Gralla F.B. Valentine JS. Ord T. Bredesen DE: Bel-2 inhibition of neural death: Decreased generation of reactive oxygen species. Science 1993;262:1274-1277.
108. Dubois-Dauphin M, Frankowski H, Tsujimoto Y, Huarte J, Martinou J-C: Neonatal motoneurons overexpressing the bcl-2 protooncogene in transgenic mice are protected from axotomy-induccd cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:3309-3313.
109. Miyashita T, Harigai M, Hanada M. Reed JC: Identification of a p53-dependent negative response clement in the bcl-2 gene. Cancer Res 1994;54:3131-3135.
110. Miyashita T, Reed JC: Tumor suppressor p53 is a direct transcriptional activator of the human bax gene. Cell 1995,80:293-299.
111. Wang L, Miura M, Bergeron L. Zliu H, Yuan J: lch-1, and Ice/ccd-3-rclated gene, encodes both positive and negative regulators of programmed cell death. Cell 1994;78:739-750.
112. Kjrino T, Tsujita Y, Tamura A: Induced tolerance to ischemia in gcrbil hippocampal neurons. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1991.11: 299-307.
113. Kitagawa K, Matsumoto M. Tagaya M, Hata R, Ueda H, Niinobc M, Handa N. Fukunaga R, Kimura K. Mikoshiba K, Kamada T: ‘Ischemic tolerance’ phenomenon found in the brain. Brain Res 1990;528:21-24.
114. Kato H, Liu Y, Araki T. Kogure K: Temporal profile of the effects of prctrcatmcnt with brief cerebral ischemia on the neuronal damage following secondary ischemia insult in the gerbil: Cumulative damage and protective effects. Brain Res 1991;553:238-242.
115. Lcao AAP: Spreading depression of activity in the cerebral cortex. J Ncurophysiol 1944;7: 359-390.
116. Bures J. Burcsova O. Krivanek J: The Mechanisms and Applications of Leao’s Spreading Depression of Electroencephalographic Activity. New York. Academic Press, 1974.
117. Ncdergaard M: Mechanisms of brain damage in focal cerebral ischemia. Acta Neurol Scand 1988;77:81-101.
118. 14C] 2-dcoxyglucose phosphorylation. J Ce-reb Blood Flow Mctab 1986;6:607-615.
119. Kocher M: Metabolic and hemodynamic activation of postischemic rat brain by cortical spreading depression. J Cereb Flow Mctab 1990;10:564-571.
120. Maycvsky A, Weiss HR: Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in cortical spreading depression. J Cereb Blood Flow Mctab 1991;11:829-836.
121. Mies G, Iijima T. Hossinann KA: Correlation between pcri-infarct DC shifts and ischemic neuronal damage in rat. NeuroReport 1993:4: 709-711.
122. Chen Q, Chopp M. Bodzin G, Chen H: Temperature modulation of cerebral depolarization during focal cerebral ischemia in rats: Correlation with ischemic injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Mctab 1991;13:389-394.
123. Osuga S. Osuga H. Hakim AM. Hogan MJ: Calcium channel activation during spreading depression in normal rats.Soc Neurosci Abstr 1993:19:1642.
124. Kokaia Z, Gidb G, Ringstedt T, Bcngzon J. Kokaia M, Sicsjo BK. Persson H. Lindvall O: Rapid increase of BDNF tnRNA levels in cortical neurons following spreading depression: Regulation by glutaniatergic mechanisms independent of seizure activity. Mol Brain Res 1994;19:277-286.
125. Herrera DG. Roberston HA: Application of potassium chloride to the brain surface induces the c-fos proto-oncogcnc: Reversal by MK-S01. Brain Res 1990:510:166-170.
126. Herrera DG. Maysinger D. Gadicnt R. Bocckh C. Ottcn U. Cucllo AC: Spreading depression inducesc-fos-like immunorcactiv-ity and NGF mRNA in the rat cerebral cortex. Brain Res 1993:602:99-103.
127. Bonthius DJ. Stringer JI, Lolhman EW. Steward O: Spreading depression and rcverbato-rv seizures induce the upregulation of mRNA for glial fibrillary acidic protein. Brain Res 1994;645:215-224.
128. Kraig R. Dong L. Thisted R. Jaeger C: Spreading depression increases imntunohis-tochcmical staining of glial fibrillary acidic protein. J Neurosci 1991:1 L2187-219S.
129. Nccdcls DL. Nicto-Sampcdro M. Cotrnan C’W: Induction of neurite-promoting factor in rat brain following injury or deaffercntalion. Neuroscience 1986:18:517-526.
130. Nieto-Sampedro M. Lewis ER. Cotman CW. Manthorpe M. Skaper SD. Barbin G, Long FM. Varon S: Brain injury causes a time-dependent increase in neuronotrophic activity at the lesion site. Science 1982;217:860-861.
131. Kawahara N. Rcutzler CA. Klatzo I: A delayed effect of spreading depression on brain tissue associated with protection against ischemic neuronal damage. Brain Pathol 1994:4: 509.
132. Ikeda J. Nakjima T. Osborne OC. Mies G. Nowak TS Jr: Cocxpression of c-fos and hsp 70 ntRNAs in gerbil brain after ischemia: Induction threshold, distribution and time course evalutcd by in situ hybridization. Mol Brain Res 1994:26:249-258.
133. Morley P. Hogan MJ. Hakim AM: Calcium-mediated mechanisms of ischemic injury and protection. Brain Pathol 1994:4:37-47.
134. Morgan JL Curran T: Proto-oncogene transcription factors and epilepsv. TiPS 1991:12: 343-349.
135. Curran T. Franza BR Jr: Fos and Jun: the AP-1 connection. Cell 1988:55:395-397.
136. Westwood JT. Clos J. Wu C: Stress-induced oligomerization and chromosomal «localization of heat-shock factor. Nature 1991:353: 822-827.