Morphogenesis and mechanisms of penetration by plant pathogenic fungi

Annual Review of Phytopathology

Volumn 34, Issue , 1996, Pages 367-386

  Mendgen, K ^a   Hahn, M ^a   Deising, H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KONSTANZ   (Germany)

Author keywords

cell wall degrading enzymes; fungi; infection structures; penetration

Indexed keywords

FUNGI;

EID: 0029862029     PISSN: 00664286     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.367     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Alghisi P, Favaron F. 1995. Pectin-degrading enzymes and plant-parasite interactions. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 101:365-75
2. Apel PC, Panaccione DG, Holden FR, Walton JD. 1993. Cloning and targeted gene disruption of XYLI, a β1,4-xylanase gene from the maize pathogen Cochliobolus carbonum. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 6:467-73
3. Bar-Nun N, Mayer AM. 1990. Cucurbitacins protect cucumber tissue against infection by Botrytis cinerea. Phytochemistry 29:787-91
4. Barras F, von Gijsegem F, Chatterjee AK. 1994. Extracellular enzymes and pathogenesis of soft-rot Erwinia. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 32:201-34
5. Benhamou N, Chamberland H, Pauzé FJ. 1990. Implication of pectic components in cell surface interactions between tomato root cells and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. Plant Physiol. 92:995-1003
6. Bölker M, Böhnert HU, Braun KH, Görl J, Kahmann R. 1995. Tagging pathogenicity genes in Ustilago maydis by restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI). Mol. Gen. Genet. 248: 547-52
7. Bonfante P, Perotto S. 1995. Strategies of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi when infecting host plants. New Phytol. 130:3-21
8. Bourett TM, Howard RJ, 1992. Actin in penetration pegs of the fungal rice blast pathogen, Magnaporthe grisea. Protoplasma 168:20-26
9. Bowen JK, Templeton MD, Sharrock KR, Crowhurst RN, Rikkerink EHA. 1995. Gene inactivation in the plant pathogen Glomerella cingulata: three strategies for the disruption of the pectin lyase gene pnlA. Mol. Gen. Genet. 246:196-205
10. Braun EJ, Howard RJ. 1994. Adhesion of Cochliobolus heterostrophus conidia and germlings to leaves and artificial surfaces. Exp. Mycol 18:211-20
11. Bucheli P, Doares SH, Albersheim P, Darvill A. 1990. Host-pathogen interactions XXXVI. Partial purification and characterization of heat-labile molecules secreted by the rice blast pathogen that solubilize plant cell wall fragments that kill plant cells. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 36:159-73
12. Cairney JWG, Bruke RM. 1994. Fungal enzymes degrading plant cell walls: their possible significance in the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. Mycol. Res. 98:1345-56
13. Caprari C, Bergmann C, Migheli Q, Salvi G, Albersheim P, Darvill A, Cervone F, De Lorenzo G. 1993. Fusarium moniliforme secretes four endopolygalacturonases derived from a single gene product. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 43:453-62
14. Carver TLW, Ingerson-Morris SM, Thomas BJ, Zeyen RJ. 1995. Early interactions during powdery mildew infection. Can. J. Bot. 73:S632-39
15. Cervone F, De Lorenzo G, Caprari C, Clark AJ, Desiderio A, et al. 1993. The interaction between fungal endopolygalacturonase and plant cell wall PGIP (polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein). In Mechanisms of Plant Defense Responses, ed. B Fritig, M Legrand, pp. 64-7. Dordrecht: Kluwer
16. Chaubal R, Wilmot VA, Wynn WK. 1991. Visualization, adhesiveness and cytochemistry of the extracellular matrix produced by germ tubes of Puccinia sorghi. Can. J. Bot. 69:2044-54
17. Chumley FG, Valent B. 1990. Genetic analysis of melanin-deficient, non-pathogenic mutants of Magnaporthe grisea. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 3:135-43
18. Clay RP, Enkerli J, Fuller MS. 1994. Induction and formation of Cochliobolus sativus appressoria. Protoplasma 178: 34-47
19. Clement JA, Porter R, Butt TM, Beckett A. 1994. The role of hydrophobicity in attachment of urediniospores and sporelings of Uromyces viciae-fabae. Mycol. Res. 98:1217-28
20. Cole GT, Hoch HC, eds. 1991. The Fungal Spore and Disease Initiation in Plants and Animals. New York: Plenum. 555 pp.
21. Cole L, Dewey F M, Hawes C R. 1996. Infection mechanisms of Botrytis species: pre-penetratioo and pre-infection processes of dry and wet conidia. Mycol. Res. 100:277-86
22. Correa AJ, Hoch HC. 1995. Identification of thigmoresponsive loci for cell differentiation in Uromyces germlings. Protoplasma 186:34-40
23. Deising H, Frittrang AK, Kunz S, Mendgen K. 1995. Regulation of pectin methylesterase and polygalacturonate lyase activity during differentiation of infection structures in Uromyces viciae-fabae. Microbiology 141:561-71
24. Deising H, Heiler S, Rauscher M, Xu H, Mendgen K. 1996. Cellular aspects of rust infection structure differentiation: spore adhesion and fungal morphogenesis. See Ref. 79a, pp. 135-56
25. Deising H, Jungblut PR, Mendgen K. 1991. Differentiation-related proteins of the broad bean rust fungus Uromyces viciae-fabae, as revealed by high resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Arch. Microbiol. 155:191-98
26. Deising H, Nicholson RL, Haug M, Howard RJ, Mendgen K. 1992. Adhesion pad formation and the involvement of cutinase and esterases in the attachment of uredospores to the host cuticle. Plant Cell 4:1101-11
27. Deising H, Siegrist J. 1995. Chitin deacetylase activity of the rust Uromyces viciae-fabae is controlled by fungal morphogenesis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 127:207-12
28. Dixon DM, Szanislo PJ, Polak A. 1991. Dihydroxynaphthalene melanin and its relationship with virulence in the early stages of Phaeohyphomycosis. See Ref. 19a, pp. 297-318
29. Doss RP, Potter SW, Chastagner GA, Christian JK. 1993. Adhesion of non-germinated Botrytis cinerea conidia to several substrata. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:1786-91
30. Doss RP, Potter SW, Soeldner AH, Christian JK, Fukunaga LE. 1995. Adhesion of germlings of Botrytis cinerea. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:260-5
31. Epstein L, Laccetti LB, Staples RC, Hoch HC. 1987. Cell-substratum adhesive protein involved in surface contact responses of the bean rust fungus. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 30:373-88
32. Fernández N, Patiño B, Vázquez C. 1993. Pectin degrading enzymes secreted by six isolates of Fusarium oxysporum. Mycol. Res. 97:461-66
33. Fischer RL, Bennett AB. 1991. Role of cell wall hydrolases in fruit ripening. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 42:675-703
34. Flaishman MA, Kolattukudy PE. 1994. Timing of fungal invasion using host's ripening hormone as a signal. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:6579-83
35. Förster H, Mendgen K 1987. Immunocytochemical localization of pectinesterases in hyphae of Phytophthora infestans. Can. J. Bot. 65:2607-13
36. Freytag S, Bruscaglioni L, Gold RE, Mendgen K. 1988. Basidiospores of rust fungi (Uromyces species) differentiate infection structures in vitro. Exp. Mycol. 12:275-83
37. Freytag S, Mendgen K. 1991. Carbohydrates on the surface of urediniospore-and basidiospore-derived infection structures of heteroecious and autoecious rust fungi. New Phytol. 119:527-34
38. Fry SC. 1986. Cross-linking of matrix polymers in the growing cell walls of angiosperms. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 37:165-86
39. Fry SC. 1995. Polysaccharide-modifying enzymes in the plant cell wall. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 46: 497-520
40. Girbardt M. 1957. Der Spitzenkörper von Polystictus versicolor. Planta 50:47-59
41. Gold RE, Mendgen K. 1991. Rust basidiospore germlings and disease initiation. See Ref. 19a, pp. 67-99
42. González-Candelas L, Kolattukudy PE. 1992. Isolation and analysis of a novel inducible pectate lyase gene from the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi (Nectria haematococca, mating population VI). J. Bacteriol. 174:6343-49
43. Gow NAR. 1994. Growth and guidance of the fungal hypha. Microbiology 140:3193-205
44. Hamer JE, Howard RJ, Chumley FG, Valent B. 1988. A mechanism for attachment in spores of a plant pathogenic fungus. Science 239:288-90
45. Heath IB. 1994. The cytoskeleton in hyphal growth, organelle movements, and mitosis. In The Mycota I, ed. J Wessels, F Meinhardt, pp. 43-65. Heidelberg: Springer
46. Heiler S, Mendgen K, Deising H. 1993. Cellulolytic enzymes of the obligately biotrophic rust fungus Uromyces viciae-fabae are regulated differentiation-specifically. Mycol. Res. 97:77-85
47. X enzyme from Pyricularia oryzae. Agric. Biol. Chem. 40:2137-42
48. Hoch HC, Staples RC. 1991. Signaling for infection structure formation in fungi. See Ref. 19a, pp 25-46
49. Hoch HC, Staples RC. 1987. Structural and chemical changes among the rust fungi during appressorium development. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 25:231-47
50. Howard RJ, Bourett TM, Ferrari MA. 1991. Infection by Magnaporthe: an in vitro analysis See Ref. 68a, pp. 251-64
51. Howard RJ, Ferrari MA, Roach DH, Money NP. 1991. Penetration of hard substrates by a fungus employing enormous turgor pressures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:11281-84
52. Hwang C-S, Flaishman MA, Kolattukudy PE. 1995. Cloning of a gene expressed during appressorium formation by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and a marked decrease in virulence by disruption of this gene. Plant Cell 7:183-93
53. Jelitto TC, Page HA, Read ND. 1994. Role of external signals in regulating the pre-penetration phase of infection by the rice blast fungus. Magnaporthe grisea. Planta 194:471-77
54. Johnston DJ, Williamson B. 1992. Purification and characterization of four polygalacturonases from Botrytis cinerea. Mycol. Res. 96:343-49
55. Jones EBG. 1994. Fungal adhesion. Mycol. Res. 98:961-81
56. Klis FM. 1994. Protein secretion in yeast. In The Mycota I, ed. J Wessels, F Meinhardt, pp. 25-41. Heidelberg: Springer
57. Kolattukudy PE, Crawford MS. 1987. The role of polymer degrading enzymes in fungal pathogenesis. In Molecular Determinants of Plant Diseases, ed. S Nishimura, VP Vance, N Doke, pp. 75-95. Heidelberg/Tokyo: Springer
58. Kolattukudy PE, Kämper J, Kämper U, González-Candelás L, Guo W. 1994. Fungus-induced degradation and reinforcement of defensive barriers of plants. See Ref. 85a, pp. 67-79
59. Kolattukudy PE, Rogers LM, Li D, Hwang C-S, Flaishman MA. 1995. Surface signaling in pathogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:4080-87
60. Köller W, Yao C, Trail F, Parker DM. 1995. Role of cutinase in the invasion of plants. Can. J. Bot. 73:S1109-18
61. Kubo Y, Furusawa I. 1991. Melanin biosynthesis. Prerequisite for successful invasion of the host by appressoria of Colletotrichum and Pyricularia. See Ref. 19a, pp. 205-18
62. Kubo Y, Nakamura H, Kobayashi K, Okuno T, Furusawa I. 1991. Cloning of a melanin biosynthetic gene essential for appressorial penetration of Colletotrichum lagenarium. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 4:440-45
63. Kubo Y, Tsuda M, Furusawa I, Shishiyama J. 1989. Genetic analysis of genes involved in melanin biosynthesis of Cochliobolus miyabeanus. Exp. Mycol. 13:77-84
64. Kunoh H, Nicholson RL, Yoshioka H, Yamaoka N, Kobayashi I. 1990. Preparation of the infection court by Erysiphe graminis: degradation of the host cuticle. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 36:397-407
65. Kusserow H, Schaäfer W. 1994. The role of polygalacturonase in the interaction between Penicillium olsonii and Arabidopsis thaliana. Abstr. 442. 7th Int. Symp. Mol. Plant Micobe Interact., Edinburgh
66. Kwon YH, Hoch HC, Aist JR. 1991. Initiation of appressorium formation in Uromyces appendiculatus: organization of the apex, and the responses involving microtubules and apical vesicles. Can. J. Bot. 69:2560-73
67. Kwon YH, Hoch HC, Staples RC. 1991. Cytoskeletal organization in Uromyces urediospore germlings apices during appressorium formation. Protoplasma 165:37-50
68. Kwon YH, Epstein L. 1993. A 90 kDa glycoprotein associated with adhesion of Nectria haematococca macroconidia to substrata. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 6:481-87
69. Lee Y-H, Dean RA. 1993. cAMP regulates infection structure formation in the plant pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Plant Cell 5:693-700
70. López-Franco R, Howard RJ, Bracker CE. 1995. Satellite Spitzenkörper in growing hyphal tips. Protoplasma 188:85-103
71. Marbach I, Harel E, Mayer AM. 1985. Pectin, a second inducer for laccase production by Botrytis cinerea. Phytochemistry 24:2559-61
72. Mendgen K, Bachem U, Stark-Urnau M, Xu H. 1995. Secretion and endocytosis at the interface of plants and fungi. Can. J. Bot. 73:S640-48
73. Mendgen K, Deising H. 1993. Infection structures of fungal plant pathogens - a cytological and physiological evaluation. New Phytol. 124:193-213
74. Mendgen K, Lesemann D-E, eds. 1991. Electron Microscopy of Plant Pathogens. Berlin: Springer. 336 pp.
75. Mims CW. 1991. Using electron microscopy to study plant pathogenic fungi. Mycologia 83:1-19
76. Moloshok TD, Leinhos GME, Staples RC, Hoch HC. 1993. The autogenic extracellular environment of Uromyces appendiculatus urediospore germlings. Mycologia 85:392-400
77. Money NP. 1995. Turgor pressure and the mechanics of fungal penetration. Can. J. Bot. 73:S96-102
78. Money NP, Harold FM. 1993. Two water molds can grow without measurable tugor pressure. Planta 190:426-30
79. Nicholson RL. 1996. Adhesion of fungal propagules. See Ref. 79a, pp. 117-34
80. Nicholson RL, Epstein L. 1991. Adhesion of fungi to die plant surface: prerequisite for pathogenesis. See Ref. 19a, pp. 3-23
81. Nicholson RJL, Kunoh H, Shiraishi T, Yamada T. 1993. Initiation of the infection process by Erysiphe graminis: conversion of the conidial surface from hydrophobicity to hydrophilicity and influence of the conidial exudate on the hydrophobicity of the barley leaf surface. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 43:307-18
82. Nicholson RL, Yoshioka H, Yamaoka N, Kunoh H. 1988. Preparation of the infection court by Erysiphe graminis. II. Release of esterase enzyme from conidia in response to a contact stimulus. Exp. Mycol. 12:336-49
83. Nicole M, Chamberland H, Geiger JP, Lecours N, Valéro J, et al. 1992. Immunocytochemical localization of laccase in wood decayed by Rigidoporus lignosus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:1727-39
84. Nicole M, Chamberland H, Rioux D, Lecours N, Rio B, et al. 1993. A cytochemical study of extracellular sheaths associated with Rigidiporus lignosus during wood decay. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:2578-88
85. Nicole M, Chamberland H, Rioux D, Xixuan X, Blanchettte RA, et al. 1995. Wood degradation by Phellinus noxius: ultrastructure and cytochemistry. Can. J. Microbiol. 41:253-65
86. Nicole M, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, eds. 1996. Histology, Ultrastructure and Molecular Cytology of Plant-Microorganism Interactions. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 261 pp.
87. O'Connell RJ, Bailey JA. 1991. Hemibiotrophy in Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. See ref. 68a, pp. 211-22
88. O'Connell RJ, Pain NA, Hutchinson KA, Jones GL, Green JR. 1996. Ultrastructure and composition of the cell surfaces of infection structures formed by the fungal plant pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. J. Microscopy 181:204-12
89. Oliver T, Lee J, Jacobson K. 1994. Forces exerted by locomoting cells. Semin. Cell Biol. 5:139-47
90. Pain NA, O'Connell RJ, Green JR, 1995. A plasma membrane-associated protein is a marker for differentiation and polarisation of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum appressoria. Protoplasma 127:233-42
91. Pascholati SF, Deising H, Leite B, Anderson D, Nicholson RL. 1993. Cutinase and non-specific esterase activities in the conidial mucilage of Colletotrichum graminicola. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 42:37-51
92. Pascholati SF, Yoshioka H, Kunoh H, Nicholson RL. 1992. Preparation of the infection court by Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei: cutinase is a component of the conidial exudate. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 41:53-59
93. Perpetua NS, Kubo Y, Okuno T, Furusawa I. 1994. Restoration of pathogenicity of a penetration-deficient mutant of Colletotrichum lagenarium by DNA complementation. Curr. Genet. 25:41-46
94. Pérez-Artés E, Tena M. 1990. Purification and characterization of pectic enzymes from two races of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri differing in virulence to chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 37:107-24
95. Petrini O, Ouellette GB, eds. 1994. Host Wall Alterations by Parasitic Fungi. St. Paul: APS. 159 pp.
96. Podila GK, Rogers LM, Kolatrukudy PE. 1993. Chemical signals from avocado surface wax trigger germination and appressorium formation in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Plant Physiol. 103:267-72
97. Powell ALT, D'hallewin G, Hall BD, Stotz H, Labavitch JM, Bennett AB. 1994. Glycoprotein inhibitors of fungal polygalacturonases: expression of pear PGIP improves resistance in transgenic tomatoes. Plant Physiol. 105:159
98. Rauscher M, Mendgen K, Deising H. 1995. Extracellular protease of the rust fungus Uromyces viciae-fabae. Exp. Mycol. 19:26-34
99. Read ND, Kellock LJ, Knight H, Trewavas AJ. 1992. Contact sensing during infection by fungal pathogens. In Perspectives in Plant Cell Recognition, ed. JA Callow, JR Green, 48.137-72. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
100. Reiter W-D. 1994. The use of Arabidopsis genetics to analyze synthesis, structure, and function of the plant cell wall. In Plant Molecular Biology. Molecular Genetic Analysis of Plant Development and Metabolism, ed. G Coruzzi, P Puigdomènech, pp. 117-27. NATO ASI Ser. Berlin: Springer
101. Ride JP, Barber MS. 1990. Purification and characterization of multiple forms of endochitinase from wheat leaves. Plant Sci. 71:185-97
102. Rijkenberg FHJ, De Leeuw GTN, Verhoeff K. 1980. Light and electron microscopy studies on the infection of tomato fruits by Botrytis cinerea. Can. J. Bot. 58:1394-404
103. Roberson RW, Vargas MM. 1994. The tubulin cytoskeleton and its sites of nucleation in hyphal tips of Allomyces macrogynus. Protoplasma 182:19-31
104. Rodríguez-Gálvez E, Mendgen K. 1995. The infection process of Fusarium oxysporum in cotton root tips. Protoplasma 189:61-72
105. Rogers LM, Flaishman MA, Kolattukudy PE. 1994. Cutinase gene disruption in Fusarium solani f sp pisi decreases its virulence on pea. Plant Cell 6:935-4-5
106. Schaeffer HJ, Leykam J, Walton JD. 1994. Cloning and targeted gene disruption of EXG1, encoding exo-β-1,3-glucanase, in the phytopathogenic fungus Cochliobolus carbonum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:594-98
107. Schäfer W. 1994. Molecular mechanisms of fungal pathogenicity to plants. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 32:461-77
108. Scott-Craig JS, Panaccione DG, Cervone F, Walton JD. 1990. Endopolygalacturonase is not required for pathogenicity of Cochliobolus carbonum on maize. Plant Cell 2:1191-200
109. Sheng J, Showalter AM. 1994. Plant cell wall structural proteins: regulated expression and roles in fungal infection. See Ref. 85a, pp. 91-102
110. Siegrist J, Kauss H. 1990. Chitin deacetylase in cucumber leaves infected by Colletotrichum lagenarium. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 36:267-75
111. Snetselaar KM, Mims CW. 1994. Light and electron microscopy of Ustilago maydis hyphae. Mycol. Res. 98:347-55
112. Sposato P, Ahn J-H, Walton JD. 1995. Characterization and disruption of a gene in the maize pathogen Cochliobolus carbonum encoding a cellulase lacking a cellulose binding domain and hinge region. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 8:602-9
113. Stahl DJ, Schäfer W. 1992. Cutinase is not required for fungal pathogenicity on pea. Plant Cell 4:621-29
114. Stahl DJ, Theuerkauf A, Heitefuss R, Schäfer W. 1994. Cutinase of Nectria haematococca (Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi) is not required for fungal virulence or organ specificity on pea. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 7:713-25
115. Stark-Urnau M, Mendgen K. 1993. Differentiation of aecidiospore- and uredospore-derived infection structures on cowpea leaves and on artificial surfaces by Uromyces vignae. Can. J. Bot. 71:1236-42
116. Swann EC, Mims CW. 1991. Ultrastructure of freeze-substituted appressoria produced by aeciospore germlings of the rust fungus Arthuriomyces peckianus. Can. J. Bot. 69:1655-65
117. Sweigard JA, Chumley FG, Valent B. 1992. Disruption of a Magnaporthe grisea cutinase gene. Mol. Gen. Genet. 232:183-90
118. Talbot NJ, Ebbole DJ, Hamer JE. 1993. Identification and characterisation of Mpg1, a gene involved in pathogenicity from the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Plant Cell 5:1575-90
119. Taylor J, Mims CW. 1991. Fungal development and host cell responses to the rust fungus Puccinia substriata var. indica in seedlings and mature leaves of susceptible and resistant pearl millet. Can. J. Bot. 69:1207-19
120. Terhune BT, Bojko RJ, Hoch HC. 1993. Deformation of stomatal guard cell lips and microfabricated artificial topographies during appressorium formation by Uromyces. Exp. Mycol. 17:70-78
121. Terhune BT, Hoch HC. 1993. Substrate hydrophobicity and adhesion of Uromyces urediospores and germlings. Exp. Mycol. 17:241-52
122. Van den Ackerveken GFJM, Dunn RM, Cozijnsen AJ, Vossen JPMJ, Van den Broek HWJ, De Wit PGM. 1994. Nitrogen limitation induces expression of the avirulence gene avr9 in the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum. Mol. Gen. Genet. 243:277-85
123. Viterbo A, Staples RC, Yagen B, Mayer AM. 1994. Selective mode of action of cucurbitacin in the inhibition of laccase formation in Botrytis cinerea. Phytochemistry 35:1137-42
124. Walton JD. 1994. Deconstructing the cell wall. Plant Physiol. 104:1113-18
125. Walton JD, Bronson CR, Panaccione DG, Braun EJ, Akimitsu K. 1995. Cochliobolus. In Pathogenesis and Host Specificity in Plant Diseases. Histopathological, Biochemical, Genetic and Molecular Bases. Eukaryotes, ed. K Kohmoto, US Singh, RP Singh, 2:65-81. Oxford: Elsevier
126. Wattad C, Dinoor A, Prusky D. 1994. Purification of pectate lyase produced by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and its inhibition by epicatechin: a possible factor involved in the resistance of unripe avocado fruits to anthracnose. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 7:293-97
127. Wessels JGH. 1994. Developmental regulation of fungal cell wall formation. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 32:439-59
128. Wessels JGH. 1993. Wall growth, protein excretion and morphogenesis in fungi. New Phytol. 123:397-413
129. Wijesundera RLC, Bailey JA, Byrde RJW, Fielding AH. 1989. Cell wall degrading enzymes of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum: their role in the development of bean anthracnose. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 34:403-13
130. Wösten HAB, Schuren FHJ, Wessels JGH. 1994. Interfacial self-assembly of a hydrophobin into an amphipathic protein membrane mediates fungal attachment to hydrophobic surfaces. EMBO J. 13:5848-54
131. Xiao J-Z, Ohshima A, Kamakura T, Ishiyama T, Yamaguchi I. 1994. Extracellular glycoprotein(s) associated with cellular differentiation in Magnaporthe grisea. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 7:639-44
132. Xiao JZ, Ohshima A, Watanabe T, Kamakura T, Yamaguchi I. 1994. Studies on cellular differentiation of Magnaporthe grisea. Physico-chemical aspects of substratum surfaces in relation to appressorium formation. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 44:227-36
133. Xu H, Mendgen K. 1994. Endocytosis of 1,3-β-glucans by broad bean cells at the penetration site of the cowpea rust (haploid stage). Planta 195:282-90
134. Yao C, Köller W. 1995. Diversity of cutinases from plant pathogenic fungi: Different cutinases are expressed during saprophytic and pathogenic stages of Alternaria brassicicola. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 8:122-30
135. Zhou XL, Stumpf MA, Hoch HC, Kung C. 1991. A mechano-sensitive cation channel in the plasma membrane of the topography sensing fungus Uromyces. Science 253:1415-17