Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 448-468

  Domachowske, Joseph B ^a,b  

^a SUNY UPSTATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DAPSONE; DIDANOSINE; PENTAMIDINE; ZIDOVUDINE;

BLOOD TRANSFUSION; CHILD; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE COURSE; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INFANT; NEWBORN; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA; PREGNANCY; PROGNOSIS; PROPHYLAXIS; REVIEW; SEXUAL TRANSMISSION; UNITED STATES; VACCINATION; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII;

EID: 0029860114     PISSN: 08938512     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/cmr.9.4.448-468.1996     Document Type: Review

References (266)

1. Amadori, A., A. DeRossi, L. Chelco-Bianchi, C. Giaquinto, A. De Maria, and A. Ades. 1990. Diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection in infants: in vitro production of virus specific antibody in lymphocytes. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 9:26-30.
2. American Academy of Pediatrics. 1994. HIV infection and AIDS, p. 265. In G. Peter (ed.) 1994 Red Book. Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 23rd ed. American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove, III.
3. Ammann, A. K., M. J. Cowan, D. W. Wara, P. Weintrub, S. Dritz, H. Goldman, and H. A. Perkins. 1983. Acquired immunodeficiency in an infant: possible transmission by means of blood products. Lancet i:956-958.
4. Amorosa, J. K., R. W. Miller, L. Laraya-Causay, S. Gaur, R. Marone, L. Frenkel, and J. L. Nosher. 1992. Bronchiectasis in children with lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia and AIDS. Pediatr. Radiol. 22:603-607.
5. Anderson, M. M., and Morris R. E. 1993. HIV and adolescents. Pediatr. Ann. 22:436-446.
6. Arico, M., M. Azzini, D. Caselti, R. Maccario, G. Marseglia, and G. Michelone. 1987. AIDS: outcome of children born to HTLV-III/LAV infected mothers. Report of 15 Italian cases. Helv. Paediatr. Acta 41:477-486.
7. Auger, I., P. Thomas, V. DeGruttola, D. Morse, D. Moore, R. Williams, B. Truman, and C. E. Lawrence. 1988. Incubation periods for paediatric AIDS patients. Nature (London) 336:575-577.
8. Bagasra, O., S. P. Hauptman, H. W. Lischner, M. Sachs, and R. J. Pomerantz. 1992. Detection of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 provirus in mononuclear cells by in situ polymerase chain reaction. N. Engl. J. Med. 326:1385-1391.
9. Barbacci, M., J. T. Repte, and R. E. Chausson. 1991. Routine perinatal screening for HIV infection. Lancet 337:709-711.
10. Baskin, D. H., J. D. Lax, and D. Barenberg. 1987. Shigella bacteremia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 82:338-341.
11. Bayard, P. J., T. G. Berger, and M. A. Jacobson. 1992. Drug hypersensitivity reactions and human immunodeficiency disease. J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. 5:1237-1257.
12. Belman, A. L., G. Diamond, D. Dickson, D. Horoupian, J. Llena, G. Lantos, and A. Rubinstein. 1988. Pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: neurologic syndromes. Am. J. Dis. Child. 142:29-35.
13. Belman, A. L., M. H. Ultmann, D. Horoupian, B. Novick, A. J. Spiro, A. Rubinstein, D. Kurtzberg, and B. Cone-Wesson. 1985. Neurological complications in infants and children with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ann. Neurol. 18:560-566.
14. Bennet, J. V., and M. T. Rogers. 1991. Child survival and perinatal infections with HIV. Am. J. Dis. Child. 145:1242-1247.
15. Blanche, S., M. J. Mayaux, C. Rouzioux, J. P. Teglas, G. Firtion, F. Monpoux, N. Ciraru-Vigneron, F. Meier, J. Tricoire, and C. Courpotin. 1994. Relation of the course of HIV infection in children to the severity of the disease in their mothers at delivery. N. Engl. J. Med. 330:308-312.
16. Blanche, S., C. Rouzioux, M. L. Moscato, F. Veber, M. J. Mayaux, C. Jacomet, J. Tricoire, A. Deville, M. Vial, and G. Firtion. 1989. A prospective study of infants born to women seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus type-1. HIV Infection in Newborns French Collaborative Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 320:1643-1648.
17. Blanche, S., M. Tardiea, A. Duliege, C. Rouzioux, F. Le Deist, K. Fukunaga, M. Caniglia, C. Jacomet, A. Messiah, and C. Griscelli. 1990. Longitudinal study of 94 symptomatic infants with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection: evidence for a bimodal expression of clinical and biologic symptoms. Am. J. Dis. Child. 144:1210-1215.
18. Blaser, M. J., T. L. Hale, and S. B. Formal. 1989. Recurrent shigellosis complicating human immunodeficiency virus infection: failure of preexisting antibodies to confer protection. Am. J. Med. 86:105-107.
19. Blecker, U., K. Keymolen, S. Lanciers, P. Bahwere, H. Souayah, J. Levy, and Y. Vandenplas. 1994. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori positivity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. J. Pediatr. Gastrenterol. Nutr. 19:417-420.
20. Borkowsky, W., C. J. Steele, S. Grabman, T. Moore, P. LaRussa, and K. Krasinski. 1987. Antibody responses to bacterial toxoids in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J. Pediatr. 110:563-566. JAMA 249:2350-2356.
21. Borkowsky, W., C. J. Steele, S. Grabman, T. Moore, P. LaRussa, and K. Krasinski. 1987. Antibody responses to bacterial toxoids in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J. Pediatr. 110:563-566. JAMA 249:2350-2356.
22. Bremond-Glgnac, D., D. Aron-Rosa, P. Rohrlich, S. Deplus, A. Faye, and E. Vilmer. 1995. Cytomegalovirus retinitis in children with AIDS acquired through materno-fetal transmission. J. Fr. Ophtalmol. 18:91-95.
23. Bryson, Y. J., K. Luzuriaga, J. L. Sullivan, and D. W. Wara. 1992. Proposed definitions for in-utero versus intrapartum transmission of HIV-1. N. Engl. J. Med. 327:1246-1247.
24. Burgard, M., M. J. Mayaux, S. Blanche, A. Ferroni, M. L. Guihard-Moscato, M. C. Allemon, N. Ciraru-Vigneron, G. Firtion, C. Floch, and F. Guillot. 1992. The use of viral culture and p24 antigen testing to diagnose human immunodeficiency virus infection in neonates. The HIV Infection in Newborns French Collaborative Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 327:1192-1197.
25. Butler, K. M., M. D. DeSmet, R. N. Husson, B. Mueller, K. Manjunath, K. Montrella K, G. Lovato, P. Jarosinski, R. B. Nussenblatt, and P. A. Pizzo. 1992. Treatment of aggressive cytomegalovirus retinitis with ganciclovir in combination with foscarner in a child infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J. Pediatr. 120:483-486.
26. Butler, K. M., R. N. Husson, F. M. Balis, P. Brouwers, J. Eddy, D. el-Amin, J. Gress, M. Hawkins, P. Jarosinski, and H. Moss. 1991. Dideoxyinosine in children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 324:137-144.
27. Butler, K. M., D. Venzon, N. Henry, R. N. Husson, B. U. Mueller, F. M. Balis, F. Jacobsen, L. L. Lewis, and P. A. Pizzo. 1993. Pancreatitis in human immunodeficiency virus infected children receiving dideoxyinosine. Pediatrics 91:747-751.
28. Bye, M. R., L. Bernstein, K. Shah, M. Ellaurie, and A. Rubenstein. 1987. Diagnostic bronchoalveolar lavage in children with AIDS. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 3:425-428.
29. Cassol, S. A., N. Lapointe, T. Salas, C. Hankins, M. Arella, M. Fauvel, G. Delage, M. Boucher M, J. Samson, and J. Charest. 1992. Diagnosis of vertical HIV-1 transmission using the polymerase chain reaction and dried blood spot specimens. J. Acquired Immune Defic.. Syndr. 5:113-119.
30. Celum, C. L., R. E. Chaisson, G. W. Rutherford, J. L. Barnhart, and D. F. Echenberg. 1987. Incidence of salmonellosis in patients with AIDS. J. Infect. Dis. 156:998-1002.
31. Centers for Disease Central and Prevention. 1982. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among persons with hemophilia A. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 31:365-367.
32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1985. Recommendations for assisting in the prevention of perinatal transmission of HTLV III/LAV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 34: 721-731.
33. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1986. Apparent transmission of human T-lymphotrophic virus type III/lymphadenopathy associated virus from a child to a mother providing health care. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 35:76-79.
34. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1987. Classification for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children under 13 years of age. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 36:225-230.
35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1989. Guidelines for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia for persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 38(S-5):1-9.
36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1991. Guidelines for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia for children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 40(RR-2): 1-13.
37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1991. Interpretive criteria used to report Western blot results for HIV-1-antibody testing-United States. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 40:692-695.
38. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1991. AIDS - United States, 1991. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 41:463-468.
39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1992. HIV infection in two brothers receiving intravenous therapy for hemophilia. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 41:228-231.
40. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1993. Cumulative number of malignancies as an AIDS indicative disease in children. AIDS Public Information Data Set, p. 1-12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.
41. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1993. HIV transmission between two adolescent brothers with hemophilia. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 42:948-951.
42. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. October 1993. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Rep. 4(4):4-17.
43. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1994. 1994 revised classification system for human immunodeficiency virus infection in children less than 13 years of age. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 43:1-19.
44. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1994. Human immunodeficiency virus transmission in household setting - United States. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 43:347-356.
45. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1995. 1995 revised guidelines for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia for children infected with or perinatally exposed to human immunodeficiency virus. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 44(RR-4):1-10.
46. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1995. Availability of draft recommendations for HIV counselling and testing for pregnant women. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 44:135-140.
47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. December 1995. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Rep. 7(2):1-29.
48. Chandwani, S., W. Borkowsky, K. Krasinski, R. Lawrence, and R. Welliver. 1990. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. J. Pediatr. 117:251-254.
49. Chandwani, S., A. Kaul, D. Bebenroth, M. Kim, D. DiJohn, A. Fidelia, A. Hassel, W. Borkowsky, and K. Krasinski. 1996. Cytomegalovirus infection in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infected children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 15:310-314.
50. Cheeseman, S. H., D. Havlir, M. M. McLanghlin, T. C. Greenough, J. L. Sullivan, D. Hall, S. E. Hattox, S. A. Spector, and M. Meyers. 1995. Phase I/II evaluation of nevirapine alone and in combination with zidovudine for infection with human immunodeficiency virus. J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 8:141-151.
51. Chin, J. 1990. Current and future dimensions of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in women and children. Lancet 336:221-224.
52. Chintu, C., C. Luo, S. Baboo, B. Khumalo-Ngwenya, J. Mathewson, H. L. DuPont, and A. Zumla. 1995. Intestinal parasites in HIV-seropositive Zambian children with diarrhoea. J. Trop. Pediatr. 41:149-152
53. Church, J., H. Isaacs, A. Saxon, T. G. Keeus, and W. Richards. 1981. Lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis and hypogammaglobulinemia in children. Am. Rev. Resptr. Dis. 124:491-496.
54. Church, J. A. 1987. Human immunodeficiency virus at Children's Hospital of Los Angeles: recurrent otitis media or chronic sinusitis as the presenting process in pediatric AIDS. Immunol. Allergy Pract. 9:25-32.
55. Church, J. A., J. Lewis, and J. M. Spotkov. 1984. IgG subclass deficiencies in children with suspected AIDS. Lancet i:1279.
56. Clerici, A., and G. M. Shearer. 1993 A Th1-Th2 switch is a critical step in the etiology of HIV infection. Immunol. Today 14:107-110.
57. Clerici, M., E. Roilides, K. M. Butler, L. DePalma, D. Venzon, G. M. Shearer, and P. A. Pizzo. 1992. Changes in T-helper cell function in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children during didanosine therapy as a measure of antiviral activity. Blood 80:2196-2202.
58. Cockerell, C. J., M. A. Whitlow, G. F. Webster, and A. E. Friedman-Kien. 1987. Epithelioid angiomatosis: a distinct vascular disorder in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Lancet ii:654-656.
59. Cohen, J. 1992. Pediatric AIDS vaccine trial set. Science 258:1568-1570.
60. Colebunders, R., J. M. Mann, H. Francis, K. Bila, L. Izaley, M. Ilwaya, N. Kakonde, T. C. Quinn, J. W. Curran, and P. Piot. 1988. Herpes zoster in African patients: a clinical predictor of HIV infection. J. Infect. Dis. 157: 314-318.
61. Collaborative DHPG Treatment Study Group. 1986. Treatment of serious cytomegalovirus infection with 9-(1,3 dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl) guanine in patients with AIDS and other immunodeficiencies. N. Engl. J. Med. 314:801-805.
62. Connor, E. M., and G. McSherry. 1994. Immune-based interventions in perinatal human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 13:440-448.
63. Connor, E. M., R. S. Sperling, R. Gelber, P. Kiselev, G. Scott, M. J. O'Sullivan, R. VanDyke, M. Bey, W. Shearer, and R. L. Jacobson. 1994. Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of HIV-1 with zidovudine treatment. N. Engl. J. Med. 331:1173-1180.
64. Danner, S. A., A. Carr, J. M. Leonard, L. M. Lehman, F. Gudiol, J. Gonzoles, A. Raveatos, R. Rubio, E. Bouza, and V. Pitado. 1995. A short-term study of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of ritonovir, an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease. European-Australian Collaborative Ritonovir Study Group. N. Eagl. J. Med. 333:1528-1533.
65. deBlic, J., S. Blanche, C. Danel, M. LeBougeois, M. Caniglia, and P. Scheinmann. 1989. Bronchoalveolar lavage in HIV infected patients with interstitial pneumonia. Arch. Dis. Child. 64:1246-1250.
66. DeCarli, C., L. Fugate, J. Falloon, J. Eddy, D. A. Katz, R. P. Friedland, S. I. Rapoport, P. Brouwers, and P. A. Pizzo. 1991. Brain growth and cognitive improvement in children with human immunodeficiency virus-induced encephalopathy after 6 months of continuous infusion zidovudine therapy. J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. 88:364-370.
67. DeHovitz, J. A., J. W. Pape, M. Boney, and W. D. Johnson, Jr. 1986. Clinical manifestations and therapy of Isospora belli infection in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 35:87-90.
68. deMartino, M., P. A. Tovo, A. E. Tozzi, P. Pezzotti, L. Galli, S. Livadiotti, D. Caselli, E. Massironi, E. Ruga, and F. Fioredda. 1992. HIV transmission through breast milk: appraisal of risk according to duration of feeding. AIDS 6:991-997.
69. deMartino, M., P. A. Toyo, L. Galli, C. Gabiano, S. Cozzani, C. Gotta, G. Scarlatti, A. Flocchi, P. Cocchi, and P. Marchisio. 1991. Prognostic significance of immunologic changes in 675 infants perinatally exposed to human immunodeficiency virus. J. Pediatr. 119:702-706.
70. Dennehy, P. J. 1989. Ocular manifestations in pediatric patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch. Ophthalmol. 107:978-982.
71. Denny, T., R. Yogev, R. Gelman, C. Skuza, J. Oleske, E. Chadwick, S. C. Cheng, and E. Connor. 1992. Lymphocyte subsets in healthy children during the first 5 years of life. JAMA 267:1484-1488.
72. DeRossi, A., A. E. Ades, F. Mammano, A. Del Mistro, A. Amadori, C. Giaquinto, and L. Chieco-Bianchi. 1991. Antigen detection, virus culture, polymerase chain reaction, and in vitro antibody production in the diagnosis of vertically transmitted HIV-1 infection. AIDS 5:15-20.
73. Devash, Y., T. A. Calvelli, D. G. Wood, K. J. Reagan, and A. Rubinstein. 1990. Vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus is correlated with the absence of high-affinity/avidity maternal antibodies to the gp120 principal neutralizing domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:3445-3449.
74. Dix, R. D., D. E. Bredesen, K. S. Erlick, and J. Mills. 1985. Recovery of herpesvirus from cerebrospinal fluid of immunodeficient homosexual men. Ann. Neurol. 18:611-614.
75. Dix, R. D., D. M. Waitzman, S. Follansbee, B. S. Pearson, T. Mendelson, P. Smith, R. L. Davis, and J. Mills. 1985. Herpes simplex virus type 2 encephalitis in two homosexual men with persistent lymphadenopathy. Ann. Neurol. 17:203-206.
76. Dondero, T. J., M. Pappaioanou, and J. C. Curran. 1988. Monitoring the levels and trends of HIV infection. The Public Health Service's HIV surveillance program. Public Health Rep. 103:213-220.
77. Douglas, G. C., and B. F. King. 1992. Maternal-fetal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: a review of possible routes and cellular mechanisms of infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 15:678-691.
78. Douglas, J. M., C. Critchlow, J. Benedetti, G. J. Mertz, J. D. Connor, M. A. Hintz, A. Fahulander, M. Remington, C. Winter, and L. Corey. 1984. A double-blind study of oral acyclovir for supression of recurrences of genital herpes simplex virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 310:1551-1556.
79. Doyle, M. G., and L. K. Pickering. 1990. Gastrointestinal tract infections in children with AIDS. Semin. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 1:64-72.
80. Dunn, D. T., A. Nicoll, F. J. Holland, and C. F. Davison. 1995. How much paediatric HIV infection could be prevented by antenatal HIV testing? J. Med. Screen 2:35-40.
81. Dunn, D. T., M. L. Newell, A. E. Ades, and C. S. Peckham. 1992. Risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission, through breast feeding. Lancet 340:585-588.
82. Dworkin, B., G. P. Wormser, R. A. Abdoo, F. Cabello, M. E. Aguero, and S. L. Sivak. 1986. Persistence of multiply antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter jejuni in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am. J. Med. 80:965-970.
83. Ehrnst, A., S. Lindgren, M. Dictor, B. Johansson, A. Sonnerborg, J. Czajkowski, G. Sundin, and A. B. Bohlin. 1991. HIV in pregnant women and their offspring: evidence for late transmission. Lancet 338:203-207.
84. Ellaurie, M., E. R. Burns, and A. Rubinstein. 1990. Hematologic manifestations in pediatric HIV infection: severe anemia as a prognostic factor. Am. J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 12:449-453.
85. Englung, J. A., and W. P. Glezen. 1991. Maternal immunization for the prevention of infection in early infancy. Semin. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 2:225-231.
86. Epstein, L. G., J. Goudsmit, D. A. Paul, S. H. Morrison, E. M. Connor, J. M. Oleske, and B. Holland. 1987. Expression of human immunodeficiency virus in cerebrospinal fluid of children with progressive encephalopathy. Ann. Nearol. 21:397-401
87. Epstein, L. G., L. R. Sharer, and J. Goudsmit. 1988. Neurological and neuropathological features of HIV in children. Ann. Neurol. 23(Suppl.): S19-S23.
88. Epstein, L. G., L. R. Sharer, J. M. Oleske, E. M. Connor, J. Goudsmit, L. Bagdon, M. Robert-Guroff, and M. R. Koenigsberger. 1986. Neurologic manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection in children. Pediatrics 78:678-687.
89. Erkeller-Yuksel, F. M., V. Deneys, B. Yuksel, I. Hannet, F. Hulstaert, C. Hamilton, H. Mackinnon, L. T. Stokes, V. Munhyeshuli, and F. Vanlangendonck. 1992. Age related changes in human blood lymphocyte subpopulations. J. Pediatr. 120:216-222.
90. Erlich, K. S., J. Mills, P. Chatis, G. J. Mertz, D. F. Busch, S. E. Follansbee, R. M. Grant, and C. S. Crumpacker. 1989. Acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex vires infections in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 320:293-296.
91. Etheridge, S. P., R. M. Bolman, and E. A. Braunlin. 1994. Cytomegalovirus colitis in a pediatric heart transplant patient. Clin. Transplant. 8:409-412.
92. European Collaborative Study Group. 1991. Children born to women with HIV infection: natural history and risk of transmission. Lancet 337:253-260.
93. European Collaborative Study Group. 1992. Risk factors for mother to child transmission of HIV-1. Lancet 339:1007-1012.
94. European Collaborative Study Group. 1994. CD4 T cell count as predictor of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in children born to mothers infected with HIV. Br. Med. J. 308:437-440.
95. Evatt, B. L., E. D. Gomperts, J. S. McDougal, and R. B. Ramsey. 1985. Coincidental appearance of LAV-1/HTLV III antibodies in hemophiliacs and the onset of the AIDS epidemic. N. Engl. J. Med. 312:483-486.
96. Farizo, K. M., J. W. Buehler, M. E. Chamberland, B. M. Whyte, E. S. Froelicher, S. G. Hopkins, C. M. Reed, E. D. Mokotoff, D. L. Cohn, and S. Troxler. 1992. Spectrum of disease in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection in the United States. JAMA 267:1798-1805.
97. Fast, P. E., and M. C. Walker. 1992/1993. Human trials of experimental AIDS vaccines. AIDS 7(Suppl. 1):S147-S159.
98. Fauci, A. S. 1988. The human immunodeficiency virus: infectivity and mechanisms of pathogenesis. Science 239:617-622.
99. Fiaccadori, F., G. F. Elia, C. Calzetti, A. Degli Antoni, and G. Magnani. 1994. Rhodococcus equi infection in HIV-positive patients: report of 5 cases and literature review. Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis. 49:380-388.
100. Fitzgibbon, J. E., S. Gaur, L. D. Frenkel, F. Laraque, B. R. Edlin, and D. T. Dubin. 1993. Transmission from one child to another of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with a zidovudine-resistant mutation. N. Engl. J. Med. 329:1835-1841.
101. Flomberg, P. R., M. Chen, G. Munk, and M. S. Horwitz. 1987. Molecular epidemiology of adenovirus type 35 infection in immunocompromised hosts. J. Infect. Dis. 155:1127-1134.
102. Fontana, I., E. Verrina, A. Timitilli, V. Arcuri, G. Basile, G. Losurdo, A. M. Rabagliati, F. Perfumo, R. Giacchino, and R. Gusmano. 1994. Cytomegalovirus infection in pediatric kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc. 26: 18-19.
103. Fox, J. D., N. S. Brink, M. A. Zuckerman, P. Neild, B. G. Gazzard, R. S. Tedder, and R. F. Miller. 1995. Detection of herpesvirus DNA by nested polymerase chain reaction in cerebrospinal fluid of human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons with neurologic disease: a prospective evaluation. J. Infect. Dis. 172:1087-1090.
104. Gabiano, C., P. A. Tovo, M. deMartino, L. Galli, C. Giaquinto, A. Loy, M. C. Schoeller, M. Giovannini, G. Ferranti, and L. Rancilio. 1992. Mother to child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: risk of infection and correlates of transmission. Pediatrics 90:369-374.
105. Gellert, G. A., M. J. Durfee, C. D. Berkowitz, K. V. Higgins, and V. C. Tabiolo. 1993. Situational and sociodemographic characteristics of children infected with human immunodeficiency virus from pediatric sexual abuse. Pediatrics 91:39-44.
106. Goedert, J. J., H. Mendez, J. E. Drummond, M. Robert-Guroff, H. L. Minkoff, S. Holman, R. Stevens, A. Rubinstein, W. A. Blattner, and A. Willoughby. 1989. Mother to infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: association with prematurity or low anti-gp120. Lancet ii:1351-1354.
107. Grint, P., and M. McEvoy. 1985. Two associated cases of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Communicable Dis. Rep. 42:4.
108. Gungor, T., M. Funk, R. Linde, G. Jacobi, M. Horn, and W. Kruez. 1993. Cytomegalovirus myelitis in perinatally acquired HIV. Arch. Dis. Child. 68:399-401.
109. Gutman, L. T., K. K. St. Claire, C. Weedy, M. E. Herman-Giddens, B. A. Lane, J. G. Niemeyer, and R. E. McKinney, Jr. 1991. Human immunodeficiency virus transmission by child sexual abuse. Am. J. Dis. Child. 145: 137-141.
110. Gwinn, M., M. Pappaioanou, J. R. George, W. H. Hanno, S. C. Wasser, M. A. Redus, R. Hoff, G. F. Grady, A. Willoughby, and A. Novello. 1991. Prevalence of HIV infection in childbearing women in the United States. Surveillence using newborn blood samples. JAMA 265:1704-1708.
111. Gwinn, M., S. Wasser, P. Fleming, et al. 1993. Increasing prevalence of HIV infection among childbearing women, United States, 1989-1991, p. 347. In Abstracts of the Ninth International Conference on AIDS 1993. Wellcome Foundation Ltd., London.
112. Hall, C. B., K. R. Powell, N. E. MacDonald, C. L. Gala, M. E. Menegus, S. C. Suffin, and H. J. Cohen. 1986. Respiratory syncytial viral infection in children with compromised immune function. N. Engl. J. Med. 315:77-81.
113. Halsey, N. A., R. Markham, B. Wahren, R. Boulos, P. Rossi, and H. Wigzell. 1992. Lack of association between maternal antibodies to V3 loop peptides and maternal-infant HIV-1 transmission. J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. 5:153-157.
114. Havlix, D., S. H. Cheesemaa, M. McLaughlin, R. Murphy, A. Erice, S. A. Spector, T. C. Greenough, J. L. Sullivan, D. Hall, and M. Myers. 1995. High-dose neviripine: safety, pharmacokinetics, and antiviral effect in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Infect. Dis. 171:537-545.
115. Hellinger, J. A., and M. Essex. 1992. Human immunodeficiency virus and other retroviruses, p. 1812. In S. L. Gorbach, J. G. Bartlett, and N. R. Blacklow (ed.), Infectious diseases. The W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.
116. HIV Resource Center. 1993. Consensus statement. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 12:513-522.
117. Hoyt, L., J. Oleske, B. Holland, and E. Connor. 1992. Nontuberculous mycobacteria in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 11:354-360.
118. Hu, D. J., W. L. Heyward, R. H. Byers, B. M. Nkowane, M. J. Oxtoby, S. E. Holck, and D. L. Heymann. 1992. HIV infection and breastfeeding: policy implications through a decision analysis model. AIDS 6:1505-1513.
119. Hughes, W. T., S. Kuhn, S. Chandhary, S. Feldman, M. Verzosa, R. J. Aur, C. Pratt, and S. L. George. 1977. Successful chemoprophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinni pneumonitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 297:1419-1426.
120. Husson, R. N., Y. Chung, J. Mordenti, K. M. Butler, S. Chen, A. M. Duliege, P. Brouwers, P. Jarosinski, B. U. Mueller, and A. Ammann. 1992. Phase 1 study of continuous infusion soluble CD4 as a single agent and in combination with oral dideoxyinosine therapy in children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Pediatr. 121:627-633.
121. Ingulli, E., A. Tejani, S. Fikrig, A. Nicastri, C. K. Chen, and A. Pomrantz. 1991. Nephrotic syndrome associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in children. J. Pediatr. 119:710-716.
122. Italian Multicentre Study. 1988. Mother-to-child features, and prognostic factors of paediatric HIV infection. Lancet ii:1043-1046.
123. Jabs, D. A., C. Enger, and J. G. Bartlett. 1989. Cytomegalovirus retinitis and aquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch. Ophthalmol. 107:75-80.
124. Jackson, G. G., J. T. Perkins, M. Rubenis, D. A. Paul, M. Knigge, J. C. Despotes, and P. Spencer. 1988. Passive immunoneutralization of human immunodeficiency virus in patients with advanced AIDS. Lancet ii:647-652.
125. Josephs, S., H. W. Kim, C. D. Brandt, and R. H. Parrott. 1988. Parainfluenza 3 virus and other common respiratory pathogens in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 7:207-209.
126. Joshi, V. V., C. Gadol, E. Connor, J. M. Oleske, J. Mendelson, and J. Marin-Garcia. 1988. Dilated cardiomyopathy in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum. Pathol. 19:69-73.
127. Jura, E., E. G. Chadwick, S. H. Josephs, S. P. Steinberg, R. Yogev, A. A. Gershon, K. M. Krasinski, and W. Borkowsky. 1989. Varicella-zoster virus infections in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 8:586-590.
128. Kahn, E., V. M. Anderson, M. A. Greco, and M. Magid. 1995. Pancreatic disorders in pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum. Pathol. 26:765-770.
129. Kaplan, J. E., H. Masur, K. K. Holmes, M. M. McNeil, L. B. Schonberger, T. R. Navin, D. L. Hanson, P. A. Gross, H. W. Jaffe, and the USPHS/IDSA Prevention of Opportunistic Infections Working Group. 1995. USPHS/ IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus: Introduction. Clin. Infect. Dis. 21:S1-S11.
130. Karwowska, S., and S. Zolla-Pazner. 1991. Passive immunization for the treatment and prevention of HIV infection. Biotechnol. Ther. 2:31-48.
131. Katz, M., D. Greenspan, J. Westenhouse, N. A. Hessol, S. P. Buchbinder, A. R. Lifson, S. Shiboski, D. Osmond, A. Moss, and M. Samuel. 1992. Progression to AIDS in HIV infected homosexual and bisexual men with hairy leukoplakia and oral candidiasis. AIDS 6:95-100.
132. Katz, M. H., M. T. Mastrucci, P. J. Leggott, J. Westenhouse, J. S. Greenspan, and G. B. Scott. 1993. Prognostic significance of oral lesions in children with perinatally acquired immunodeficiency virus infection. Am. J. Dis. Child. 147:45-48.
133. Khouri, Y. F., M. T. Mastrucci, C. Hutto, C. D. Mitchell, and G. B. Scott. 1992. Mycobacterium tuberculosis in children with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 11:950-955.
134. Kilby, J. M., and M. S. Saag. 1994. Is there a role for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in the treatment of HIV infection? Infect. Agents Dis. 3:313-323.
135. Kitchen, V. S., C. Skinner, K. Ariyoshi, E. A. Lane, I. B. Duncan, J. Burckhardt, H. U. Burger, K. Bragman, A. J. Pinching, and J. Weber. 1995. Safety and activity of saquinavir in HIV infection. Lancet 345:952-955.
136. Kline, M. W., F. B. Hollinger, H. M. Rosenblatt, B. Bohaunon, C. A. Kozinetz, and W. T. Shearer. 1993. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of physical examination, culture and other laboratory studies in the diagnosis during early infancy of vertically acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 12:33-36.
137. Kornstein, M. J., G. G. Pietra, J. A. Hoxie, and M. E. Conley. 1986. The pathology and treatment of interstitial pneumonitis in two infants with AIDS. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 133:1196-1198.
138. Kotler, D. P., H. P. Gaetz, M. Lange, E. B. Klein, and P. R. Holt. 1984. Enteropathy associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med. 101:421-428.
139. Kovacs, A., T. Frederick, J. Church, A. Eller, M. Oxtoby, and L. Mascola. 1991. CD4 T-lymphocyte counts and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in pediatric HIV infection. JAMA 265:1698-1703.
140. Krasinski, K., W. Borkowsky, S. Bonk, R. Lawrence, and S. Chadwani. 1989. Bacterial infections in HIV-infected children and adolescents. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 8:216-220.
141. Krasinski, K., W. Borkowsky, and R. S. Holzman. 1989. Prognosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection in children and adolescents. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 8:216-220.
142. Krasinski, K., Y. Cao, and W. Borkowsky. 1992. Maternal viral load as a risk factor for perinatal HIV-1 transmission. J. Cell. Biochem. 18(Suppl. 16E): 109.
143. Kroup, R. A., F. Brewster, P. Grob, and J. L. Sullivan. 1993: Neviripine synergistically inhibits HIV-1 replication in combination with zidovudine, interferon or CD4 immunoadhesin AIDS 7:1181-1184.
144. Landesman, S., B. Weiblen, H. Mendez, A. Willoughby, J. J. Goedert, A. Rubinstein, H. Minkoff, G. Moroso, and R. Hoff. 1991. Clinical utility of HIV-IgA immunoblot assay in the early diagnosis of perinatal HIV infection. JAMA 266:3443-3446.
145. Lee, F., S. Nesheim, M. Sawyer, B. Slade, and A. Nahmias. 1992. Early diagnosis of HIV infection in infants by detection of p24 antigen in plasma specimens after acid hydrolysis to dissociate immune complexes, abstr. PoB 3702. In Eighth International Conference on AIDS 1992. Wellcome Foundation Ltd., London.
146. Leggiadro, R., F. Barrett, and W. Hughes. 1992. Extrapulmonay crytococcosis in immunocompromised infants and children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 11:43-47.
147. Leibovitz, E., M. Rigaud, S. Chandwani, A. Kaul, M. A. Greco, H. Pollack, R. Lawrence, D. DiJohn, B. Hanna, and K. Krasinski. 1991. Disseminated fungal infection in children with human immunodeficiency virus. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 10:888-894.
148. Leibovitz, E., M. Rigaud, H. Pollack, R. Lawrence, S. Chandwani, K. Krasinski, and W. Borkowsky. 1990. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in infants infected with the human immunodeficiency virus with more than 450 CD4 T-lymphocytes per cubic millimeter. N. Engl. J. Med. 323:531-533.
149. Letvin, N. L. 1993. Vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus - progress and prospects. N. Engl. J. Med. 329:1400-1405.
150. Levin, A. V., S. Zeichner, J. S. Duker, S. E. Starr, J. J. Augsburger, and S. Kronwith. 1989. Cytomegalovirus retinitis in an infant with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Pediatrics 84:683-687.
151. Levine, W. C., J. W. Buehler, N. H. Bean, and R. V. Tauxe. 1991. Epidemiology of non-typhoidal Salmonella bacteremia during the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic. J. Infect. Dis. 163:415-416.
152. Lewis, D. E., I. C. Hanson, and W. T. Shearer. 1990. Immunopathogenesis of pediatric HIV infection. Semin. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 1:21-26.
153. Lewis, L. L., K. M. Butler, R. N. Husson, B. U. Mueller, C. L. Fowler, S. M. Steinberg, and P. A. Pizzo. 1992. Defining the population of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children at risk for Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection. J. Pediatr. 121:677-683.
154. Lipshultz, S. E., S. Chanock, S. P. Sanders, S. D. Colan, A. Perez-Atayde, and K. McIntosh. 1989. Cardiovascular manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection in infants and children. Am. J. Cardiol. 63:1489-1497.
155. Locatelli, F., E. Percivalle, P. Comoli, R. Maccario, M. Zecca, G. Giorgiani, P. DeStefano, and G. Gerna. 1994. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in paediatric patients given allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: role of early antiviral treatment for HCMV antigenaemia on patients' outcome. Br. J. Haematol. 88:64-71.
156. Logo, P., A. M. Laverda, and A. E. Ades. 1990. European Collaborative Study. Neurologic signs in young children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 9:402-406.
157. Luginbuhl, L. M., J. Orav, K. McIntosh, and S. E. Lipshultz. 1993. Cardiac morbidity and related mortality in children with HIV infection. JAMA 269:2869-2875.
158. MacPhail, L., D. Greenspan, and J. S. Greenspan. 1992. Recurrent aphthous ulcers in association with HIV infection. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 73:283-285.
159. Maloney, M. J., M. F. Guill, B. B. Wray, S. A. Lobel, and W. Ebbeling. 1987. Pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with panhypogammaglobulinemia. J. Pediatr. 110:266-267.
160. Marano, B. J., Jr., F. Smith, and C. A. Bonanno. 1993. Helicobacter pylori prevalence in acquired immunodeficiency sydrome. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 88:687-690.
161. Markowitz, M., M. Saag, W. G. Powderly, A. M. Hurley, A. Hsu, J. M. Valdes, D. Henry, F. Sattler, A. La Marca, and J. M. Leonard. 1995. A preliminary study of ritonovir, an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease, to treat HIV-1 infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 333:1534-1539.
162. Masur, H. 1993. Recommendations on prophylaxis and therapy for disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex disease in patients with the human immunodeficiency virus. N. Engl. J. Med. 329:898-904.
163. McKinney, R. E., Jr., P. A. Pizzo, G. B. Scott, W. P. Parks, M. A. Maha, S. N. Lehrman, M. Riggs, J. Eddy, B. A. Lane, and S. C. Eppes. 1990. Safety and tolerance of intermittent intravenous and oral zidovudine therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected pediatric patients. Pediatric Zidovudine Phase I
164. McKinney, R. E., Jr, M. A. Maha, E. M. Connor, J. Feinberg, G. B. Scott, M. Wulfsohn, K. McIntosh, W. Borkowsky, J. F. Modlin, and P. Weintrub. 1991. A multicenter trial of oral zidovudine in children with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 324:1018-1025.
165. McLoughlin, L. C., K. S. Nord, V. V. Joshi, J. M. Oleske, and E. M. Connor. 1987. Severe gastrointestinal involvement in children with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 6:517-524.
166. Merluzzi, V. J., K. D. Hargrave, M. Labadia, K. Grozinger, M. Skoog, J. C. Wu, C. K. Shih, K. Eckner, S. Hattox, and J. Adams. 1990. Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Science 250:1411-1413.
167. Miles, S. A., E. Balden, L. Magpantay, L. Wei, A. Leiblein, D. Hofheinz, G. Toedter, E. R. Stiehm, and Y. Bryson. 1993. Rapid serologic testing with immune-complex-dissociated HIV p24 antigen for early detection of HIV infection in neonates. N. Engl. J. Med. 328:297-302.
168. Minkoff, H., D. Nanda, R. Menez, and S. Fikrig. 1987. Pregnancies resulting in infants with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS-related complex Obstet. Gynecol. 69:285-287.
169. Mintz, M., R. Rapaport, J. M. Oleske, E. M. Connor, M. R. Koenigsberger, T. Denny, and L. G. Epstein. 1989. Elevated serum levels of tumor necrosis factor are associated with progressive encephalopathy in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am. J. Dis. Child. 143:771-774.
170. Montalvo, F. W., R. Casanova, and L. A. Clavell. 1990. Treatment outcome in children with malignancies associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Pediatr. 116:735-738.
171. Mueller, B. U., K. M. Butler, R. N. Husson, and P. A. Pizzo. 1991. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia despite prophylaxis in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Pediatr. 119:992-994.
172. National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development Intravenous Immunoglobulin Study Group. 1991. Intravenous immunoglobulin for the prevention of bacterial infections in children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 325:73-80.
173. Nightingale, S. D., D. W. Cameron, F. M. Gordin, P. M. Sullam, D. L. Colm, R. E. Chaisson, L. J. Eron, P. D. Sparti, B. Bihari, and D. L. Kaufman. 1993. Two controlled trials of rifabutin prophylaxis against Mycobacterium avium complex infection in AIDS. N. Engl. J. Med. 329:828-833.
174. O'Brien, W. A., K. Grovit-Ferbas, A. Namazi, S. Ovcak-Derzic, H. J. Wang, J. Park, C, Yeramian, S. H. Mao, and J. A. Zack. 1995. Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 replication can be increased in peripheral blood of seropositive patients after influenza vaccination. Blood 86:1082-1089.
175. Ogino, T., W. M. Dankner, and S. A. Spector. 1993. Development and significance of zidovudine resistance in children infected: with human immunodeficiency virus. J. Pediatr. 123:1-8.
176. Oxtoby, M. J. 1990. Perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 9:609-619.
177. Oxtoby, M. J. 1994. Vertically acquired HIV infection in the U.S., p. 3-20. In P. A. Pizzo and C. M. Wilfert (ed.), Pediatric AIDS: the challenge of HIV infection in infants, children, and adolescents, 2nd ed. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore.
178. Palasanthiran, P., J. B. Ziegler, G. J. Stewart, M. Stuckey, J. A. Armstrong, D. A. Cooper, R. Penny, and J. Gold. 1993. Breast feeding during primary maternal human immunodeficiency virus infection and risk of transmission from mother to infant. J. Infect. Dis. 167:441-444.
179. Palomba, E., V. Gay, M. deMartino, C. Fundaro, L. Perugini, and P. A. Tovo. 1992. Early diagnosis of human immonodeficiency virus infection in infants by detection of free and complexed p24 antigen. J. Infect. Dis. 165:394-395.
180. Parekh, B. S., N. Shaffer, C. P. Pau, E. Abrams, P. Thomas, H. Pollack, M. Bamji, A. Kaul, G. Schochetman, and M. Rogers. 1991. Lack of correlation between maternal antibodies to V3 loop peptides of gp120 and perinatal HIV-1 transmission. AIDS 5:1179-1184.
181. Patterson, L. E., K. M. Butler, and M. S. Edwards. 1989. Clinical herpes zoster shortly following primary varicella in two HIV-infected children. Clin. Pediatr. 28:354.
182. Pattishalt, E. N., B. E. Noyes, and D. M. Oreastein. 1988. Use of brochoalveolar lavage in immunocompromised children with pneumonia. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 5:1-5.
183. Peckham, C., and D. Gibb. 1995. Mother-to-child transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus. N. Engl. J. Med. 333:298-302.
184. Perkocha, L. A., and G. M. Rogers. 1988. Hematologic aspects of human immunodeficiency virus infection: Laboratory and clinical considerations. Am. J. Hematol. 29:94-105.
185. Perlman, D. M., N. M. Ampel, R. B. Schifman, D. L. Cohn, C. M. Patton, M. L. Agnirre, W. L. Wang, and M. J. Blaser. 1988. Persistent Campylobacter jejuni infections in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Ann. Intern. Med. 108:540-546.
186. Petru, A., M. G. Dunphy, P. Azimi, D. Janner, D. Gallo, C. Hanson, P. Sohmer, and M. Stanley. 1992. Reliability of polymerase chain reaction in the detection of human immunodeficiency virus infection in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 11:30-33.
187. Pizzo, P. A., K. Butler, F. M. Balis, E. Brouwers, M. Hawkins, J. Eddy, M. Einloth, J. Falloon, R. Husson, and P. Jarosinski. 1990. Dideoxycytidine alone and in an alternating schedule with zidovudine in children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Pediatr. 117:799-808.
188. Pizzo, P. A., J. Eddy, J. Falloon, F. M. Balis, R. F. Murphy, H. Moss, P. Wolters, P. Brouwers, P. Jarosinski, and M. Rubin. 1988. Effect of continuous intravenous infusion of zidovudine (AZT) in children with symptomatic HIV infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 319:889-896.
189. Pollack, H., W. Borkowsky, and K. Krasinski. 1990. Maternal syphilis is associated with enhanced perinatal HIV transmission, abstr. 1274, p. 298. In Program and Abstracts of the 30th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
190. Prose, N. S. 1994. Skin problems, p. 535-546. In P. A. Pizzo and C. M. Wilfert (ed.), Pediatric AIDS: the cahallenge of HIV infection in infants, children and adolescents, 2nd ed. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore.
191. Quinn, T. C. 1990. AIDS in America: a public health priority for the region. AIDS 4:709-724.
192. Quinn, T. C., R. L. Kline, N. Halsey, N. Hutton, A. Butz, R. Boulos, and J. F. Modlin. 1991. Early diagnosis of perinatal HIV infection by detection of viral-specific IgA antibodies. JAMA 266:3439-3442.
193. Rakusan, T. A., R. H. Parrott, and J. L. Sever. 1991. Limitations in the laboratory diagnosis of vertically acquired HIV infection. J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. 4:116-121.
194. Raszka, W. V., Jr., G. A. Meyer, N. J. Waecker, D. P. Ascher, R. A. Moriarty, G. W. Fischer, and M. L. Robb. 1994. Variability of serial absolute and percent CD4+ lymphocyte counts in healthy children born to human immunodeficiency virus-1 infected parents. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 13:70-72.
195. Roberson, J., W. D. Decker, and M. Crain. 1993. Resistance to zidovudine of HIV isolates obtained from pediatric patients. J. Cell. Biochem. Ser. E 17:100. (Abstract QZ116.)
196. Robertson, C. A., J. Y. Mok, K. S. Froebel, P. Simmonds, S. M. Burns, H. S. Marsden, and S. Graham. 1992. Maternal antibodies to gp120 V3 sequence do not correlate with protection against vertical transmission of HIV. J. Infect. Dis. 166:704-709.
197. Rogers, M. F., and H. W. Jaffe. 1994. Ethical challenges posed by zidovudine treatment to reduce vertical transmission of HIV. N. Engl. J. Med. 331:1223-1226.
198. Rogers, M. F., C. Y. Ou, B. Kilbourne, and G. Schochetman. 1991. Advances and problems in the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection in infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 10:523-531.
199. Rogers, M. F., C. Y. Ou, M. Rayfield, P. A. Thomas, E. E. Schoenbaum, E. Abrams, K. Krasinski, P. A. Selwyn, J. Moore, and A. Kaul. 1989. Use of the polymerase chain reaction for early detection of the proviral sequences of human immunodeficiency virus in infants born to seropositive mothers. New York City Collaborative Study of Maternal HIV Transmission and Montefiore Medical Center HIV Perinatal Transmission Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 320:1649-1654.
200. Rogers, M. F., P. A. Thomas, E. T. Starcher, M. C. Noa, T. J. Bush, and H. W. Jaffe. 1987. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in children: report of the Centers for Disease Control national surveillance, 1982 to 1985. Pediatrics 79:1008-1014.
201. Roilides, E., C. Black, C. Reimer, M. Rubin, D. Venzon, and P. A. Pizzo. 1991. Serum immunoglobulin G subclasses in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus type-1. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 10:134-139.
202. Romero, D. L., M. Busso, C. K. Tan, F. Reusser, J. R. Palmer, S. M. Poppe, P. A. Aristoff, K. M. Downey, A. G. So, and L. Resnick. 1991. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors that potently and specifically block human immunodeficiency virus type-1 replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:8806-8810.
203. Rossi, G., Gorla, R. Stellini, F. Franceschini, M. Bettinzioli, G. Cadeo, L. Sueri, R. Cattaneo, and G. Marinone. 1990. Prevalence, clinical, and laboratory features of thrombocytopenia among HIV-infected individuals. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 6:261-269.
204. Rossi, P., V. Moschese, H. Wigzell, P. A. Broliden, and B. Wahren. 1990. Mother to infant transmission of HIV. Lancet 335:359-360.
205. Rubinstein, A. 1983. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in infants. Am. J. Dis. Child. 137:815-817.
206. Rubinstein, A., L. J. Bernstein, M. Caytan, and B. Z. Ziprkouski. 1988. Corticosteroid treatment for pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia in children with AIDS. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 4:13-17.
207. Rubinstein, A., M. Sicklick, A. Gupta, L. Bernstein, N. Klein, E. Rubinstein, I. Spigland, L. Fruchter, N. Litman, H. Lee, and M. Hollander. 1983. Acquired immunodeficiency with reversed T4/T8 ratios in infants born to promiscuous and drug-addicted mothers. JAMA 249:2350-2356.
208. Ruiz-Contreras, J., J. T. Ramos, T. Hernandez-Sampelayo, M. D. Gurbindo, M. Garcia de Jose, M. J. DeMiguel, M. J. Cilleruelo, and M. J. Mellado. 1995. Sepsis in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. The Madrid Pediatric Infection Collaborative Study Group. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 14:522-526.
209. Salvador, F., B. Blanco, A. Colin, A. Galan, and J. J. Gil-Giberanu. 1993. Cytomegalovirus retinitis in pediatric acquired immunodeficiency sydrome: report of two cases. J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus 30:159-162.
210. Scadden, D. T., L. I. Zon, and J. E. Groopman. 1989. Pathophysiology and management of HIV associated hematologic disorders. Blood 74:1455-1463.
211. Scarlatti, G., J. Albert, P. Rossi, V. Hodara, P. Biraghi, L. Muggiasca, and E. M. Fenyo. 1993. Mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: correlation with neutralizing antibodies against primary isolates. J. Infect. Dis. 168:207-210.
212. Schorr, J. B., A. Berkowitz, P. D. Cummings, A. J. Katz, and S. G. Sandler. 1985. Prevalence of HTLV-III antibody in American blood donors. N. Engl. J. Med. 313:384-385.
213. Schwartz, L. J., Y. St. Louis, W. Wur, A. Wiznia, A. Rubinstein, and P. Saenger. 1991. Endocrine function in children with HIV infection. Am. J. Dis. Child. 145:330-333.
214. Scott, G. B., B. E. Buck, J. G. Leterman, F. L. Bloom, and W. P. Parks. 1984. Acquired immiunodeficiency syndrome in infants. N. Engl. J. Med. 310:76-81.
215. Scott, G. B., C. Hutto, R. W. Makuch, M. T. Mastrucci, T. O'Connor, C. D. Mitchell, E. J. Trapido, and W. Parks. 1989. Survival in children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency type 1 infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 321:1791-1796.
216. Scott, M. A., B. S. Graham, R. Verrall, R. Dixon, W. Schaffner, and K. T. Tham. 1995. Rhodococcus equi - an increasingly recognized opportunistic pathogen. Report of 12 cases and review of 65 cases in the literature. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 103:649-655.
217. Seligmann, M., A. J. Pinching, F. S. Rosen, J. L. Fahey, R. M. Khaitov, D. Klatzmann, S. Koenig, N. Luo, J. Ngu, and G. Riethmuller. 1987. Immunology of HIV infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. An update. Ann. Intern. Med. 107:234-242.
218. Selik, R., E. Starcher, and J. Corran. 1987. Opportunistic diseases reported in AIDS patients. AIDS 1:175-182.
219. Serwadda, D., R. D. Mugerwa, N. K. Sewankambo, A. Lwegaba, J. W. Carswell, G. B. Kirya, A. C. Bayley, R. G. Downing, R. S. Tedder, and S. A. Clayden. 1985. Slim disease: a new disease in Uganda and its association with HTLV-III infection. Lancet ii:849-852.
220. Shannon, K. M., and A. J. Ammann. 1985. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome in childhood. J. Pediatr. 106:332-342.
221. Siena Consensus Workshop I. 1992. Early diagnosis of HIV infection in infants. J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. 5:1169-1178.
222. Siena Consensus Workshop I. 1992. Maternal factors involved in mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. 5:1019-1029.
223. Siena Consensus Workshop II. 1995. Strategies for prevention of perinatal transmission of HIV infection. J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 8:161-165.
224. Simonds, R. J., M. L. Lindgren, P. Thomas, D. Hanson, B. Caldwell, G. Scott, and M. Rogers. 1995. Prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among children with perinatally acquired HIV infection in the United States. N. Engl. J. Med. 332:786-790.
225. Simonds, R. J., M. J. Oxtoby, M. B. Caldwell, M. L. Gwinn, and M. F. Rogers. 1993. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among US children with perinatally acquired HIV infection. JAMA 270:470-473.
226. Simpson, B. J., and W. A. Andiman. 1994. Difficulties in assigning human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection and seroreversion status in a cohort of HIV-exposed children using serologic criteria established by the CDC and Prevention. Pediatrics 93:840-842.
227. Sinnott, J. T., J. P. Cullison, M. S. Sweeney, M. Hammond, and D. A. Holt. 1988. Respiratory syncycial virus pneumonia in a cardiac transplant recipient. J. Infect. Dis. 158:650-651.
228. Soave, R. 1988. Cryptosporidiosis and isosporiasis in patients with AIDS. Infect. Dis. North Am. 2:485-493.
229. Solal-Celigny, P., L. J. Couderc, D. Herman, P. Herve, L. Schaffar-Deshayes, F. Brun-Vezinet, G. Tricot, and J. P. Clauvel. 1985. Lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related complex. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 131:956-960.
230. Spector, S. A., R. D. Gelber, N. McGrath, D. Wara, A. Barzilai, E. Abrams, Y. J. Bryson, W. M. Dankner, R. A. Livingston, and E. M. Connor. 1994. A controlled trial of intravenous immune globulin for the prevention of serious bacterial infections in children receiving zidovudine for advanced HIV infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 331:1181-1187.
231. Sperber, S. J., and C. J. Schleupner. 1987. Salmonellosis during infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Rev. Infect. Dis. 9:924-934.
232. Steckelberg, J. M., and F. R. Cockerll. 1988. Serologic testing for HIV antibodies. Mayo Clin. Proc. 63:373.
233. Stein, D. S., J. G. Timpone, J. D. Gradon, J. M. Kagan, and S. M. Schnittman. 1993. immune-based therapeutics: scientific rationale and the promising approaches to the treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus-infected individual Clin. Infect. Dis. 17:749-771.
234. Stewart, J. A., S. E. Reef, P. E. Pellett, L. Corey, and R. J. Whitley. 1995. Herpesvirus infections in persons with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 21:S114-S120.
235. Stiehm, E. R., and P. Vink. 1991. Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus infection by breastfeeding. J. Pediatr. 118:410-412.
236. Straka, B. F., D. L. Whitaker, S. H. Morrison, J. M. Oleske, and J. M. Grant-Kels. 1988. Cutaneous manifestations of the acquired immunodefiaency syndrome in children. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 18:1089-1102.
237. Strauss, J., C. C. Abitbol, G. Zilleruelo, G. Scott, A. Paredes, S. Malaga, B. Montane, C. Mitchell, W. Parks, and V. Pardo. 1989. Renal disease in children with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 321:625-630.
238. Sullivan, J., and K. Luzuriaga. 1993. Neviripine activity and emergence of resistant virus in pediatric trials, p. 475. abstr. PO-B26-2042. The ACTG 180 Study Team. In Abstracts of the IX International Conference on AIDS. Wellcome Foundation Ltd., London.
239. Tappero, J. W., B. A. Perkins, J. D. Wenger, and T. G. Berger. 1995. Cutaneous manifestations of opportunistic infections in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 8:440-450.
240. Task Force on Pediatric AIDS. 1992. Perinatal HIV testing. Pediatrics 89:791-793.
241. Tovo, P. A., M. DeMartino, C. Gabiano, N. Cappello, R. D'Elia, A. Loy, A. Plebani, G. V. Zuccotti, P. Dallacasa, and G. Ferraris. 1992. Prognostic factors and survival in children with perinatal HIV-1 infection. Lancet 339:1249-1253.
242. Trang, J. M., L. Kidd, W. Gruber, G. Storch, G. Demmler, R. Jacobs, W. Dankner, S. Starr, R. Pass, and S. Stagno. 1993. Linear single-dose pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir in newborns with congenital cytomegalovirus infections. NIAID Collaborative Antiviral Study Group. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 53:15-21.
243. Tudor-Williams, G. 1991. Early diagnosis of vertically acquired HIV infection. AIDS 5:103-105.
244. Ukwu, H. N., B. S. Graham, J. S. Lambert, and P. F. Wright. 1992. Perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection and maternal immunization strategies for prevention. Obstet. Gynecol. 80:458-468.
245. Ultmann, M. H., A. L. Belman, H. A. Ruff, B. E. Novick, B. Cone-Wesson, H. J. Cohen, and A. Rubinstein. 1985. Developmental abnormalities in infants and children with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 27:563-571.
246. Ultmann, M. H., G. W. Diamond, H. A. Ruff, A. L. Belman, B. E. Novick, A. Rubinstein, and H. J. Cohen. 1987. Developmental abnormalities in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): a follow-up study. Int. J. Nearosci. 32:661-667.
247. USPHS/IDSA Prevention of Opportunistic Infections Working Group. 1995. USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: disease specific recommendations. Clin. Infect. Dis. 21:S32-S43.
248. Vaira, D., M. Miglioli, M. Menegatti, J. Holten, A. Boschini, M. Vergura, C. Ricci, P. Azzarone, P. Mule, and L. Barbara. 1995. Helicobacter pylori status, endoscopic findings, and serology in HIV-1 positive patients. Dig. Dis. Sci. 40:1622-1626.
249. Van de Perre, P., A. Simonon, D. G. Hitimana, F. Dabis, P. Msellati, B. Mukamabano, J. B. Butera, C. Van Goethem, E. Karita, and P. Lepage. 1993. Infective and anti-infective properties of breast milk from HIV-1 infected women. Lancet 341:914-918.
250. VonRoenn, J. H., R. L. Murphy, K. M. Weber, L. M. Williams, and S. A. Weitzman. 1988. Megastrol acetate for treatment of cachexia associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Ann. Intern. Med. 109:840-841.
251. Wahn, V., H. N. Kramer, T. Voit, H. T. Bruster, B. Scrampical, and A. Scheid. 1986. Horizontal transmission of HIV infection between two siblings. Lancet ii:694. (Letter.)
252. Wald, E. R. 1991. Infections of the sinuses, ears, and hypopharynx, p. 450-468. In J. Shelhamer, P. A. Pizzo, J. E. Parillo, and H. Masur (ed.), Respiratory diseases in the immunosuppressed host. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia.
253. Weiblen, B. J., F. K. Lee, E. R. Cooper, S. H. Laudesman, K. McIntosh, J. A. Harris, S. Nesheim, H. Mendez, S. I. Pelton, and A. Nahmias. 1990. Early diagnosis of HIV infection in infants by detection of IgA HIV antibodies. Lancet 335:988-990.
254. Wentworth, B. B., and E. R. Alexander. 1971. Seroepidemiology of infections due to the members of the herpesvirus group. Am. J. Eppidemiol. 94:496-507.
255. White, D. A., and R. A. Matthaj. 1989. Noninfectious pulmonary complications of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 140:1763-1787.
256. Whitley, R. J. 1990. Varicella-zoster virus infections, p. 235-263. In G. Galasso, T. Merigan, and R. J. Whitley (ed.), Antiviral agents and viral diseases of man. Raven Press, New York.
257. Wilfert, C. 1994. Mandatory screeing of pregnant women for the human immunodeficiency virus, Clin. Infect. Dis. 19:664-666.
258. Winkler, J. R., M. Grassi, and P. A. Murray. 1988. Clinical description and etiology of HIV-associated periodontal diseases, p. 40-70. In P. B. Robertson and J. S. Greenspan (ed.), Perspectives on oral manifestations of AIDS, PSG Publishing Co., Littleton, Colo.
259. Wong, B., F. F. Edwards, T. E. Kiehn, E. Whimbey, H. Donnelly, E. M. Bernard, J. W. Gold, and D. Armstrong. 1985. Continuous 'high grade Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare bacteremia in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am. J. Med. 78:35-40.
260. Working Group on Antiretroviral Therapy: National Pediatric HIV Resource Center. 1993. Antiretroviral therapy and medical management of HIV infected infants and children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 12:513-522.
261. World Health Organization. 1992. HIV transmission and breastfeeding. Bull. W. H. O. 70:667-669.
262. Wrzolek, M. A., J. Brudkowska, P. B. Kozlowski, C. Rao, A. P. Anzil, E. A. Klein, C. Del Rosario, A. Abdu, L. Kaufman, and F. W. Chandler. 1995. Opportunistic infections of the central nervous system in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection: report of 9 autopsy cases and review of the literature. Clin. Neuropathol. 14:187-196.
263. Yolken, R. H., W. Hart, I. Oung, C. Shiff, J. Greenson, and J. A. Perman. 1991. Gastrointestinal dysfunction and disaccharide intolerance in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J. Pediatr. 118:359-363.
264. Zaia, J. A., M. J. Levin, S. R. Preblud, J. Leszezynski, G. G. Wright, R. J. Ellis, A. C. Curtis, M. A. Valerio, and J. LeGore. 1983. Evaluation of varicella-zoster immunoglobulin: protection of immunosuppressed children after household exposure to varicella. J. Infect. Dis. 147:737-743.
265. Ziegler, J. L., and E. Katongole-Mbidde. 1996. Kaposi's sarcoma in childhood: and analysis of 100 cases from Uganda and relationship to HIV infection. Int. J. Cancer 65:200-203.
266. Zolla-Pazner, S., and M. K. Gorny. 1992. Passive immunization for the prevention and treatment of HIV infection. AIDS 6:1235-1247.