Cardiovascular response to sympathetic block by regional anesthesia

Regional Anesthesia

Volumn 21, Issue 6 SUPPL., 1996, Pages 26-34

  Hogan, Quinn ^a  

^a MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0029856737     PISSN: 0146521X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Chamberlain DP, Chamberlain BDL. Changes in the skin temperature of the trunk and their relationship to sympathetic blockade during spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1986: 65: 139-143.
2. Hopf H, Weissbach B, Peters J. High thoracic segmentai epidural anesthesia diminishes sympathetic outflow to the legs, despite restriction of sensory blockade to the upper thorax. Anesthesiology 1990: 73:882-889.
3. Bengtsson M, Nilsson GE, Lofstrom JB. The effect of spinal analgesia on skin blood flow, evaluated by laser Doppler flowmetry. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1983:27:206-210.
4. Peters J, Kousoulis L, Arndt JO. Effects of segmental thoracic estradural analgesia on sympathetic block in conscious dogs. Br J Anaesth 1989: 63: 470-476.
5. Valley MA, Bourke DL, Hamill MP, Raja SN. Time course of sympathetic blockade during epidural anesthesia: Laser Doppler flowmetry studies of regional skin perfusion. Anesth Analg 1993: 76: 289-294.
6. Bengtsson M, Lofstrom JB, Malmqvist L-a. Skin conduction changes during spinal analgesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1985: 29: 67-71.
7. Malmqvist L-A, Tryggvason B, Bengttson M. Sympathetic blockade during extradural analgesia with mepivacaine or bupivacaine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1989: 33:444-449.
8. Stevens R, Artuso J, Kao T, Bray J, Spitzer L, Louwsma D. Changes in human plasma catecholamines concentrations during epidural anesthesia depend on the level of the block. Anesthesiology 1991:74: 1029-1034.
9. Lundin S, Wallin B, Elam M. Intraneural recording of muscle sympathetic activity during epidural anesthesia in humans. Anesth Analg 1989: 69: 788-793.
10. Lundin S, Kirno K, Wallin B, Elam M. Effects of epidural anesthesia on sympathetic nerve discharge to the skin. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1990: 34: 492-497.
11. Hogan QH, Stadnicka A, Stekiel TA, Bosnjak ZJ, Kampine JP. Effects of epidural and systemic lidocaine on sympathetic activity and mesenteric circulation in rabbits. Anesthesiology 1993: 79: 1250-1260.
12. Hogan QH, Stadnicka A, Stekiel TA, Bosnjak ZJ, Kampine JP. Region of epidural blockade determines sympathetic and mesenteric capacitance effects in rabbits. Anesthesiology 1995: 83: 604-610.
13. Fuxe K, Sedvall G. The distribution of adrenergic nerve fibers to the blood vessels in skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand 1965: 64: 75-86.
14. Hainsworth R. Vascular capacitance: Its control and importance. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1986: 105: 101-173.
15. Arndt J, Hock A, Stanton-Hicks M, Stuhmeier K-D. Peridural anesthesia and the distribution of blood in supine humans. Anesthesiology 1985: 63: 616-623.
16. Shibata K, Yamamoto Y, Murakami S. Effects of epidural anesthesia on cardiovascular response and survival in experimental hemorrhagic shock in dogs. Anesthesiology 1989: 71: 953-959.
17. Tanaka K, Harada T, Dan K. Low-dose thoracic epidural anesthesia induces discrete thoracic anesthesia without reduction in cardiac output. Reg Anesth 1991: 16: 318-321.
18. Sundberg A, Wattwil M, Wiklund L. Circulatory effects of short-term hypercapnia during thoracolumbar epidural anaesthesia. Acta Anaesth Scand 1987: 31: 139-142.
19. Stenseth R, Berg E, Bjella L, Christensen O, Levang OW, Gisvold SE. The influence of thoracic epidural analgesia alone and in combination with gen-eral anesthesia on cardiovascular function and myocardial metabolism in patients receiving adrenergic blockers. Anesth Analg 1993: 77: 463-468.
20. El-Baz N, Goldin M. Continuous epidural infusion of morphine for pain relief after cardiac operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1987: 93: 878-883.
21. Beattie WS, Buckley DN, Forrest JB. Epidural morphine reduces the risk of postoperative myocardial ischaemia in patients with cardiac risk factors. Can J Anaesth 1993: 40: 532-541.
22. Casey WF, Wynands JE, Ralley FE, Ramsey JG, O'Connor JP, Katz JM, Wiesel S. The role of intrathecal morphine in the anesthetic management of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. J Cardiothorac Anesth 1987: 1: 510-516.
23. Liem T et al. Coronary artery bypass grafting using 2 different anesthesia techniques: Part 2: Postoperative outcome. J Cardiothorac Vase Anesth 1992: 6: 156-161.
24. Stenseth R, Bjella L, Berg EM, Christensen O, Levang OW, Gisvold SE. Thoracic epidural analgesia in aortocoronary bypass surgery I: Haemodynamic effects. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1994: 38: 826-833.
25. Kataja J. Thoracolumbar epidural anaesthesia and isoflurane to prevent hypertension and tachycardia in patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1991: 6: 427-436.
26. Rein K-A. Stenseth R, Myhre HO, Levang OW, Krogstad A. The influence of thoracic epidural analgesia on transcapillary fluid balance in subcutaneous tissue. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1989: 33: 79-83.
27. Baron J-F, Coriat P, Mundler O, Fauchet M, Bousseau D, Viars P. Left ventricular global and regional function during lumbar epidural anesthesia in patients with and without angina pectoris: Influence of volume loading. Anesthesiology 1987:66:621-627.
28. Saada M, Duval A-M, Bonnet F, Castillon G, Macquin-Mavier I, Cabrit R, Boico O, Castaigne A. Abnormalities in myocardial segmental wall motion during lumbar epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1989: 71: 26-32.
29. Saada M, Catoire P, Bonnet F, Delaunay L, Gormezano G, Maquin-Mavier I, Brun P. Effect of thoracic epidural anesthesia combined with general anesthesia on segmental wall motion assessed by transesophageal echocardiography. Anesth Analg 1992: 75: 329-335.
30. Goertz AW, Seeling W, Heinrich H, Lindner KH, Schirmer U. Influence of high thoracic epidural anesthesia on left ventricular contractility assessed using the end-systolic pressure-length relationship. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1993: 37: 38-44.
31. Kock M, Blomberg S, Emanuelsson H, Lomsky M, Stromblad S-O, Ricksten S-E. Thoracic epidural anesthesia improves global and regional left ventricular function during stress-induced ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease. Anesth Analg 1990:71: 625-630.
32. Liem TH, Booij LHDJ, Hasenbos MAWM, Gielen MJM. Coronary artery bypass grafting using two different anesthetic techniques: Part 1: Hemodynamic results. J Cardiovasc Vase Anesth 1992: 6: 148-155.
33. Baron JF, Decaux-Jacolot A, Edouard A, Berdeaux A, Samii K. Influence of venous return on baroreflex control of heart rate during lumbar epidural anesthesia in humans. Anesthesiology 1986: 64: 188-193.
34. Mark AL. The Bezold-Jarisch reflex revisited: Clinical implications of inhibitory reflexes originating in the heart. J Am Coll Cardiol 1983: 1: 90-102.
35. Zucker IH, Cornish KG. The Bezold-Jarisch reflex in the conscious dog. Circ Res 1981: 49: 940-948.
36. Oberg B, Thoren P. Increased activity in left ventricular receptors during hemorrhage or occlusion of caval veins in the cat: A possible cause of vasovagal reaction. Acta Physiol Scand 1972: 85: 164-173.
37. Pathak CL. The fallacy of the Bainbridge reflex. Am Heart J 1966: 72: 577-581.
38. Caplan RA et al. Unexpected cardiac arrest during spinal anesthesia: A closed claims analysis of predisposing factors. Anesthesiology 1988: 68: 5-11.
39. Jacobsen J, Sofelt S, Brocks V, Fernandes A, Warberg J, Secher NH. Reduced left ventricular diameters at onset of bradycardia during epidural anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1992: 36: 831-836.
40. Klicks BR, Burgess MJ, Abildskov JA. Influence of sympathetic tone on ventricular fibrillation threshold during experimental coronary occlusion. Am J Cardiol 1975: 36: 45-49.
41. Schwartz PJ, Stone HL. Left stellectomy in the prevention of ventricular fibrillation caused by acute myocardial ischemia in conscious dogs with anterior myocardial infarction. Circulation 1980: 62: 1256-1265.
42. Lombardi F, Verrier RL, Lown B. Relationship between sympathtic neural activity, coronary dynamics, and vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation during myocardial ischemia and perfusion. Am Heart J 1983: 105: 958-965.
43. Meredith IT, Broughton A, Jennings GL, Esler MD. Evidence of a selective increase in cardiac sympathetic activity in patients with sustained ventricular arrhythmias. N Engl J Med 1991: 325: 618-624.
44. Corr PB, Gillis RA. Autonomie neural influences on the dysrhythmias resulting from myocardial infarction. Circ Res 1978: 43: 1-9.
45. Pogwizd SM, Corr PB. Biochemical and electrophysiological alterations underlying ventricular arrhythmias in the failing heart. Bur Heart J 1994: 15(D): 145-154.
46. Corr PB, Heathers GP, Yamada KA. Mechanisms contributing to the arrhthmogenic influences of alpha [-adrenergic stimulation in the ischemie heart. Am J Med 1989: 87(2A): 2-19.
47. Freysz M, Timour Q, Bertrix L, Loufoua-Moundanga J, Omar S, Faucon G. Enhancement by ischemia of the risk of cardiac disorders, especially fibrillation, in regional anesthesia with bupivacaine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1993: 37: 350-356.
48. Hotvedt R. Platou ES, Refsum H. Effect of thoracic epidural analgesia on cardiovascular function and plasma concentration of free fatty acids and catecholamines in the dog. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1984:28: 132-137.
49. Tansey MJB, Opie LH. Relation between plasma free fatty acids and arrhythmias within the first twelve hours of acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1983: 2: 419-422.
50. Hotvedt R, Platou ES, Refsum H. Electrophysiological effects of thoracic epidural analgesia in the dog heart in situ. Cardiovasc Res 1983: 17: 259-266.
51. Sato K, Yamamura T, Murakami F, Yokota S, Kemmotsu O. Thoracic epidural anaesthesia combined with enflurane anaesthesia reduces atrioventricular conduction in dogs. Can J Anaesth 1990: 37: 813-818.
52. Hotvedt R, Refsum H, Platou ES. Cardiac electrophysiological and hemodynamic effects of adrenoreceptor blockade and thoracic epidural analgesia in the dog. Anesth Analg 1984: 63: 817-824.
53. Kamibayashi T, Hayashi Y, Mammoto T, Yamatodani A, Taenaka N, Yoskiya I. Thoracic epidural anesthesia attenuates halothane-induced myocardial sensitization to dysrhythmogenic effects of epinephrine in dogs. Anesthesiology 1995: 82: 129-134.
54. Davis RF, DeBoer LWV, Maroko PR. Thoracic epidural anesthesia reduces myocardial infarct size after coronary artery occlusion in dogs. Anesth Analg 1986:65:711-717.
55. Vol'pert El, Tevelenok YA, Osipov VL. Effect of peridural heart block on the threshold of ventricular fibrillation in dogs. Byull Eksp Biol Med 1978: 86: 277-279.
56. Blomberg S, Ricksten S-E. Thoracic epidural anaesthesia decreases the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias during acute myocardial ischaemia in the anaesthetized rat. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1988: 32: 173-178.
57. Freysz M, Timour Q, Betrix L, Loufoua, Aupetit JF, Faucon G. Bupivacaine hastens the ischemiainduced decrease of the electrical ventricular fibrillation threshold. Anesth Analg 1995: 80: 653-657.
58. Vatner SF. Regulation of coronary resistance vessels and large coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol 1985: 56(E): 16-22.
59. Maseri A. Role of coronary artery spasm in symptomatic and silent myocardial ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987: 9: 249-262.
60. Keusch G, Deussen A. The effects of cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation on perfusion of stenotic coronary arteries in the dog. Circ Res 1983: 53: 8-15.
61. Heusch G, Schipke J, Thamer V. Sympathetic mechanisms in poststenotic myocardial ischemia. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1986: 8(S3): 33-40.
62. Schwartz PJ, Stone HL. Tonic influence of the sympathetic nervous system on myocardial reactive hyperemia and on coronary blood flow distribution in dogs. Circ Res 1977: 41: 51-58.
63. Blomberg S, Emanuelsson H, Kvist H, Lamm C, Ponten J, Waagstein F, Kicksten S-E. Effect of thoracic epidural anesthesia on coronary arteries and arterioles in patients with coronary artery disease. Anesthesiology 1990: 73: 84-847.
64. Feigl E-O. The paradox of adrenergic coronary vasoconstriction. Circulation 1987: 76: 737-745.
65. Baron J-F, Payen D, Coriat P, Edouard A, Viars P. Forearm vascular tone and reactivity during lumbar epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1988: 67: 1065-1070.
66. Hasenbos M, Liem TH, Kerkkamp H, Gielen M. The influence of high thoracic epidural analgesia on the cardiovascular system. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 1988: 39:49-54.
67. Sharrock NE, Mineo R, Urquhart B. Haemodynamic effects and outcome analysis of hypotensive extradural anaesthesia in controlled hypertensive patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. Br J Anaesth 1991:67: 17-25.
68. Mergner GW, Stolte AL, Frame WB, Lim H-J. Combined epidural analgesia and general anesthesia induce ischemia distal to a severe coronary artery stenosis in swine. Anesth Analg 1994: 78: 37-45.
69. Reiz S, Balfors E, Sorensen MB, Haggmark S, Nyhman H. Coronary hemodynamic effects of general anesthesia and surgery: Modification by epidural analgesia in patients with ischemie heart disease. Reg Anesth 1982: 7(suppl): 8-18.
70. Liem TH, Booij LHDJ, Gielen MJM, Hasenbos MAWM, van Egmond J. Coronary artery bypass grafting using two different anesthetic techniques: Part 3: Adrenergic responses. J Cardiovasc Vase Anesth 1992: 6: 162-167.
71. Malliani A, Schwartz PJ, Zanchetti A. A sympathetic reflex elicited by experimental coronary occlusion. Am J Physiol 1969: 217: 703-709.
72. Uchida Y, Murao S. Sustained decrease in coronary blood flow and excitation of cardiac sensory fibers following sympathetic stimulation. Jpn Heart J 1975: 16:265-279.
73. Vik-Mo H, Ottesen S, Renck H. Cardiac effects of thoracic epidural analgesia before and during acute coronary artery occlusion in open-chest dogs. Scand J Lab Invest 1978: 38: 737-746.
74. Tsuchida H, Omote T, Miyamoto M, Namiki A, Ichihara K, Abiko Y. Effects of thoracic epidural anesthesia on myocardial pH and metabolism during ischemia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1991: 35: 508-512.
75. Klassen GA, Bramwell RS, Bromage PR, Zaborowska-Sluis DT. Effect of acute sympathectomy by epidural anesthesia on the canine coronary circulation. Anesthesiology 1980: 52: 8-15.
76. Blomberg S, Emanuelsson H, Kicksten S-E. Thoracic epidural anesthesia and central hemodynamics in patients with unstable angina pectoris. Anesth Analg 1989: 69: 558-562.
77. Blomberg S, Curelaru I, Emanuelsson H, Herlitz J, Ponten J, Kicksten S-E. Thoracic epidural anaesthesia in patients with unstable angina pectoris. Eur J Cardiol 1989: 10: 437-444.
78. Cook PT, Davies MJ, Cronin KD, Moran P. A prospective randomized trial comparing spinal anaesthesia using hyperbaric cinchocaine with general anaesthesia for lower limb vascular surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care 1986: 14: 373-380.
79. Christopherson R, Beattie C, Frank SM, Morris EJ, Meinert CL, Gottlieb SO, Yates H, Rock P, Parker SD, Perler BA. Perioperative morbidity in patients randomized to epidural or general anesthesia for lower extremity vascular surgery. Anesthesiology 1993: 79: 422-434.
80. Bode RH, Lewis KP, Zarich SW, Pierce ET, Roberts M, Kowalchuk GJ, Sarwicz PR, Gibbons GW, Hunter JA, Expanola CC, Nesto RW. Cardiac outcome after peripheral vascular surgery: Comparison of general and regional anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1996: 84: 3-13.
81. Rivers SP, Scher LA, Sheehan E, Veith FJ. Epidural versus general anesthesia for infrainguinal arterial reconstruction. J Vase Surg 1991: 14: 764-768.
82. Yeager MP, Glass DD, Neff RK, Brinck-Johnsen T. Epidural anesthesia and analgesia in high-risk surgiacal patients. Anesthesiology 1987: 66: 729-736.
83. Tuman KJ, McCarthy RJ, March RJ, DeLaria GA, Patel RV, Ivankovich AD. Effects of epidural anesthesia and analgesia on coagulation and outcome after major vascular surgery. Anesth Analg 1991: 73: 696-704.