The emergence of HIV/AIDS in Africa

Revue d'Epidemiologie et de Sante Publique

Volumn 44, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 511-518

  De Cock, Kevin M ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Africa; emerging infections; HIV 1; HIV 2 AIDS

Indexed keywords

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; AFRICA; CIRCUMCISION; CONDOM; CONFERENCE PAPER; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 2; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MALE; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR;

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME; AFRICA; ECOLOGY; FEMALE; HIV; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MALE; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 0029854890     PISSN: 03987620     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (44)

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Addressing emerging infectious disease threats : a prevention strategy for the United States. Atlanta, Georgia : US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 1994.
2. Lilienfeld AM, Lilienfeld DE. Agent, host, and environment. In : Foundations of Epidemiology. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, New York, 1980, pp. 46-48.
3. May MR, Anderson RM. Transmission dynamics of HIV infection. Nature 1987 ; 326 :137-42.
4. Nahmias AJ, Weiss J, Yao X et al. Evidence for human infection with HTLV3/LAV-like virus in Central Africa, 19659. Lancet 1986 ; 1 : 1279-80.
5. De Cock KM, Brun-Vézinet F. Epidemiology of HIV-2 infection. AIDS 1989 ; 3 (Suppl 1) : S89-S95.
6. Sonnet J, Michaux JL, Zech F, Brucher JM, De Bruyere M, Burtonboy G. Early AIDS cases originating from Zaire and Burundi. Scan J Infect Dis 1987 ; 19 : 511-7.
7. Nzilambi N, De Cock KM, Forthal DN et al. The prevalence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus over a 10 year period in rural Zaire. New Engl J Med 1988 ; 318 : 276-9.
8. Peeters M, Piot P, Van der Groen G. Variability among HIV and SIV strains of African origin. AIDS 1991 ; 5 (Suppl 1) : S29-S36.
9. Sharp PM Robertson DL, Gao F, Hahn B. Origins and diversity of human immunodeficiency viruses. AIDS 1994 ; 8 (Suppl 1) : S27-S42.
10. Kanki PJ, De Cock KM. Epidemiology and transmission of HIV-2. AIDS 1994 ; 8 (Suppl 1) : S85-S93.
11. De Cock KM, Adjorlolo G, Ekpini E et al. Epidemiology and transmission of HIV-2. Why there is no HIV-2 pandemic. JAMA 1993 ; 270 :2083-6.
12. Soto-Ramirez LE, Renjifo B, McLane MF et al. HIV-1 Langerhans' cell tropism associated with heterosexual transmission of HIV. Science 1996 ; 271 : 1291-3.
13. Kunanusont C, Foy HM, Kreiss JK et al. HIV-1 subtypes and male-to-female transmission in Thailand. Lancet 1995 ; 345 : 1078-83.
14. Weniger BG, Takebe Y, Ou C-Y, Yamazaki S. The molecular epidemiology of HIV in Asia. AIDS 1994 ; 8 (Suppl 2) : S13-28.
15. Clumeck N, Taelman H, Hermans P, Piot P, Schoumacher M, De Wit S. A cluster of HIV infection among heterosexual people without apparent risk factors. N Engl J Med 1989 ; 321 : 1460-2.
16. Fransen K, Buve A, Nkengasong JN, Laga M, van der Groen G. Longstanding presence in Belgians of multiple non-B HIV-1 subtypes. Lancet 1996 ; 347 : 1403.
17. Buve A, Carael M, Hayes R, Robinson NJ. Variations in HIV prevalence between urban areas in sub-Saharan Africa : do we understand them? AIDS 1995 ; 9 (Suppl A) : S103-S109.
18. Carael M, Cleland J, Adeokun L and Collaborating Investigators. Overview and selected findings of sexual behaviour surveys. AIDS 1991 ; 5 (Suppl 1) : S65-S74.
19. Carael M, Cleland J, Deheneffe JC, Ferry B, Ingham R. Sexual behaviour in developing countries : implications for HIV control. AIDS 1995 ; 9 : 1171-5.
20. Morris M, Sewankambo N, Wawer M, Serwadda D, Lainjo B. Concurrent partnerships and HIV transmission in Rakai District, Uganda. Ninth International Conference on AIDS and STD in Africa. Kampala, 10-14 December 1995. Abstract TuC105.
21. Plummer FA, Nagelkerke NJD, Moses S, Ndinya-Achola J, Bwayo J, Ngugi E. The importance of core groups in the epidemiology and control of HIV-1 infection. AIDS 1991 ; 5 (Suppl 1) : S169-S176.
22. Diallo MO, Ackah AN, Lafontaine MF et al. HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in men attending sexually transmitted disease clinics in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. AIDS 1992 ; 6 : 581-5.
23. Sassan-Morokro M, Greenberg AE, Coulibaly IM et al. High rates of sexual contact with female sex workers, sexually transmitted diseases, and condom neglect among HIV-infected and uninfected men with tuberculosis in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1996 ; 11 : 183-7.
24. Schutz R, Savarit D, Kadjo HJC et al. Excluding blood donors at high risk of HIV infection in a west African city. Br Med J 1993 ; 307 : 1517-9.
25. Djomand G, Greenberg AE, Sassan-Morokro M et al. The epidemic of HIV/AIDS in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire : a review of data collected by Projet RETRO-CI from 1987 to 1993. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1995 ; 10 : 358-65.
26. Allen S, Lindan C, Serufilira A et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in urban Rwanda : demographic and behavioral correlates in a representative group of childbearing women. JAMA 1991 ; 266 : 1657-63.
27. Laga M, Nzilambi N, Goeman J. The interrelationship of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection : implications for the control of both epidemics in Africa. AIDS 1991 ; 5 (Suppl 1) : S55-S63.
28. Ghys PD, Fransen K, Diallo MO et al. Genital ulcers increase cervico-vaginal shedding of HIV-I female sex workers in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Ninth International Conference on AIDS and STD in Africa. Kampala, 10-14 December 1995. Abstract TuA094.
29. Ghys PD, Diallo MO, Ettiegne-Traore V et al. Genital ulcers associated with human immunodeficiency virus-related immunosuppression in female sex workers in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. J Infect Dis 1995 ; 172 : 1371-4.
30. Grosskurth H, Mosha F, Todd J et al. Impact of improved treatment of sexually transmitted diseases on HIV infection in rural Tanzania : randomized controlled trial. Lancet 1995 ; 346 : 530-6.
31. De Vincenzi I, Mertens T. Male circumcision : a role in HIV prevention ? AIDS 1994 ; 8 : 153-60.
32. Cameron DW, Simonsen JN, D'Costa LJ et al. Female-to-male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 : risk factors for seroconversion in men. Lancet 1989 ; ii : 403-7.
33. De Vincenzi I. A longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus transmission by heterosexual partners. N Engl J Med 1994 ; 331 : 341-6.
34. Ngugi EN, Plummer FA, Simonsen JN et al. Prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in Africa : effectiveness of condom promotion and health education among prostitutes. Lancet 1988 ; 2 : 887-90.
35. Laga M, Alary M, Nzila N et al. Condom promotion, sexually transmitted diseases treatment, and declining incidence of HIV-1 infection in Zairian sex workers. Lancet 1994 ; 344 : 246-8.
36. Lamptey P, Goodridge GAW. Condom issues in AIDS prevention in Africa. AIDS 1991 ; 5 : (Suppl 1) : S183-S191.
37. Mann JM, Tarantola DJM, Netter TW. The HIV pandemic : status and trends. AIDS in the world. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. pp. 11-108.
38. Larson A. Social context of human immunodeficiency virus transmission in Africa : historical and cultural bases of East and Central African sexual relations. Rev Infect Dis 1989 ; 11 : 716-31.
39. Djomand G, Greenberg AE, Sassan-Morokro M et al. The epidemic of HIV/AIDS in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire : a review of data collected by Projet RETRO-CI from 1987 to 1993. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1995 ; 10 : 358-65.
40. Holmberg SD, Horsburgh CR, Ward JW, Jaffe HW. Biologic factors in the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis 1989 ; 160 : 116-25.
41. Mastro TD, Satten GA, Nopkesorn T, Sangkharomya S, Longini IM. Probability of female-to-male transmission of HIV-1 in Thailand. Lancet 1994 ; 343 : 204-7.
42. Mulder D, Nunn A, Kamali A, Kengeya-Kayondo J. Decreasing HIV-1 seroprevalence in young adults in a rural Ugandan cohort. Br Med J 1995 ; 311 : 833-6.
43. Cohen B, Trussell J, eds. Preventing and mitigating AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1996.
44. De Cock KM, Ekpini E, Gnaore E, Kadio A, Gayle H. The public health implications of AIDS research in Africa. JAMA 1994 ; 272 : 481-6.