A comparison of studies from the United States and Western Europe on psychiatric hospitalization referrals for youths exhibiting suicidal behavior

Annals of Clinical Psychiatry

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 161-168

  Safer, Daniel J ^a,b  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b SECMHC   (United States)

Author keywords

Attempted; Decision making; Emergency service; Epidemiology; Hospital; Hospitalization; Mental disorders; Suicide

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CHILD; FEMALE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL HOSPITAL; PATIENT REFERRAL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHOOL CHILD; SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR; UNITED STATES; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 0029851423     PISSN: 10401237     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10401239609147753     Document Type: Article

References (142)

1. Deykin EY, Perlow R, McNamarra J: Non-fatal suicidal and life-threatening behavior among 13- to 17-year old adolescents seeking emergency medical care. Am J Public Health 1985; 75:90-92
2. Hawton K, Catalan J: Attempted Suicide, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987
3. Hackett TP, Stern TA: Suicide and other disruptive states. In: Cassem NH, ed. Massachusetts General Hospital Handbook of General Psychiatry, 3rd ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1991.
4. Russow I, Wichstrom L: Parasuicide and use of intoxicants among Norwegian adolescents. Suicide Life-Threat Behav 1994; 24:174-183
5. Reynolds WM, Mazza JJ: Suicide and suicidal behaviors in children and adolescents. In: Reynolds WM, Johnson HE, eds. Handbook of Depression in Children and Adolescents. New York: Plenum; 1994:525-580
6. Smith K, Crawford S: Suicidal behavior among "normal" high school students. Suicide Life-Threat Behav 1986; 16:313-325
7. Friedman HJ, Asnis GM, Boeck M, DiFiore J: Prevalence of specific suicidal behaviors in a high school sample. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144:1203-1206
8. Bjarnason T, Thorlindsson T: Manifest predictors of past suicide attempts in a population of Icelandic adolescents. Suicide Life-Threat Behav 1994; 24:350-358
9. Diekstra RF: The epidemiology of suicide and parasuicide. Acta Psychiat Scand (Suppl) 1993; 371:9-20
10. Van Casteren V, Vanderveken J, Van Oyen H: Suicide and attempted suicide reported by general practitioners in Belgium 1990-1991. Acta Psychiat Scand 1991; 87:451-455
11. Spirito A, Plummer B, Gispert M, Levy S, Kukijan J, Lewander W, Hagberg S, Devost L: Adolescent suicide attempts: Outcomes at follow-up. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1992; 62:464-468
12. Kotilla L, Lonnqvist J: Adolescent suicide attempts 1973-1982 in the Helsinki area. Acta Psychiat Scand 1987; 76:346-354
13. Robins LN: Suicide attempts in teen-age medical patients. Report to the Secretary's Task Force on youth Suicide, Vol 4. Washington, DC: ADAMHA, 1989:4-94-94-114
14. Spirito A, Lewander WJ, Levy S, et al.: Emergency department assessment of adolescent suicide attempters. Pediat Emerg Care 1994; 10:6-12
15. Hawton K, Fagg J: Deliberate self-poisoning and self-injury in adolescents. Br J Psychiatry 1992; 161:816-823
16. Kotilla L, Lonnqvist J: Adolescent suicide attempts: Sex differences predicting suicide. Acta Psychiat Scand 1988; 77:264-270
17. Schuckit MA, Schuckit J: Substance use and abuse: A risk factor in youth suicide. In: Davidson L, Linnoila M, eds. Risk Factors in Youth Suicide. New York: Hemisphere; 1991:156-167
18. Evans JG: Deliberate self-poisoning in the Oxford area. Br J Prev Soc Med 1967; 21:97-107
19. White HC: Self poisoning in adolescents. Br J Psychiatry 1974; 124:24-35
20. Gasquet I, Choquet M: Hospitalization in a pediatric ward of adolescent suicide attempters admitted to general hospitals. J Adolesc Health 1994; 15:416-422
21. Gutterman EM, Markowitz JS, LeConte JS, Brier J: Determinants of hospitalization from an emergency mental health service. J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry 1993; 32:114-122
22. Asarnow JR: Suicidal ideation and attempts during middle childhood. J Clin Child Psychol 1992; 21:35-40
23. Mattson A, Seese LR, Hawkins JW: Suicidal behavior as a child psychiatry emergency. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1969; 20:100-109
24. Milling L, Campbell NB, Davenport CW, Carpenter G: Suicidal behavior among psychiatric inpatient children. Child Psychiat Hum Dev 1991; 22:71-77
25. Pfeffer CR, Plutchik R, Mizruchi MS, Lipkins R: Suicidal behavior in child psychiatry inpatients. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143:733-738
26. Pfeffer CR, Conte HR, Plutchik R, Jerrett I: Suicidal behavior in latency-age children. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1979; 18:679-691
27. Livingston R, Bracha HS: Psychiatric symptoms and suicidal behavior in hospitalized children. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:1585-1586
28. Brent DA, Kolko DJ, Wartella ME, Boylan MB: Adolescent psychiatric inpatients' risk of suicide attempt at 6-month follow-up. J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry 1993; 32:95-105
29. Dunn MH: Committing the patient who doesn't meet criteria. Poster at American Psychiatric Association annual meeting, Philadelphia, May 23, 1994.
30. Brown J, Rayne JT: Some ethical considerations in defensive psychiatry. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1989; 59:534-541
31. American Medical Association: Socioeconomic monitoring system. 1990 spring survey. Percent of physicians incurring liability claims. Table reprinted in Gold S: Physicians Travel Meeting Guide, June 1991, p 33
32. Levinson AI: Psychiatrists face increased malpractice liability concerns. Psychiatric Times 1994; 11:23-24
33. Wagner KD, Pollard R, Wagner RF: Malpractice litigation against child and adolescent psychiatry programs 1981-1991. J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry 1993; 32:462-465
34. Cheung P: Suicide precautions for psychiatric inpatients: A review. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1992; 28:212-221
35. Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ, Grebb JA: Synopsis of Psychiatry, 7th ed., Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1994:1186
36. Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ: Synopsis of Psychiatry, 6th ed, Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1991:783
37. Husain SA, Cantwell DP: Fundamentals of Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1991:209
38. Sokol M, Pfeffer C: The suicidal child and adolescent. In: Lyman RD, Prentice-Dunn S, Gabel S, eds. Residential and Inpatient Treatment of Children and Adolescents. New York: Plenum Press; 1989:325-339
39. Gispert M, Davis MS, Marsh L, Wheeler K: Predictive factors in repeated suicide attempts in adolescents. Hosp Commun Psychiatry 1987; 38:391-393
40. Myatt RJ, Greenblatt M: Adolescent suicidal behavior. In: Leenaars AA, ed. Suicidology. Northvale, NJ: Aronson, 1993:186-205
41. Kenny EM, Krajewski TJ: Hospital treatment of the adolescent suicidal patient. In: McIntire MS, Angle CR, eds. Suicidal Attempts in Children and Youth. Hagerstown, MD: Harper and Row; 1980:70-86
42. Davis PA: Suicidal Adolescents. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas; 1983
43. Frances G, Hart KJ: Depression and suicide. In: Van Hasselt VB, Kolko DJ, eds. Inpatient Behavior Therapy for Children and Adolescents. New York: Plenum; 1992:93-111
44. Jellinek MS, Herzog DB: Introduction to psychiatric consultation with children. In: Cassem NH, ed. Massachusetts General Hospital Handbook of General Psychiatry, 3rd ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1991:491-507
45. King RA, Noshpitz JD: Pathways of Growth: Psychopathology. New York: Wiley; 1991:206
46. Ponton LE: Short-term psychiatric hospitalization of children and adolescents. In: Hendren RL, Berlin I, eds. Psychiatric Inpatient Care of Children and Adolescents. New York: Wiley; 1991:176-193
47. Dalton R, Forman MA: Conflicts of interest associated with psychiatric hospitalization of children. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1987; 57:12-14
48. Cowley G: Money, madness at psycho-hospitals. Newsweek 1991; 118:50-52
49. NME suit winds down as record settlement reached. Psychiatr News 1994; 11:23-24
50. Cooper H: Cost controls impel psychiatric hospitals to establish more outpatient programs. Wall Street J 1993; March 16:131, 138
51. Duffy JF: NAPHS survey shows health care evolving, continuum of care expanding. Psychiatr Times 1994; 11:60-61
52. Stege CB, Gittelman M: Trends in mental health care in Western Europe. Int J Mental Health 1987; 16:104, 218-228
53. George JE: Malpractice in the United Kingdom; A comparative approach. NJ Med 1991; 88:7-9
54. Sawyer CH, Sawyer TG: Comparison of German and United States malpractice systems. J Fla Med Assoc 1993; 80:257-260
55. Black M, Erulkar J, Kerfoot J, Meadow R, Baderman H: The management of parasuicide in young people under sixteen. Bull Roy Coll Psychiatry 1982; 6:182-185
56. Hawton K: Suicide and Attempted Suicide Among Children and Adolescents. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1986:111
57. Graham P: Child Psychiatry. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1986:188
58. Barker P: Basic Child Psychiatry, 5th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific; 1988:130, 263
59. World Health Organization: 1992 World Health Statistics Annual. Geneva: WHO; 1993
60. Diekstra RF: An international perspective on suicide and its prevention. In: Platt SD, Kreitman N, eds. Current Research on Suicide and Parasuicide. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; 1989:2-21
61. Platt S: Suicide trends in 24 European countries 1972-1984. In Moller HJ, Schmidke A, Welz R, eds. Current Issues in Suicidology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1988:3-13
62. Bogard HM: Follow-up study of suicidal patients seen in emergency room consultation. Am J Psychiatry 1970; 126:1017-1020
63. Paykel ES, Hallowell C, Dressler DM, Shapiro DL, Weissman MM: Treatment of suicide attempters. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1974; 31:487-491
64. Fields JH, Hyman RB: Symptoms, global function and hospitalization patterns: Child/adolescent psychiatric emergencies. Poster at the 41st annual meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York, October 28, 1994
65. Adams RH: An accident and emergency department's view of self-poisoning. Hum Toxicol 1986; 5:5-10
66. Kessel N: Self-poisoning. Br Med J 1965; 2:1265-1270
67. Kurz A, Moller HJ, Burk F, et al.: Determination of treatment disposal for parasuicide patients in a German university hospital. Social Psychiat 1985; 20:145-151
68. Smith JS, Davison K: Changes in the pattern of admissions for attempted suicide in Newcastle upon Tyre during the 1960s. Br Med J 1971; 4:412-415
69. Gibbons JS, Butler J, Urwin P, Gibbons JL: Evaluation of a social work service for self-poisoning patients. Br J Psychiatry 1978; 133:111-118
70. Pallis DJ, Barraclough BM, Levey AB, Jenkins JS, Sainsbury P: Estimating suicide risk among attempted suicide. Br J Psychiatry 1982; 141:37-44
71. Stanley WJ: Attempted suicide and suicidal gestures. Br J Prev Soc Med 1969; 23:190-195
72. Hawton K, Gath D, Smith E: Management of attempted suicide in Oxford. Br Med J 1979; 2:1040-1042
73. Runeson B, Wasserman D: Management of suicide attempters. Acta Psychiat Scand 1994; 90:222-228
74. Hawton K: Suicide and the management of a suicide attempts. In: Herbst KR, Paykel ES, eds. Depression: An Integrative Approach. Oxford: Heinemann; 1989:197-215
75. Owens DW, Jones SJ: The accident and emergency department management of deliberate poisoning. Br J Psychiatry 1988; 152:830-883
76. Moller HJ: Suicide risk and treatment in patients who have attempted suicide. In: Lester D, ed. Current Concepts of Suicide. Philadelphia: Charles Press; 1990:168-181
77. Diekstra RF, deGraff AC, Edmond MV: On the epidemiology of attempted suicide. In: Soubrier JP, Vedrinne J, eds. Depression and Suicide. Paris Pergamon Press; 1983:69-81
78. Cremniter D, Meidinger A, Thenault H, Fermanian J: Preliminary results of a study concerning the evaluation and evolution of patients having attempted to commit suicide. In: Moller HJ, Schmidtke A, WeIz R, eds. Current Issues of Suicidology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1988:144-152
79. Welcher B, Robin P, Nordentoft M: Admission of self-poisoning patients during one year at the Poisoning Treatment Centre. Acta Psychiat Scand Suppl 1993; 391:38-44
80. de Wilde EJ, Kienhorst IC, Diekstra RF, Wolters WH: The relationship between adolescent suicidal behavior and life events in childhood and adolescence. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:45-51
81. Taylor EA, Stansfeld SA: Children who poison themselves: A clinical comparison with psychiatric controls. Br J Psychiatry 1984; 145:127-135
82. Pfeffer CR: Life stress and the family risk factor for youth. In: Pfeffer CR, ed. Suicide in Youth. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1989:143-164
83. Kienhorst CW, de Wilde EJ, Diekstra RF, Wolters WH: Differences between adolescent suicide attempters and depressed adolescents. Acta Psychiat Scand 1992; 85:222-228
84. Friedman RC, Clarkin JF, Corn R, Arnoff MS, Hart SW, Murphy MC: DSM III and affective disorder pathology in hospitalized adolescents. J Nerv Ment Dis 1982; 170:511-521
85. Hammen C: Depression Runs in Families. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1991:60
86. Weissman MM, Gammon GD, John K: Children of depressed parents: Increased psychopathology and early onset of major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987; 44:847-853
87. Hawton K: Controlled studies of psychosocial intervention following attempted suicide. In: Platt SD, Kreitman N, eds. Current Research in Suicide and Parasuicide. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; 1989:180-185
88. Brent DA, Kupfer DJ, Bromet EJ, Dew MA: The assessment and treatment of patients at risk for suicide. Am Psychiat Press Rev Psychiatry 1988; 7:353-385
89. Barter JT, Swaback DO, Todd D: Adolescent suicide attempts. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1968; 19:523-527
90. Trautman PD, Stewart N, Morishima A: Are adolescent suicide attempters non-compliant with outpatient care? J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry 1993; 32:89-94
91. Feigelson EB, Davis EB, Mackinnon R, Shands HC, Schwartz CC: The decision to hospitalize. Am J Psychiatry 1978; 135:355-357
92. Gutstein SE, Rudd MD: An outpatient alternative for suicidal youth. J Adolesc 1990; 13:265-277
93. Van Heeringen C, Jannes S, Buylaert W, et al.: The management of non-compliance with referral to outpatient after-care among attempted suicide patients. Psychol Med 1995; 25:963-970
94. Shaffer D, Garland A, Gould M, Fisher P, Trautman P: Preventing teenage suicide: A critical review. J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry 1988; 27:675-687
95. Ahmadi KS, Goethe JW, Adams ML: Suicidal behaviors among Connecticut youth. Conn Med 1991; 55:76-80
96. Andrus JK, Fleming DW, Heumann MA, Wassell JT, Hopkins DD, Gordon J: Surveillance of attempted suicide among adolescents in Oregon, 1988. Am J Public Health 1988; 81:1067-1069
97. DeMaso DR, Ross L, Beardslee WR: Depressive disorders and suicidal intent in adolescent suicide attempters. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1994; 15:74-77
98. Deykin EY: Adolescent suicide and self-destructive behavior. In: Klerman GL, ed. Suicide and Depression Among Adolescents and Young Adults. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1986:279-297
99. Garfinkel BD, Froese A, Hood J: Suicide attempts in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139:1257-1261
100. Jacobziner H: Attempted suicide in adolescence. JAMA 1965; 191:101-105
101. Jay MS, Graham CJ, Flowes C: Adolescent suicide attempters presenting to a pediatric facility. Adolescence 1989; 24:467-472
102. Litt I, Cuskey WR, Rudd S: Emergency room evaluation of the adolescent who attempts suicide. J Adolesc Health Care 1983; 4: 106-108
103. McIntire MS, Angle CR: Psychological "biopsy" in self-poisoning of children and adolescents. Am J Dis Childhood 1973; 126:42-46
104. Nakamura JW, McLeod CR, McDermott JF: Temporal variation in adolescent suicide attempters. Suicide Life-Threat Behav 1994; 24:343-349
105. Paluszny M, Davenport C, Kim NJ: Suicide attempts and ideation. Adolescence 1991; 26:209-215
106. Piacentini J, Rotheram-Borus MJ, Gillis JR, et al.: Demographic predictors of treatment attendance among adolescent suicide attempters. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995; 63:469-473
107. Rohn RD, Sarles RM, Kenny TJ, Reynolds BJ, Herald FP: Adolescents who attempted suicide. J Pediatr 1977: 90:636-638
108. Teicher JD, Jacobs J: Adolescents who attempt suicide. Am J Psychiatry 1966; 122:1248-1257
109. Tishler CL, McKenry PC, Morgan KC: Adolescent suicide attempts: Some significant factors. Suicide Life-Threat Behav 1981; 11:86-92
110. Tuckman J, Connon HE: Attempted suicide in adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 1962; 119:228-232
111. Withers LC, Kaplan DW: Adolescents who attempt suicide. Prof Psychol 1987; 18:391-393
112. Zelzer LK, Mehr M, Leigh F: Adolescent suicide attempters at a children's hospital. Pediatr Res 1977; 11:373
113. Goldacre M, Hawton K: Repetition of self-poisoning and subsequent death in adolescents who take overdoses. Br J Psychiatry 1985; 146:395-398
114. Haldane JD, Haider I: Attempted suicide in children and adolescents. Br J Clin Pract 1967; 21:587-591
115. Hawton K, O'Grady J, Osborn M, Cole D: Adolescents who take overdoses. Br J Psychiatry 1982; 140:118-123
116. Kerfoot M: Deliberate self-poisoning in childhood and early adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1988; 29:335-343
117. O'Dwyer FG, D'Alton A, Pearce JB: Adolescent self harm patients: Audit of assessment in an accident and emergency department. BMJ 1991; 303:629-630
118. Sellar C, Hawton K, Goldacre MJ: Self-poisoning in adolescents. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 156:866-870
119. Chabrol H, Moron R: Depressive disorders in 100 adolescents who attempted suicide. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145:379
120. Choquet M, Facy F, Davidson F: Suicide and attempted suicide among adolescents in France. In: Farmer R, Hirsh S, eds. The Suicide Syndrome. London: Croom-Helm; 1980:79-83
121. Gasquet I, Choquet M: Gender role in adolescent suicidal behavior. Acta Psychiat Scand 1993; 87:59-65
122. Philippe A, Gautier JY, Verron M: Outcome of suicide attempters with respect to repetition: A six-month follow-up. In: Platt SD, Kreitman N, eds. Current Research on Suicide and Parasuicide. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; 1989:173-179
123. Bergstrand CG, Otto U: Suicide attempts in adolescence and childhood. Acta Paediat 1962; 51:17-26
124. Paerregaard G: Suicide among attempted suicides. Suicide 1975; 5:140-144
125. Toolan JM: Suicide and suicidal attempts in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 1962; 118:719-724
126. Hillard JR, Slomowitz M, Deddens J: Determinants of emergency admission for adolescents and adults. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145:1416-1419
127. Safer D: An outpatient/inpatient comparison of child psychiatric diagnosis. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1995; 65:298-303
128. Dingle AD, Summerville MD, Doepke K, Jones S: Follow-up of African-American suicide attempters. Read at the 146th annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, San Francisco, May 24, 1993
129. Kreitman N, Schreiber M: Parasuicide in young Edinburgh women, 1968-1975. Psychol Med 1979; 9:469-479
130. Zumbrunnen R, Tricot L: Factors affecting therapeutic decision making following a suicide attempt. In: Platt SD, Kreitman N, eds. Current Research on Suicide and Parasuicide. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; 1989:196-211
131. Kjelsberg E, Neegaard E, Dahl A: Suicide in adolescent psychiatric inpatients: Incidence and predictive factors. Acta Psychiat Scand 1994; 89:235-241
132. Adams DM, Overholser JC, Lehnert KL: Perceived family functioning and adolescent suicidal behavior. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994; 33:498-507
133. Angle CR, O'Brien TP, McIntire MS: Adolescent self-poisoning: A nine-year follow-up. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1983; 4:83-87
134. Brent DA: Correlates of medical lethality of suicide attempts in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1987; 26:87-89
135. Gispert M, Wheeler K, Marsh L, Davis MS: Suicidal adolescents: Factors in evaluation. Adolescence 1985; 20:753-762
136. Mehr M, Zeltzer LK, Robinson R: Continued self-destructive behaviors in adolescent suicide attemptors. J Adolesc Health Care 1981; 1:269-274
137. Pfeffer CR, Newcorn J, Kaplan G, Mizruchi MS, Plutchik R: Suicidal behavior in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry 1988; 27:357-361
138. Robbins DR, Alessi NE: Depressive symptoms and suicidal behavior in adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142:588-592
139. Rosenberg PH, Latimer R: Suicide attempts by children. Ment Hygiene 1966; 50:354-359
140. Sadowski C, Kelby ML: Social problem solving in suicidal adolescents. J Consult Clin Psychol 1993; 61:121-127
141. Schneer HI, Perlstein A, Brozovsky M: Hospitalized suicidal adolescents: Two generations. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1975; 14:268-280
142. Stanley EJ, Barter JT: Adolescent suicidal behavior. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1970; 40:87-96