Nitronergic regulation of gastric motility and emptying

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology

Volumn 12, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 512-516

  Sarna, Sushil K ^a  

^a MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NITRIC OXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE;

EFFERENT NERVE; MOTONEURON; REVIEW; STOMACH EMPTYING; STOMACH MOTILITY; STOMACH MUSCLE; VAGUS NERVE;

EID: 0029850995     PISSN: 02671379     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001574-199611000-00004     Document Type: Review

References (27)

1. Bredt DS, Hwang PM, Snyder SH: Localization of nitric oxide synthase indicating a neural role for nitric oxide. Nature (London) 1990, 347:768-770.
2. Sanders KM, Ward SM: Nitric oxide as a mediator of nonadrenergic noncholinergic neurotransmission. Am J Physiol 1992, 262:G379-G392.
3. Stark ME, Szurszewski JH: Role of nitric oxide in gastrointestinal and hepatic function and disease. Gastroenterology 1992, 103:1928-1949.
4. Sarna SK, Otterson MF, Ryan RP, Cowles VE: Nitric oxide regulates migrating motor complex cycling and its postprandial disruption. Am J Physiol 1993, 265:G759-G766.
5. Orihata M, Sarna SK. Inhibition on NO synthase delays gastric emptying of solid meals. Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994, 271:1-11.
6. Makhlouf GM, Grider JR: Nonadrenergic noncholinergic inhibitory transmitters of the gut Trends Pharmacol Sci 1993, 8:195-199.
7. Schemann M, Schaaf C: Differential projection of cholinergic and nitroxidergic neurons In the myenteric plexus of guinea pig stomach. Am J Physiol 1995, 269:G186-G195. This study shows that a majority of nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate adenine-reactive motor neurons project aborally and choline acetyl transferase-reactive motor neurons orally in the guinea pig stomach. The mean distance of projection of each type of neurons is about 1 mm. The authors concluded that this polarized projection facilitates ascending contraction and descending inhibition observed in a peristaltic reflex.
8. Sarna SK, Otterson MF: Small intestinal physiology and pathophysiology. In Gastrointestinal Clinics of North America. Edited by Ouyang A. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1989; 375-405.
9. Sarna SK: Physiology and pathophysiology of colonic motor activity [review]. Dig Dis Sci 1991, 36:827-862.
10. Sarna SK: Giant migrating contractions and their myoelectric correlates in the small intestine. Am J Physiol 1987, 253:G697-G705.
11. Karaus M, Sarna SK: Giant migrating contractions during defecation in the dog colon. Gastroenterology 1987, 92:923-933.
12. Cowles VE, Sarna SK: Relation between small intestinal motor activity and transit in secretory diarrhea. Am J Physiol 1990, 259:G420-G429.
13. Haba T, Sarna SK: Regulation of gastroduodenal emptying of solids by gastro-pylor-duodenal contractions. Am J Physiol 1993, 264:G261-G271.
14. Allescher H-D, Tougas G, Vergara P, Lu S, Daniel EE: Nitric oxide as a putative nonadrenergic noncholinergic inhibitory transmitter in the canine pylorus in vivo. Am J Physiol 1992, 262:G695-G702.
15. Lang IM, Sarna SK: Gastrointestinal motor correlates of vomiting in the dog: quantification and characterization as an independent phenomenon. Gastroenterology 1986, 90:4-47.
16. Young HM, Furness JB, Povey JM: Analysis of connections between nitric oxide synthase neurons in the myenteric plexus of the guineapig small intestine. J Neurocytol 1995, 24:257-263. This paper reported that the descending NOS interganglionic neurons provide input to the lateral NOS motor inhibitory neurons as well as other descending NOS neurons that also contain VIP and bombesin.
17. Förstermann U, Gorsky LD, Pollock JS, Schmidt HHW, Heller M, Murad F: Regional distribution of EDRF/NO-synthesizing enzyme(s) in rat brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990, 168:727-732.
18. Mizukawa K, Vincent SR, McGeer PL. McGeer EG: Distribution of reduced-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphate diaphorase positive cells in fibers in the cat central nervous system. J Comp Neurol 1989, 279:281-311.
19. Panico WH, Cavuto NJ, Kallimanis G, Nguyen C, Armstrong DM, Benjamin SB, Gillis RA, Travagli RA: Functional evidence for the presence of nitric oxide synthase in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Gastroenterology 1995, 109:1484-1491. The study shows that microinjection of L-arginine into the dorsal motor nucleus stimulates antral and pyloric contractile activity in anesthetized cats.
20. Meulemans AL, Eelen JGMG, Schuurkes JAJ: NO mediates gastric relaxation after brief vagal stimulation in anesthetized dogs. Am J Physiol 1995, 269:G255-G261. The authors report that electrical stimulation of decentralized vagus nerves in anesthetized dogs relaxed the fundus. This relaxation was mediated by NO.
21. Takahashi T, Owyang C: Vagal control of nitric oxide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide release in the regulation of gastric relaxation in the rat. J Physiol 1995, 484:481-492. Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves in a vascularly perfused rat stomach produced a rapid transient relaxation, followed by a phasic contraction, which was in turn followed by a prolonged relaxation. The transient relaxation was blocked by an NOS inhibitor, whereas VIP antagonist significantly reduced the delayed relaxation. The authors concluded that NO and VIP mediate different types of relaxations in the proximal stomach.
22. Ohta D, Sarna SK, Condon RE: Brain NO synthase regulates upper gastrointestinal fasting motor activity [abstract]. Gastroenterology 1994, 107:1218.
23. Sandi C, Guaza C: Evidence for a role of nitric oxide in the corticotropin-releasing factor release induced by interleukin-1β. Eur J Pharmacol 1995, 274:17-23. This study shows that NO mediates the synthesis of corticotropin-releasing factor by interleukin-1β in in vitro rat hypothalamus.
24. Hara S, Kuhns ER, Ellenberger EA, Jueller JL, Shibuya T, Endo T, Quock RM: Involvement of nitric oxide in intracerebroventricular β-endorphin-induced neuronal release of methionine-enkephalin. Brain Res 1995, 675:190-194. Centrally administered β-endorphin stimulates the release of methionine-enkephalin in the rat spinal cord. This study shows that this stimulation is mediated by NO.
25. Saperas E, Mourelee M, Santos J, Moncada S, Malagelada J-R: Central vagal activation by an analogue of TRH stimulates gastric nitric oxide release in rats. Am J Physiol 1995, 268:G895-G899. This study reported that the intracisternal infusion of thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulated NO release and secretion in the stomach of anesthetized rats. This effect is mediated by the vagus nerves.
26. Fiorucci S, Distrutti E, Quintieri A, Sarpi L, Spirchez Z, Gulla N, Morelli A: L-Arginine/nitric oxide pathway modulates gastric motility and gallblader emptying induced by erythromycin and liquid meal in humans. Dig Dis Sci 1995, 40:1365-1371. This study reported that intravenous administration of L-arginine in normal human subjects significantly increased plasma nitrite and nitrate concentration and blocked the stimulation of gastric emptying by erythromycin. L-Arginine also inhibited the spontaneous and erythromycin-induced gastric contractions.
27. Konturek JW, Thor P, Domschke W: Effects of nitric oxide on antral motility and gastric emptying in humans. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995, 7:97-102. The authors of this paper reported that subinguinal administration of glyceryl trinitrate or intravenous infusion of L-arginine prolonged gastric emptying in normal human subjects. These NO-producing agents also increased plasma glucagon and somatostatin levels.