Management of cancer pain

Southern Medical Journal

Volumn 89, Issue 8, 1996, Pages 744-760

  Conroy, Joanne M ^a   Harvey, Susan C ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CODEINE; DEXTROPROPOXYPHENE; HYDROCODONE; HYDROMORPHONE; LEVORPHANOL; METHADONE; MORPHINE; OPIATE; OXYCODONE; PETHIDINE;

ARTICLE; CANCER INVASION; CANCER PAIN; CONSTIPATION; HUMAN; INDIVIDUALIZATION; INTESTINE OBSTRUCTION; NAUSEA; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; TREATMENT PLANNING; URINE RETENTION; VOMITING;

EID: 0029849381     PISSN: 00384348     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00007611-199608000-00001     Document Type: Article

References (153)

1. World Health Organization: Technical Report Series. Cancer Pain Relief and Palliative Care. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1990
2. Cherny NI, Portenoy RK: Cancer pain management. Cancer 1993; 72(suppl):3393-3415
3. Patt YZ, Peters RE, Chuang VP, et al: Palliation of pelvic recurrence of colorectal cancer with intra-arterial 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin. Cancer 1985; 56:2175-2180
4. MacDonald N: The role of medical and surgical oncology in the management of cancer pain. International Congress on Cancer Pain: Procfedings of the Second International Congress on Cancer Pain. Foley KM, Bonica JJ, Ventafridda V (eds). New York, Raven Press, 1990, pp 27-39
5. Bates T: A review of local radiotherapy in the treatment of bone metastases and cord compression. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1992; 23:217-222
6. Bates T, Yarnold JR, Blitzer P, et al: Bone metastasis consensus statement. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1992; 23:215-216
7. Coia LR: The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1992; 23:239-244
8. Campa JA III, Payne R: Pain syndromes due to cancer treatment. Cancer Pain. Patt RB (ed). Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1993, pp 41-56
9. Patt RB: Classification of cancer pain and cancer pain syndromes. Cancer Pain. Patt RB (ed). Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1993, pp 3-22
10. Sanders S: Behavioral assessment and treatment of clinical pain: appraisal and current status. Progress in Behavior Modification. New York, Academic Press, 1979, pp 249-291
11. Saunders C: The philosophy of terminal care. The Management of Terminal Malignant Disease. Saunders C (ed). London, Edward Arnold, 1984, pp 232-241
12. Bonica JJ: Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary pain programs. Management of Pain. Bonica JJ (ed). Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 2nd Ed, 1990, pp 197-208
13. Rowlingson JC, Toomey TC: Multidisciplinary approaches to the management of chronic pain. The Multidisciplinary Pain Center. Ghia JN (ed). Boston, Kluwer Academic, 1988, pp 45-73
14. Procacci P, Maresca M: Pathophysiology of visceral pain. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy. Lipton S, Tunks E, Zoppi M (eds). New York, Raven Press, Vol 13, 1990, pp 123-131
15. Payne R: Cancer pain: anatomy, physiology and pharmacology. Cancer 1989; 263:2266-2274
16. Galasko CSB: Treatment - general manifestations. Skeletal Metastases. Galasko CSB (ed). London, Butterworths, 1986, pp 99-124
17. Enneking WF, Conrad EU III: Common bone tumors. Clin Symp 1989; 41:1-32
18. Greenberg HS, Deck MDF, Bhadrasain V, et al: Metastasis to the base of the skull: clinical findings in 43 patients. Neurology 1981; 31:530-537
19. Stambaugh JE: Role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Cancer Pain. Patt RB (ed). Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1993, pp 105-117
20. Galasko CSB: Mechanisms of bone destruction in the development of skeletal metastasis. Nature 1976; 263:507-508
21. Bennet A, Charlier EM, McDonald AM, et al: Prostaglandins and breast cancer. Lancet 1977; 2:624-626
22. Bates T: Radiotherapy for bone metastases. Clin Oncol 1989; 1:57-58
23. Tong D, Gillick L, Hendrickson FR: The palliation of symptomatic osseous metastases, final results of the study by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Cancer 1982; 50:893-899
24. Poulsen HS, Nielsen OS, Klee M, et al: Palliative irradiation of bone metastases. Cancer Treat Rev 1989; 16:41-48
25. Patchell RA, Posner JB: Neurologic complications of systemic cancer. Neurol Clin 1985; 3:729-750
26. Gilbert MR, Grossman SA: Incidence and nature of neurologic problems in patients with solid tumors. Am J Med 1986; 81:951-954
27. Kori SH, Foley KM, Posner JB: Brachial plexus lesions in patients with cancer: 100 cases. Neurology 1981; 31:45-50
28. Jaeckle KA, Young DF, Foley KM: The natural history of lumbosacral plexopathy in cancer. Neurology 1985; 35:8-15
29. Elliot K, Foley KM: Neurologic pain syndromes in patients with cancer. Crit Care Clin 1990; 6:393420
30. Sundaresan N, Sachdev VP, Krol G: Superior sulcus tumor (Pancoast tumor) with spine and brachial plexus invasion. Common Problems in Pain Management. Ferrer-Brechner T (ed). Chicago, Year Book Medical Publishers, 1990, pp 270-276
31. Posner JB: Back pain and epidural spinal cord compression. Med Clin North Am 1987; 71:185-205
32. Smith JL: Oncologic emergencies. Cancer Pain. Patt RB (ed). Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1993, pp 527-541
33. Aronoff GM, Evans WO: Pharmacologie management of chronic pain. Evaluation and Treatment of Chronic Pain. Aronoff GM (ed). Baltimore, Urgan & Schwarzenberg, 1985, pp 435-449
34. Zohn DA, Mennell JM: Modalities of physical treatment. Musculoskeletal Pain: Diagnosis and Physical Treatment. Zohn DA, Mennell JM (eds). Boston, Little Brown & Co, 1976, pp 115-152
35. Brown DL: A retrospective analysis of neurolytic celiac plexus block for nonpancreatic intra-abdominal cancer pain. Reg Anesth 1989; 14:63-65
36. Bonica JJ: Abdominal visceral pain. The Management of Pain. Bonica JJ (ed). Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1953
37. Plancarte RB, Velazquez R, Patt RB: Neurolytic blocks of the sympathetic axis. Cancer Pain. Patt RB (ed). Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1993, pp 377-426
38. Shubert MM, Sullivan KM, Morten TH, et al: Oral manifestations of chronic graft-versus-host disease. Arch Intern Med 1984; 144:1591-1595
39. Allen JC: The effects of cancer therapy on the nervous system. J Pediatr 1978; 93:903-909
40. Loeser JD: Herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. The Management of Pain. Bonica JJ (ed). Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 2nd Ed, 1990, pp 257-258
41. Morton ME: Osteoradionecrosis: a study of the incidence in the northwest of England. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1986; 24:323-331
42. Berger PS: Neurological complications of therapy. Neurological Complications of Radiotherapy: Selected Topics. Silverstein A (ed). Futura Publishing Co, Mount Kisco, NY, 1982, pp 137-185
43. Vecht CJ, Van de Brand HG, Wajer OJM: Post-axillary dissection pain in breast cancer is due to a lesion of the intercostobrachial nerve. Pain 1989; 38:171-176
44. Granek I, Ashikari R, Foley KM: Postmastectomy pain syndrome: clinical and anatomical correlates (Abstract). Proceeding of the American Society of Clincial Oncology 1983; 3:122
45. Kanner RM, Martini N, Foley KM: Nature and incidence of post-thoracotomy pain (Abstract). Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 1982; 1:152
46. Vecht CJ, Hoff AM, deBoer MF: Types and causes of pain in cancer of the head and neck. Pain 1990; 5(suppl):S-354
47. Sherman RA, Sherman CJ, Parker L: Chronic phantom and stump pain among American veterans: results of survey, Pain 1984; 18:83-95
48. Foley KM: Pain syndromes in patients with cancer. Med Clin North Am 1987; 71:169-184
49. Woolf CJ, Chong MS: Preemptive analgesia - treating postoperative pain by preventing the establishment of central sensitization. Anesth Analg 1993; 77:362-379
50. Walsh TD: Antidepressants in chronic pain. Clin Neuropharmacol 1983; 6:271-295
51. Bonica JJ: Cancer pain. The Management of Pain. Bonica JJ (ed). Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 2nd Ed, 1990, pp 400-460
52. Bruera E, Ripamonti C: Adjuvants to opioid analgesics. Canter Pain. Patt RB (ed). Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1993, pp 143-159
53. Schell HW: Adrenal corticosteroid therapy in far advanced cancer. Geriatrics 1972; 27:131-141
54. Swerdlow M: The use of anticonvulsants in the management of cancer pain. The Pain Clinic. Erdmann W, Oyamma T, Pernak MJ (eds). The Netherlands, VNU Science Press, Vol 1, 1985, pp 6-15
55. Dejgard A, Petersen P, Kastrup J: Mexiletine for treatment of chronic painful diabetic neuropathy, Lancet 1988; 1:9-11
56. Forrest WH: Dextroamphetamine with morphine for the treatment of postoperative pain. N Engl J Med 1977; 196:712-715
57. Beaver W, Feise G: Comparison of the analgesic effects of morphine, hydroxyzine and their combination in patients with postoperative pain. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy. Bonica JJ, Albe-Fessard DG (eds). New York, Raven Press, 1976, pp 553-557
58. Payne R: Neuropathic pain syndromes, with special reference to causalgia and reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Clin J Pain 1986; 2:59-73
59. Maze M, Tranquilli W: Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists: denning the role in clinical anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1991; 74:581-605
60. McGivney WT, Crooks GM: The care of patients with severe chronic pain in terminal illness. JAMA 1984; 251:1182-1188
61. Foley KM: The treatment of cancer pain. N Engl J Med 1985; 313:84-95
62. Portenoy RK: Inadequate outcome of opioid therapy for cancer pain: influences on practitioners and patients. Cancer Pain. Pau RB (ed). Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1993, pp 119-127
63. Marks RM, Sacher EJ: Undertreatment of medical patients with narcotic analgesics. Ann Intern Med 1973; 78:173-181
64. Hill CS Jr: Oral opioid analgesics. Cancer Pain. Patt RB (ed). Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1993, pp 129-142
65. Stoelting RK: Opioid Agonists and Antagonists, Stoelting RK (ed). Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1987, pp 69-101
66. Bruera E, Chadwick S, Brenneis C, et al: Methylphenidate associated with narcotics for the treatment of cancer pain. Cancer Treat Rep 1987; 71:67-70
67. Jaffe JH, Martin WR: Opioid analgesics and antagonists. Goodman and Gilman's: The Pharmacologic Basis of Therapeutics. Gilman AG, Rall TW, Niles AS, et al (eds). New York, Pergamon Press, 8th Ed, 1990, pp 485-521
68. Ventafridda V, Tambutine M, Caraceni A: A validation study of the WHO method for cancer pain relief. Cancer 1987; 59:850-856
69. Coyle N, Mauskop A, Maggard J, et al: Continuous subcutaneous infusions of opiates in cancer patients with pain. Oncol Nurs Forum 1986; 13:53-57
70. Bruera E, Ripamonti C: Alternate routes of administration of opioids for the management of cancer pain. Cancer Pain. Patt RB (ed). Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1993, pp 161-184
71. Westerling D, Lindahl S, Anderson KE, et al: Absorption and bioavailability of rectally administered morphine in women. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1982; 23:59-64
72. Johnson T, Christensen CB, Jordening H, et al: The bioavailability of rectally administered morphine. Pharmacol Toxicol 1988; 62:203-205
73. Moolenaar F, Yska JP, Visser J, et al: Drastic improvement in the rectal absorption profile of morphine in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1985; 29:119-121
74. Streisand J, Varvel J, Stanski D, et al: Absorption and bioavailability of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate. Anesthesiology 1991; 75:223-229
75. Bell MDD, Mishra P, Weldon BD, et al: Buccal morphine - a new route for analgesia? Lancet 1985; 1:71-73
76. Bullingham RES, McQuay HJ, Porter EJB, et al: Sublingual buprenorphine used postoperatively: ten hour plasma drug concentration analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1982; 13:665-673
77. Rowbotham DJ, Wyld R, Peacock JE: Transdermal fentanyl for the relief of pain after upper abdominal surgery. Br J Anaesth 1989; 63:56-59
78. Caplan RA, Ready LB, Olsson GL, et al: Transdermal delivery of fentanyl for post-operative pain control (Abstract). Anesthesiology 1986; 65:196
79. Holley FO, VanSteeins C: Transdermal administration of fentanyl for post-operative analgesia (Abstract). Anesthesiology 1986; 65:548
80. Nimmo WS, Duthie DJR: Plasma fentanyl concentrations after transdermal or IV infusion of fentanyl (Abstract). Anesthesiology 1986; 65:559
81. Plezie PM, Linford J, Kramer H, et al: Transdermal therapeutic system (fentanyl) for post-operative pain: an efficacy, toxicity and pharmacokinetic trial (Abstract). Anesthesiology 1986; 65:210
82. Duthie DJR, Rowbotham DJ, Wyld R, et al: Plasma fentanyl concentrations during transdermal delivery of fentanyl to surgical patients. Br J Anaesth 1988; 60:614-618
83. Varvel JR, Shafer SL, Hwang SS, et al: Absorption characteristics of transdermally administered fentanyl. Anesthesiology 1989; 70:928-934
84. Gourlay GK, Kowalski SR, Plummer JL, et al: The transdermal administration of fentanyl in the treatment of postoperative pain: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects. Pain 1989; 37:193-202
85. Miser AW, Narang PK, Dothage JA, et al: Transdermal fentanyl for pain control in patients with cancer. Pain 1989; 37:15-21
86. Chrubasik J, Geller E, Niv D, et al: Morphine inhalation versus intravenous infusion of pain treatment after abdominal surgery (Abstract). Anesth Analg 1987; 66(suppl):S29
87. Simmonds MA, Payne R, Richenbaucher J, et al: TTS (fentanyl) in the management of pain in patients with cancer (Abstract). Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 1989; 8:324
88. Caplan RA, Ready LB, Oden RV, et al: Transdermal fentanyl for postoperative pain management, a double-blind placebo study. JAMA 1989; 261:1036-1039
89. Wang JK, Nauss LA, Thomas JE, et al: Pain relief by intrathecally applied morphine in man. Anesthesiology 1979; 50:149-151
90. Malone BT, Beye R, Walker J: Management of pain in the terminally ill by administration of epidural narcotics. Cancer 1985; 55:438-440
91. Zenz M: Epidural opiates for the treatment of cancer pain. Recent Results Cancer Res 1984; 89:107-114
92. Shelter AG, Hadley MH, Wilkinson E: Administration of intraspinal morphine sulfate for the treatment of intractable cancer pain. Neurosurgery 1986; 18:740-747
93. Vainio A, Tigerstedt I: Opioid treatment for radiating cancer pain: oral administration vs epidural techniques. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1988; 32:179-185
94. Cousins MJ, Cherry DA, Gourlay GK: Acute and chronic pain: use of spinal opioids. Neural Blockade. Cousins MJ, Bridenbaugh PO (eds). Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 2nd Ed, 1988, pp 955-1029
95. Waldman SD, Leak DW, Kennedy LD, et al: Intraspinal opioid therapy. Cancer Pain. Patt RB (ed). Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1993, pp 285-328
96. Cousins MJ, Mather LE: Intrathecal and epidural administration of opioids. Anesthesiology 1984; 61:276-310
97. Ali NM, Hanna N, Hoffman JS: Percutaneous epidural catheterization for intractable pain in terminal cancer patients. Gynecol Oncol 1989; 32:22-25
98. Sjoberg M, Karlsson PA, Nordborg C, et al: Neuropathic findings after long term intrathecal infusion of morphine and bupivacaine for pain treatment in cancer patients. Anesthesiology 1992; 76:173-186
99. Pasqualucci V, Tantucci C, Paoletti F, et al: Buprenorphine vs morphine via the epidural route: a controlled comparative clinical study of respiratory effects and analgesic activity. Pain 1987; 19:273-286
100. Sosnowski M, Yaksh TL: Spinal administration of receptorselective drugs as analgesics: new horizons. Pain and Symptom Management 1990; 5:204-213
101. Pasqualucci V: Advances in the management of cardiac pain. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy. Recent Advances in the Management of Pain. Benedetti C, Chapman CR, Moricca G (eds). New York, Raven Press, Vol 7, 1984, pp 501-519
102. Ventafridda V, Spoldi E, Caraceni A, et al: Intraspinal morphine for cancer pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1987; 85(suppl):47-53
103. Payne R: CSF distribution of opioids in animals and man. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1987; 85(suppl):38-46
104. Max MG, Inturrisi CE, Kaiko RF, et al: Epidural and intrathecal opiates: cerebral spinal fluid and plasma profiles in patients with chronic cancer pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1985; 38:631-641
105. Payne R, Inturrisi CE: CSF distribution of morphine and methadone and sucrose after intrathecal injection. Life Sci 1985; 37:1137-1144
106. Kanner RM, Foley KM: Patterns of narcotic drug use in a cancer pain clinic. Ann NY Acad Sci 1981; 362:161-172
107. Jaffe JH: Drug addiction and drug abuse. Goodman and Gilman's: The Pharmacologie Basis of Therapeutics. Gilman AG, Rall TW, Niles AS, et al (eds). New York, Macmillan, 8th Ed, 1990, pp 522-573
108. Kaiko RF, Grandy RP, Oshlack B, et al: The United States experience with oral controlled-release morphine. Cancer 1989; 63:2348-2354
109. Rinaldo RC, Steindler EM, Wilford BB, et al: Clarification and standardization of substance abuse terminology. JAMA 1988; 259:555-557
110. Porter J, Jick H: Addiction rare in patients treated with narcotics (Abstract). N Engl J Med 1980; 302:123
111. Peele S: Ain't misbehavin': addiction has become an allpurpose excuse. The Sciences, NY Acad Sci, July/August 1989, pp 14-15
112. Stambaugh JE, Drew J: The combination of ibuprofen and oxycodone acetaminophen in the management of chronic cancer pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1988; 44:665-669
113. Verbeeck RK, Blackburn JL, Loewen GR: Clinical pharmacokinetics of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 1983; 8:297-331
114. Ferrera SH: Prostaglandins and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Prostaglandins and Thromboxanes. Bert F, Samuelson B, Velvo GP (eds). New York, Plenum Press, 1976, pp 353-361
115. Steifel FC, Kornblith AB, Holland JC: Changes in the prescription patterns of psychotropic drugs for cancer patients during a 10 year period. Cancer 1990; 65:1048-1053
116. Feinmann C: Pain relief by antidepressants: possible modes of action. Pain 1985; 23:1-8
117. Max MB, Schafer SC, Culnanne M, et al: Association of pain relief with drug side effects in post-herpetic neuralgia: a single dose study of clonidine, codeine, ibuprofen and placebo. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1988; 43:363-371
118. Glynn CJ, Jamous A, Dawson D, et al: The role of epidural clonidine in the treatment of patients with intractable pain (Abstract), Pain 1987; 4(suppl):45
119. Eisenach JC, Lysak SZ, Viscomi CM: Epidural clonidine analgesia following surgery: Phase I. Anesthesiology 1989; 74:640-646
120. Eisenach JC, Rauch RI, Buzzanell C, et al: Epidural clonidine analgesia for intractable cancer pain: Phase I. Anesthesiology 1989; 71:647-652
121. Yaksh TL, Reddy SV: Studies in the primate on the analgesic effects associated with intrathecal actions of opiates, alpha-adrenergic agonists and baclofen. Anesthesiology 1981; 54:451-467
122. Swerdlow M: Anticonvulsant drugs and chronic pain. Clin Neuropharmacol 1984; 7:51-82
123. Lindstrom P, Lindblom U: The analgesic effect of tocainide in trigeminal neuralgia. Pain 1987; 28:45-50
124. Kreeger RW, Hammill SC: New antiarrhythmic drugs: tocainide, mexiletine, flecainide, encainide and amiodarone. Mayo Clin Proc 1987; 62:1033-1050
125. Prough DS, McLeskey CH, Pehling GG, et al; Efficacy of oral nifedipine in the treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Anesthesiology 1985; 62:796-799
126. Fromm GH, Terrence CF, Chaltha AS: Baclofen in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: double blind study and long term follow up. Ann Neurol 1984; 15:240-244
127. Moertel CG, Shutte AJ, Reitemeir RJ, et al: Corticosteroid therapy in pre-terminal gastro-intestinal cancer. Cancer 1974; 33:1607-1609
128. Bonica JJ: Biochemistry and modulation of nociception and pain. The Management of Pain. Bonica JJ (ed). Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 2nd Ed, 1990, pp 95-121
129. Naguib M, Adu-Gyamfr Y, Absood GH, et al: Epidural ketamine for postoperative analgesia. Anesth Analg 1988; 67:798-799
130. Cripps TP, Goodchild CS: Intrathecal midazolam and the stress response to upper abdominal surgery. Br J Anaesth 1986; 58:1324-1325
131. Wilson PR, Yaksh TL: Baclofen is anti-nociceptive in the spinal intrathecal space of animals. Eur J Pharmacol 1978; 51:323-330
132. Bonica JJ, Buckley FP: Regional analgesia with local anesthetics. The Management of Pain. Bonica JJ (ed). Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 2nd Ed, 1990, pp 1999-2011
133. Du Pen SL: After epidural narcotics - what next for cancer pain control? (Abstract) Anesth Analg 1987; 66:546
134. Looser JD: Dorsal rhizotomy: indications and results. Advances in Neurology. Bonica JJ (ed). New York, Raven Press, 4th Ed, 1974, pp 615-619
135. Saris SC, Silver JM, Vieira JFS, et al: Sacrococcygeal rhizotomy for perineal pain. Neurosurgery 1986; 19:789-793
136. Tasker RR: Neurosurgical and neuroaugmentative intervention. Cancer Pain. Patt RB (ed). Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1993, pp 480-489
137. Patt RB, Jain S: Therapeutic decision-making for invasive procedures. Cancer Pain. Patt RB (ed). Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1993, pp 275-284
138. McLaurin RL: Neurosurgical approaches to pain in cancer. Pain Management. Lee JF (ed). Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1977, p 186
139. Bonica JJ, Buckley FP, Moricca G, et al: Neurolytic blockade and hypophysectomy. The Management of Pain. Bonica JJ (ed). Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 2nd Ed, 1990, pp 1980-2039
140. Lipton S: Neurolysis: pharmacology and drug selection. Cancer Pain. Patt RB (ed). Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1993, pp 343-358
141. Roviaro GC, Varoli F, Fascianella A, et al: Intrathoracic intercostal nerve block with phenol in open chest surgery. Chest 1986; 90:64-67
142. Brown DL, Bulky CK, Quiel EC: Neurolytic celiac plexus block for pancreatic cancer pain. Anesth Analg 1987; 66:869-873
143. Thompson GE, Moore DC, Bridenbaugh PO, et al: Abdominal pain and alcohol celiac plexus nerve block. Anesth Analg 1977; 56:1-5
144. Bukberg J, Penman D, Holland J: Depression in hospitalized cancer patients. Psychosom Med 1984; 46:199-212
145. Massie MJ, Holland JC: Depression and the cancer patient. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 7(suppl):12-17
146. Plumb MM, Holland JC: Comparative studies of psychological function in patients with advanced cancer. Psychosom Med 1977; 39:264-276
147. Holland JC, Hughes Korzum A, Tross S, et al: Comparative psychological disturbance in pancreatic and gastric cancer. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143:982-986
148. Breitbart W: Diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric complications in the cancer patient with pain. Cancer Pain. Patt RB (ed). Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1993, pp 222-233
149. Breitbart W: Cancer pain and suicide. International Congress on Cancer Pain: Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Cancer Pain. Foley KM, Bonica JJ, Ventafridda V, et al (eds). New York, Raven Press, 1990, pp 399-412
150. Breitbart W: Suicide in cancer patients. Oncology Review 1987; 1(2):49-55
151. Jacox A, Carr DB, Payne R, et al: Management of cancer pain: adults. Am Fam Physician 1994; 49:1853-1868
152. Ferrell-Torry AT, Glick OJ: The use of therapeutic massage as a nursing intervention to modify anxiety and the perception of cancer pain. Cancer Nurs 1993; 16:93-101
153. Bayuk L: Relaxation techniques: an adjunct therapy for cancer patients. Semin Oncol Nurs 1986; 13:51-55