Identification of urinary benzodiazepines and their metabolites: Comparison of automated HPLC and GC-MS after immunoassay screening of clinical specimens

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

Volumn 20, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 416-424

  Valentine, Jimmie L ^a   Middleton, Rosalyn ^a   Sparks, Carolyn ^a  

^a ARKANSAS CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2 PROPANOL; 7 AMINOCLONAZEPAM; 7 AMINOFLUNITRAZEPAM; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BETA GLUCURONIDASE; CHLOROFORM; CLONAZEPAM; DEMOXEPAM; DRUG METABOLITE; FLUNITRAZEPAM; LORAZEPAM; NORDAZEPAM; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DERIVATIZATION; DRUG DETERMINATION; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN; HYDROLYSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; URINE;

EID: 0029848431     PISSN: 01464760     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jat/20.6.416     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. R.L. Hagan. Clarification of benzodiazepine structural classes. J. Anal. Toxicol. 19: 58-59 (1995).
2. O. Beck, P. Lafolie, G. Odelius, and L.O. Boreus. Immunological screening of benzodiazepines in urine: improved detection of oxazepam intake. Toxicol. Lett. 52: 7-14 (1990).
3. O. Beck, P. Lafolie, P. Hjemdahl, S. Borg, G. Odelius, and P. Wirbing. Detection of benzodiazepine intake in therapeutic doses by immunoanalysis of urine: two techniques evaluated and modified for improved performance. Clin. Chem. 38: 271-75 (1992).
4. O. Beck, P. Lafolie, and P. Hjemdahl. Modification of commercial assay kits is justified. Clin. Chem. 39: 1352-53 (1993).
5. P.D. Camara, L. Audette, K. Velletri, P. Breitenbecher, M. Rosner, and W.C. Griffiths. False-positive immunoassay results for urine benzodiazepines in patients receiving oxaprozin (Daypro). Clin. Chem. 41: 115-19 (1995).
6. L.E. Edinboro and A. Poklis. Detection of benzodiazepines and tribenzazolams by TRIAGE™: confirmation by solid-phase extraction utilizing SPEC®·3ML·MP3 microcolumns and GC-MS. J. Anal. Toxicol. 18: 312-16 (1994).
7. A.D. Fraser. Urinary screening for alprazolam, triazolam, and their metabolites with the EMIT® d.a.u.™ benzodiazepine metabolite assay. J. Anal. Toxicol. 11: 263-66 (1987).
8. A.D. Fraser, W. Bryan, and A.F. Isner. Urinary screening for alprazolam and its major metabolites by the Abbott ADx and TDx analyzers with confirmation by GC/MS. J. Anal. Toxicol. 15: 25-29 (1991).
9. T. Matuch-Hite, P. Jones, Jr., and J. Moriarity. Interference of oxaprozin with benzodiazepines via enzyme immunoassay technique. J. Anal. Toxicol. 19: 130 (1995).
10. J.L. Valentine and E.M. Komoroski. Use of a visual panel detection method for drugs of abuse: clinical and laboratory experience with children and adolescents. J. Pediatr. 126: 135-40 (1995).
11. D.L. Langkamp, A. Nutt, and R. Raasch. Child abuse by poisoning. Why is alprazolam difficult to detect? Clin. Pediatr. 31: 250-51 (1993).
12. W.E. Lambert, E. Meyer, Y. Xue-Ping, and A.P. De Leenheer. Screening, identification, and quantitation of benzodiazepines in postmortem samples by HPLC with photodiode array detection. J. Anal. Toxicol. 19: 35-40 (1995).
13. ST versus high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection. Toxicol. Lett. 45: 93-99 (1989).
14. C.E. Jones, F.H. Wians Jr., L.A. Martinez, and G.J. Merritt. Benzodiazepines identified by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with specific ion screening used to detect benzophenone derivatives. Clin. Chem. 35: 1394-98 (1989).
15. R. Meatherall. GC-MS confirmation of urinary benzodiazepine metabolites. J. Anal. Toxicol. 18: 369-81 (1994).
16. C. Moore, G. Long, and M. Marr. Confirmation of benzodiazepines in urine as trimethylsilyl derivatives using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatog. B. 655: 132-37 (1994).
17. R.E. West and D.P. Ritz. GC/MS analysis of five common benzodiazepine metabolites in urine as tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl derivatives. J. Anal. Toxicol. 17: 114-16 (1993).
18. J.L. Valentine, P. Psaltis, S. Sharma, and H. Moskowitz. Simultaneous gas chromatographic determination of diazepam and its major metabolites in human plasma, urine, and saliva. Anal. Lett. 15: 1665-83 (1982).
19. J.A. de Silva, I. Bekersky, C.V. Puglisi, M.A. Brooks, and R.E. Weinfeld. Determination of 1,4-benzodiazepines and -diazepin-2-ones in blood by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography. Anal. Chem. 48: 10-19 (1976).
20. W. Sadee and E. Van Der Kleijn. Thermolysis of 1,4-benzodiazepines during gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. J. Pharm. Sci. 60: 135-37 (1971).
21. J.R. Joyce, T.S. Bal, R.E. Ardrey, H.M. Stevens, and A.C. Moffat. The decomposition of benzodiazepines during analysis by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Biomed. Mass Spectrom. 11: 284-89 (1984).
22. E.I. Minder. Toxicity in a case of acute and massive overdose of chlordiazepoxide and its correlation to blood concentration. Clin. Toxicol. 27: 117-27 (1989).
23. I.M. McIntyre, M.L. Syrjanen, K. Crump, S. Horomidis, A.W. Peace, and O.H. Drummer. Simultaneous HPLC gradient analysis of 15 benzodiazepines and selected metabolites in postmortem blood. J. Anal. Toxicol. 17: 202-207 (1993).
24. F. Kamali. Determination of plasma diazepam and desmethyldiazepam by solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 11: 625-27 (1993).
25. H.L. Tai, R.J. Osiewicz, and D.P. Bofinger. A salt-free isocratic high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the quantitation of benzodiazepines in serum. Clin. Biochem. 26: 165-71 (1993).
26. W. Rieck and D. Platt. High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of alprazolam in plasma using the column switching technique. J. Chromatogr. 578: 259-63 (1992).
27. A.D. Fraser, A.F. Isner, and W. Bryan. Urinary screening for adinazolam and its major metabolites by the EMIT®d.a.u.™ and FPIA benzodiazepine assays with confirmation by HPLC. J. Anal. Toxicol. 17: 427-31 (1993).
28. P. Demedts, A. Wauters, F. Franck, and H. Neels. Evaluation of the REMEDi drug profiling system. Eur. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 32: 409-17 (1994).
29. J. Guitton, D. Durand, N. Bouillod, and M. Manchon. Development of a solid/liquid extraction method for analysis of toxic drugs in serum using an automated liquid chromatograph: The REMEDi. Ann. Biol. Clin. 52: 111-15 (1994).
30. A.K.H. Adams, H. Essien, and S.R. Binder. Identification of drugs in physiological fluids following on-line liquid chromatographic purification and analysis. Ann. Biol. Clin. 49: 291-97 (1991).
31. S.R. Binder, M. Regalia, M. Biaggi-McEachern, and M. Mazhar. Automated liquid chromatographic analysis of drugs in urine by on-line sample cleanup and isocratic multi-column separation. J. Chromatogr. 473: 325-41 (1989).
32. D. King, S.R. Binder, S. Dalvie, H. Essien, J. Haggas, R. Patel, M. Ellett, and J. Lai. Identification of demoxepam in urine using two liquid chromatography methods. Clin. Chem. 41: S117 (1995).
33. J.L. Valentine, G.L. Kearns, C. Sparks, L.G. Letzig, C.R. Valentine, S.A. Shappell, D.F. Neri, and C.A. DeJohn. GC-MS determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine in human urine for 12 hours following oral administration of dextro-methamphetamine: lack of evidence supporting the established forensic guidelines for methamphetamine confirmation. J. Anal. Toxicol. 19: 581-90 (1995).
34. R.L. Fitzgerald, D.A. Rexin, and D.A. Herold. Detecting benzodiazepines: immunoassays compared with negative chemical ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Clin. Chem. 40: 373-80 (1994).
35. S.C. Harvey. Hypnotics and sedatives. In The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 7th ed. A.G. Gilman, L.S. Goodman, T.W. Rall, and F. Murad, Eds., MacMillan Publishing, New York, NY, 1985, p 347.
36. P.H. Dickson, W. Markus, J. McKernan, and H.C. Nipper. Urinalysis of α-hydroxyalprazolam, α-hydroxytriazolam, and other benzodiazepine compounds by GC/EIMS. J. Anal. Toxicol. 16: 67-71 (1992).