Detection of embolism with Doppler ultrasound: A review

Echocardiography

Volumn 13, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 519-528

  Spencer, Merrill P ^a,b  

^a Inst of Appl Physiol and Medicine   (United States)

^b Institute of Applied Physiology and Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

Doppler ultrasound; embolism detection

Indexed keywords

DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY; ECHOENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EMBOLISM; HUMAN; MICROEMBOLISM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0029846941     PISSN: 07422822     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.1996.tb00930.x     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. Spencer MP, Campbell SD: Bubbles in the blood during hyperbaric decompression. (Abstract) Proceedings of the International Union of Physiological Sciences. 1968, p. 412.
2. Spencer MP, Campbell SD: Development of bubbles in venous and arterial blood during hyperbaric decompression. Bull Mason Clinic 1968;22:26-32.
3. Spencer MP, Lawrence GH, Thomas GI, et al: The use of ultrasonics in the determination of arterial aeroembolism during open-heart surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 1969;8:489-497.
4. Powell MR, Spencer MP, Von Ramm O: Ultrasonic surveillance of decompression. In Bennett PB, Elliott DH (eds): The Physiology and Medicine of Diving. 3rd Edition. Best Publishing Company, Carson, CA, 1982, pp. 404-434.
5. Spencer MP: Detection of cerebral arterial emboli with transcranial Doppler. (Abstract) J Cardiovasc Tech 1990;9:65.
6. Spencer MP, Thomas GI, Nicholls SC, et al: Detection of middle cerebral artery emboli during carotid endarterectomy using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Stroke 1990;21:415-423.
7. Aaslid R, Markwalder TM, Nornes H: Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries. J Neurosurg 1982;57:769-774.
8. Ringelstein EB, Richert F, Bardos S, et al: Transkraniell-sonographisches monitoring des blutflusses der A. cerebri media während rekanalisierender Operationen an der extrakraniellen A. carotis interna. Nervenarzt 1985;56:423-430.
9. Padayachee TS, Gosling RG, Bishop CC, et al: Monitoring middle cerebral artery blood velocity during carotid endarterectomy. Br J Surg 1986;73:98-100.
10. Spencer MP, Thomas GI, Nicholls SC, et al: Detection of middle cerebral artery emboli during carotid endarterectomy using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Stroke 1990;21:415-423.
11. Spencer MP, Lawrence GH, Thomas GI, et al: The use of ultrasonics in the determination of arterial aeroembolism during open-heart surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 1969;8,489-497.
12. Padayachee TS, Parsons S, Theobold R, et al: The detection of microemboli in the middle cerebral artery during cardiopulmonary bypass: A transcranial Doppler ultrasound investigation using membrane and bubble oxygenators. Ann Thorac Surg 1987;44,298-302.
13. Pugsley W: The use of Doppler ultrasound in the assessment of microemboli during cardiac surgery. Perfusion 1989;4:115-122.
14. Pugsley W, Klinger L, Paschalis C, et al: Microemboli and cerebral impairment during cardiac surgery. Vasc Surg 1990;24:34-43.
15. Eicke M, Stump DA, Tegler CH, et al: Carotid artery microemboli detection following cardiopulmonary bypass. (Abstract) J Cardiovasc Tech 1990;9:284-285.
16. Harrison MJG, Pugsley W, Newman S, et al: Detection of middle cerebral emboli during coronary artery bypass surgery using transcranial Doppler sonography. (Letter) Stroke 1990;21:1512.
17. Siebler M, Sitzer M, Steinmetz H: Detection of intracranial emboli in patients with symptomatic extracranial carotid artery disease. Stroke 1992;23:1652-1654.
18. Sitzer M, Siebler M, Steinmetz H: Silent emboli and their relation to clinical symptoms in extracranial carotid artery disease. Cerebrovasc Dis 1995;5:121-123.
19. Georgiadis D, Grosset DG, Lees KR: Transhemispheric passage of microemboli in patients with unilateral carotid occlusion. Stroke 1993;24:1664-1666.
20. Babikian VL, Hyde C, Pochay V, et al: Clinical correlates of high-intensity transient signals detected on transcranial Doppler sonography in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 1994;25:1570-1573.
21. Siebler M, Rose G, Nachtmann A, et al: A possible relationship between transcranially detected cerebral microembolism and neurological symptoms. (Abstract) In: Eighth International Symposium on Cerebral Hemodynamics. Munster, Germany, September 25-27. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994;4(Suppl 3):109.
22. Siebler M, Kleinschmidt A, Sitzer M, et al: Cerebral microembolism in symptomatic and asymptomatic high-grade internal carotid stenosis. Neurology 1994;44:615-618.
23. Ries S, Schminke U, Daffertshofer M, et al: High intensity transient signals and carotid artery disease. Cerebrovasc Dis 1995;5:124-127.
24. Schoonover KD, Douville CM, Sturzenegger M, et al: The detection of emboli in internal carotid artery dissection using transcranial Doppler. (Abstract) J Vasc Tech 1994;18:205.
25. Markus HS, Thompson N, Droste DW, et al: Cerebral embolic signals in carotid artery stenosis and their temporal variability. (Abstract) In: Eighth International Symposium on Cerebral Hemodynamics. Munster, Germany, September 25-27. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994;4(Suppl 3):108.
26. Spencer MP: Detection of cerebral arterial emboli with transcranial Doppler. (Abstract) J Cardiovasc Tech 1990;9:65.
27. Spencer MP, Thomas GI, Nicholls SC, et al: Detection of middle cerebral artery emboli during carotid endarterectomy using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Stroke 1990;21:415-423.
28. Gaunt ME, Martin PJ, Smith PRF, et al: Incipient carotid artery thrombosis detected by transcranial Doppler monitoring during carotid endarterectomy. (Abstract) In: Eighth International Symposium on Cerebral Hemodynamics. Munster, Germany, September 25-27. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994;4(Suppl 3):7.
29. Siebler M, Sitzer M, Rose G, et al: Silent cerebral embolism caused by neurologically symptomatic high-grade carotid stenosis: Event rates before and after carotid endarterectomy. Brain 1993;116:1005-1015.
30. Jansen C, Ramos LMP, van Heesewijk JPM, et al: Impact of microembolism and hemodynamic changes in the brain during carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 1994;25:992-997.
31. Markus HS, Loh A, Israel D, et al: Microscopic air embolism during cerebral angiography and strategies for its avoidance. Lancet 1993;341:784-787.
32. Strottman JM, Stump DA, Moody D, et al: Ultrasonic emboli detection during routine cerebral angiography. Perfusion 1993;8:259.
33. Eckert B, Thie A, Valdueza A, et al: Transcranial Doppler monitoring during percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of severe carotid artery stenosis. (Abstract) In: Eighth International Symposium on Cerebral Hemodynamics. Munster, Germany, September 25-27. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994;4(Suppl 3):65.
34. Markus HS, Clifton A, Brown MM: Carotid angioplasty: Hemodynamic and embolic consequences. (Abstract) Cerebrovasc Dis 1994;4:259.
35. Markus HS, Clifton A, Buckenham T, et al: Carotid angioplasty: Detection of embolic signals during and after the procedure. Stroke 1994;25:2403-2406.
36. Markus HS,Clifton S, Buckenam T, et al: The immediate and short-term haemodynamic and embolic effects of carotid angioplasty. (Abstract) In: Eighth International Symposium on Cerebral Hemodynamics. Munster, Germany, September 25-27. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994;4(Suppl 3):7.
37. Tegler CH, Hitchings LP, Eicke M, et al: Microemboli detection in stroke associated with atrial fibrillation. (Abstract) J Cardiovasc Tech 1990;9:283-284.
38. Eicke BM, Rarth V, Kukowski B, et al: TCD monitoring in patients after valve replacement surgery and non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation. (Abstract) In: Eighth International Symposium on Cerebral Hemodynamics. Munster, Germany, September 25-27. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994;4(Suppl 3):105.
39. Tong DC, Bogler A, Albers GW: Incidence of transcranial Doppler-detected cerebral microemboli in patients referred for echocardiography. Stroke 1994;25:2138-2141.
40. Kitzman DW, Tegler CH, Barber CC, et al: Detection of carotid microemboli following acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1993;88:I-223.
41. Berger M, Davis D, Lolley D, et al: Detection of subclinical microemboli in patients with prosthetic aortic valves. (Abstract) J Cardiovasc Tech 1990;9:282.
42. Rams JA, Davis DA, Lolley DM, et al: Detection of microemboli in patients with artificial heart valves using transcranial Doppler: Preliminary observations. J Heart Valve Dis 1993;2:37-41.
43. Russ-Hasenburg E, Tippke S, Diehl B, et al: Detection of subclinical cerebral microemboli in patients with prosthetic valves. (Abstract) In: Eighth International Symposium on Cerebral Hemodynamics. Munster, Germany, September 25-27. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994;4(Suppl 3):7.
44. Sigrun K, Russell D, Brucher R, et al: The incidence and frequency of cerebral embolic signals in mechanical heart valve patients increased with duration of implantation. (Abstract) In: Eighth International Symposium on Cerebral Hemodynamics. Munster, Germany, September 25-27. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994;4 (Suppl 3):100.
45. Sturtzenegger M, Beer JH, Rihs F: The use of transcranial Doppler emboli detection and coagulation markers to monitor combined antithrombotic treatments in patients with prosthetic heart valves. (Abstract) In: Eighth International Symposium on Cerebral Hemody namics. Munster, Germany, September 25-27. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994;4(Suppl 3):74.
46. Georgiadis D, Kaps M, Grosset G, et al: Transcranial Doppler detection of microemboli in patients with different types of prosthetic cardiac valves. (Abstract) In: Eighth International Symposium on Cerebral Hemodynamics. Munster, Germany, September 25-27. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994;4(Suppl 3):7.
47. Sliwka U, Diehl R, Meyer B, et al: Clinical evidence of cerebral emboli in the acute phase and long term follow-up after mechanical heart valve implantation. (Abstract) In: Eighth International Symposium on Cerebral Hemodynamics. Munster, Germany, September 25-27. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994;4(Suppl 3):103.
48. Muller HR, Pfister M, Gradel E, et al: Simultaneous bilateral TCD for detection of middle cerebral artery microemboli from mechanical prosthetic heart valves. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994; 4:393-397.
49. Grosset DG, Cowburn P, Georgiadis D, et al: Ultrasound detection of cerebral emboli in patients with prosthetic heart valves. J Heart Valve Dis 1994;3:128-132.
50. Hitchings LP, Tegler CH, Burke GL, et al: Carotid artery microemboli detection in stroke. (Abstract) Neurology 1991;41(Suppl):97.
51. Tegler CH, Burke GL, Dailey GM, et al: Carotid emboli predict poor outcome in stroke. Stroke 1993;22:253-258.
52. Harer C, Shpotin A, Alex J: Hemodynamic TCD monitoring and emboli detection in alcoholism. (Abstract) In: Eighth International Symposium on Cerebral Hemodynamics. Munster, Germany, September 25-27. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994;4(Suppl 3):111.
53. Spencer MP: Detection of cerebral arterial emboli: Transcranial Doppler. In Newell DW, Aaslid R (eds): Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press Ltd., New York, 1992, pp. 215-230.
54. Spencer MP, Reid JM: Cerebrovascular Evaluation with Doppler Ultrasound. Martinus-Nijhoff Publishers, B.V., The Netherlands, 1981, p. 92.
55. Hennerici MG: High intensity transcranial signals (HITS): A questionable "Jackpot" for the prediction of stroke risk. J Heart Valve Dis 1994;3:124-125.
56. Moehring MA: Pulse Doppler ultrasound detection, characterization and size estimation of emboli in flowing blood. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1994;41:35-44.
57. Johnston WE, Stump DA, DeWitt DS, et al: Significance of gaseous microemboli in the cerebral circulation during cardiopulmonary bypass in dogs. Circulation 1993;88(Pt 2):319-329.
58. Markus HS, Loh A, Brown MM: Detection of circulating cerebral emboli using transcranial Doppler ultrasound in a sheep model. J Neurol Sci 1994;122:117-124.
59. Russell D, Madden KP, Clark WM, et al: Detection of arterial emboli using Doppler ultrasound in rabbits. Stroke 1991;22:253-258.
60. Stump DA, Stein MS, Tegler CH, et al: Validity and reliability of an ultrasound device for detection of carotid emboli. J Am Soc Neuroimaging 1991;1:18-22.
61. Kessler C, Kelly AB, Suggs WD, et al: Induction of transient neurological dysfunction in baboons by platelet microemboli. Stroke 1992;23:697-702.
62. Caplan LR: Silent brain infarcts. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994;4(Suppl):29-32.
63. Stump DA, Newman SP, Troost BT, et al: Neuropsychological deficits after cardiac Surgery. (Abstract) Anesth Analg 191;72(Suppl):S282.
64. Klepper JR Curry MP, Spencer MP: Automatic detection of cerebral emboli. (Abstract) J Cardiovasc Tech 1990;9:281-282.
65. Klepper JR: Ultrasonic methods for detection and sizing of venous gas emboli. (Abstract) Proceedings of the IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium 1982;2:668-672.
66. Brucher R, Russell D: Spectral characteristics of emboli with artifact suppression. (Abstract) Stroke 1993;24:510.
67. Markus HS, Loh A, Brown MM: Computerized detection of cerebral emboli and discrimination from artifact, using Doppler ultrasound. Stroke 1993;24:1667-1672.
68. Siebler M, Rose G, Sitzer M, et al: Real-time identification of cerebral microemboli with US feature detection by a neural network. Radiology 1994;192:739-742.
69. Grosset DG, Georgiadis D, Kelman AW, et al: Quantification of ultrasound emboli signals in patients with cardiac and carotid disease. Stroke 1993;24:1922-1924.
70. Georgiadis D, Grosset DG, Kelman A, et al: Prevalence and characteristics of intracranial microemboli signals in patients with different types of prosthetic cardiac valves. Stroke 1994;25:587-592.
71. Georgiadis D, Mackay TG, Kelman AW, et al: Differentiation between gaseous and formed embolic materials in vivo: Application in prosthetic heart valve patients. Stroke 1994;25:1159-1563.
72. Sturtzenegger M, Beer JH, Rihs F: Monitoring combined antithrombotic treatments in patients with prosthetic heart valves using transcranial Doppler and coagulation markers. Stroke 1995;26:63-69.
73. Spencer M, Klepper J: Ultrasonic frequency dependence of Doppler detectability of arterial microemboli. (Abstract) FASEB J 1992;6:A1357.
74. Moehring MA, Spencer MP, Davis DL, et al: Exploration of the embolus to blood power ratio model (EBR) for characterizing microemboli detected in the middle cerebral artery. Proceedings of the IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, Seattle, WA. November 1995;1531-1535.
75. Babikian VL, Rosales R, Pochay V: Composition of particle associated with embolic signals on transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 1994;4:86-90.
76. Sitzer M, Muller W, Siebler M, et al: Carotid plaque ulceration and lumen thrombus are the main sources of cerebral microemboli. (Abstract) In: Eighth International Symposium on Cerebral Hemodynamics. Munster, Germany, September 25-27. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994;4(Suppl 3):95.
77. Leighton VJ, Tegler CH, Hitchings LP, et al: Serial carotid artery embolus detection to evaluate the effect of preventive therapy. (Abstract) J Neuroimaging 1992;2:56.
78. Nicholls SC, Newell D: Use of TCD embolism monitoring in determination of anticoagulation regimens. (Abstract) In: Eighth International Symposium on Cerebral Hemodynamics. Munster, Germany, September 25-27. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994;4(Suppl 3):101.