Anatomic changes of the spinal canal and intervertebral foramen associated with flexion-extension movement

Spine

Volumn 21, Issue 21, 1996, Pages 2412-2420

  Inufusa, Akihiko ^a   An, Howard S ^a   Lim, Tae Hong ^a   Hasegawa, Toru ^a   Haughton, Victor M ^a   Nowicki, Bruce H ^a  

^a MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

Author keywords

intervertebral foramen; lumbar spine; spinal canal

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BODY MOVEMENT; CADAVER; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; LUMBAR SPINE; MALE; MOTION; NERVE ROOT COMPRESSION; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; VERTEBRAL CANAL; VERTEBRAL CANAL STENOSIS;

ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CADAVER; FEMALE; HUMANS; LUMBAR VERTEBRAE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MOVEMENT; NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES; RANGE OF MOTION, ARTICULAR; SPINAL CANAL; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 0029846801     PISSN: 03622436     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00007632-199611010-00002     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. An HS, Glover JM. Lumbar spinal stenosis: Historical perspective, classification, and pathoanatomy. Semin Spinal Surg 1994;6:67-77.
2. Boden SD, Wiesel SW. Lumbosacral segmental motion in normal individuals: Have we been measuring instability properly? Spine 1990;15:571-6.
3. Ciric I, Mikhael MA, Tarkington JA, Vick NA. The lateral recess syndrome: A variant of spinal stenosis. J Neurosurg 1980;53:433-43.
4. Crock HV. Normal and pathological anatomy of the lumbar spinal nerve root canals. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1981;63: 487-90.
5. Dillard J, Trafimow J, Andersson GBJ, Cronin K. Motion of the lumbar spine: Reliability of two measurement techniques. Spine 1991;16:321-4.
6. Dvorak J, Panjabi MM, Novotny JE, Chang DG, Grob D. Clinical validation of functional flexion-extension roentgenograms of the lumbar spine. Spine 1991;16:943-50.
7. Farfan HF, Gracovetsky S. The nature of instability. Spine 1984;9:714-9.
8. Friberg O. Lumbar instability: A dynamic approach by traction-compression radiography. Spine 1987;12:119-29.
9. Frymoyer JW, Newberg A, Pope MH, Wilder DG, Clements J, MacPherson B. Spine radiographs in patients with low-back pain: An epidemiological study in men. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1984;66:1048-55.
10. Frymoyer JW, Selby DK. Segmental instability: Rationale for treatment. Spine 1985;10:280-6.
11. Gertzbein SD, Holtby R, Tile M, Kapasouri A, Chan KW, Cruickshank B. Determination of a locus of instantaneous centers of rotation of the lumbar disc by moiré fringes: A new technique. Spine 1984;9:409-13.
12. Gertzbein SD, Seligman J, Holtby R, et al. Centrode patterns segmental instability in degenerative disc disease. Spine 1985;10:257-61.
13. Hasegawa T, An HS, Haughton VM, Nowicki BH. Lumbar foraminal stenosis: Critical heights of the intervertebral discs and foramina. A cryomicrotome study in cadavera. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1995;77:32-8.
14. Haughton VM, Syversten A, Williams AL. Soft tissue anatomy within the spinal canal as seen on computed tomography. Radiology 1980;134:649-55.
15. Kälebo P, Kadziolka R, Awärd L. Compression-traction radiography of lumbar segmental instability. Spine 1990;15: 351-5.
16. Keessen W, During J, Beeker TW, Goudfrooij H, Crowe A. Recordings of the movement at the intervertebral segment L5-S1: A technique for the determination of the movement in the L5-S1 spinal segment by using three specified postural positions. Spine 1984;9:83-90.
17. Kirkaldy-Willis WH, Farfan HF. Instability of the lumbar spine. Clin Orthop 1982;165:110-23.
18. Kirkaldy-Willis WH, McIvor GWD. Spinal stenosis. Clin Orthop 1976;115:2-144.
19. Kirkaldy-Willis WH, Paine KWE, Cauchoix J, et al. Lumbar spinal stenosis. Clin Orthop 1974;99:30-50.
20. Kirkaldy-Willis WH, Wedge JH, Yong-Hing K, Reilly J. Pathology and pathogenesis of lumbar spondylosis and stenosis. Spine 1978;3:319-28.
21. Knutsson F. The instability associated with disk degeneration in the lumbar spine. Acta Radiol 1944;25:593-609.
22. Lee CK, Rauschning W, Glenn W. Lateral lumbar spinal canal stenosis: Classification, pathologic anatomy and surgical decompression. Spine 1980;13:313-20.
23. Mayoux-Benhamou MA, Revel M, Aaron C, Chomette G, Amor B. A morphometric study of the lumbar foramen: Influence of flexion-extension movements and of isolated disc collapse. Surg Radiol Anat 1989;11:97-102.
24. Morgan FP, King T. Primary instability of lumbar vertebrae as a common cause of low back pain. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1957;39:6-22.
25. Nachemson A. Lumbar spine instability: A critical update and symposium summary. Spine 1985;10:290-1.
26. Macnab I. The traction spur. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1971; 53:663-70.
27. Panjabi MM. The stabilizing system of the spine: Part I. Function, dysfunction, adaptation, and enhancement. J Spinal Disord 1992;5:383-97.
28. Panjabi MM, Takata K, Goel VK. Kinematics of lumbar intervertebral foramen. Spine 1983;8:348-57.
29. Pearcy M, Shepherd J. Is there instability in spondylolisthesis? Spine 1985;10:175-7.
30. Penning L, Wilmink JT. Posture-dependent bilateral compression of L4 or L5 nerve roots in facet hypertrophy: A dynamic CT-myelographic study. Spine 1987;12:488-500.
31. Pope MH, Frymoyer JW, Krag MH. Diagnosing instability. Clin Orthop 1992;279:60-7.
32. Pope MH, Panjabi M. Biomechanical definitions of spinal instability. Spine 1985;10:255-6.
33. Pope MH, Svensson M, Broman H, Anderson GB. Mounting of the transducers in measurement of segmental motion of the spine. J Biomech 1986;19:675-7.
34. Putto E, Tallroth K. Extension-flexion radiographs for motion studies of the lumbar spine: A comparison of two methods. Spine 1990;15:107-10.
35. Schönstrom N, Bolender N, Spengler DM. The pathomorphology of spinal stenosis as seen on CT scans of the lumbar spine. Spine 1985;10:806-11.
36. Schönström N, Lindahl S, Willén J, Hansson T. Dynamic changes in the dimensions of the lumbar spinal canal: An experimental study in vitro. J Orthop Res 1989;7:115-21.
37. Seligman JV, Gertzbein SD, Tile M, Kapasouri A. Computer analysis of spinal segment motion in degenerative disc disease with and without axial loading. Spine 1984;9:566-73.
38. Shaffer WO, Spratt KF, Weinstein J, Lehmann TR, Goel V. The consistency and accuracy of roentgenograms for measuring sagittal translation in the lumbar vertebral motion segment: An experimental model. Spine 1990;15:741-50.
39. Stephens MM, Evans JH, O'Brien JP. Lumbar intervertebral foramens: An in vitro study of their shape in relation to intervertebral disc pathology. Spine 1991;16:525-9.
40. Stokes IAF, Frymoyer JW. Segmental motion and instability. Spine 1987;12:688-91.
41. Stokes IAF, Wilder DG, Frymoyer JW, Pope MH. Assessment of patients with low-back pain by biplanar radiographic measurement of intervertebral motion. Spine 1981;6:233-40.
42. Tillotson KM, Burton AK. Noninvasive measurement of lumbar sagittal mobility: An assessment of the flexicurve technique. Spine 1991;16:29-33.
43. Ullrich CG, Binet EF, Sanecki MG, Kieffer SA. Quantitative assessment of the lumbar spinal canal by computed tomography. Radiology 1980;134:137-43.
44. Vanderlinden RG. Subarticular entrapment of the dorsal root ganglion as a cause of sciatic pain. Spine 1984;9:19-22.
45. Verbiest H. The significance and principles of computerized axial tomography in idiopathic developmental stenosis of the bony lumbar vertebral canal. Spine 1979;4:369-78.
46. Wiltse LL. History of spinal disorders. In: Frymoyer JW, ed. Adult Spine. New York: Raven Press, 1991:33-55.