Fluoroquinolone antibacterials: SAR, mechanism of action, resistance, and clinical aspects

Medicinal Research Reviews

Volumn 16, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 433-486

  Gootz, Thomas D ^a   Brighty, Katherine E ^a  

^a PFIZER INC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

8 CHLORO 1 CYCLOPROPYL 7 (2,8 DIAZABICYCLO[4.3.0]NON 8 YL) 6 FLUORO 1,4 DIHYDRO 4 OXO 3 QUINOLINECARBOXYLIC ACID; AMIFLOXACIN; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; BACTERIAL ENZYME; BALOFLOXACIN; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLINAFLOXACIN; CP 115953; CP 74667; DANOFLOXACIN; DIFLOXACIN; DNA TOPOISOMERASE; DNA TOPOISOMERASE (ATP HYDROLYSING); FLEROXACIN; GATIFLOXACIN; GREPAFLOXACIN; MACROLIDE; NALIDIXIC ACID; NORFLOXACIN; OFLOXACIN; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ROSOXACIN; SITAFLOXACIN; SPARFLOXACIN; TOSUFLOXACIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; WIN 58161;

ANAEROBIC BACTERIUM; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ARTHROPATHY; ARTICULAR CARTILAGE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; CHEMICAL MODIFICATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIUM; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PEDIATRICS; REVIEW; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION;

ANIMALS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; BACTERIA, ANAEROBIC; DRUG RESISTANCE, MICROBIAL; FLUOROQUINOLONES; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA; HUMANS; PRODRUGS; STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP;

EID: 0029840423     PISSN: 01986325     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1128(199609)16:5<433::AID-MED3>3.0.CO;2-W     Document Type: Review

References (278)

1. H. C. Neu, Adv. Pharmacol., 29A, 227 (1994).
2. B. La T. Prosser and G. Beskid, Diag. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 21, 33 (1995).
3. N. Karabalut and G. L. Drusano, in Quinolone Antimicrob. Agents, 2nd Ed., D. C. Hooper and J. S. Wolfson, Eds., American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D. C., 1993, p. 195.
4. N. von Rosenstiel and D. Adam, Drugs, 47, 872 (1994).
5. S. Takayama, M. Hirohashi, M. Kato, and H. Shimada, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 45, 1 (1995).
6. J.-I. Kato, H. Suzuki, and H. Ikeda, J. Biol. Chem., 267, 25676 (1992).
7. L. Ferrero, B. Cameron, and J. Crouzet, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 39, 1554 (1995).
8. M. D. Blum, D. J. Graham, and C. A. McCloskey, Clin. Infect. Dis., 18, 946 (1994).
9. R. J. Fass, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 37, 2348 (1993).
10. J. A. Sutcliffe, T. D. Gootz, and J. F. Barrett, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 33, 2027 (1989).
11. P. Hussy, G. Maass, B. Tümmler, F. Grosse, and U. Schomburg, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 29, 1073 (1986).
12. B. Wiedemann and P. Heisig, Infection, 22, S 73 (1994).
13. A. Maxwell, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 30, 409 (1992).
14. D. B. Wigley, G. J. Davies, E. J. Dodson, A. Maxwell, and G. Dodson, Nature, 351, 624 (1991).
15. S. Krueger, G. Zaccai, A. Wlodawer, J. Langowski, M. O'Dea, A. Maxwell, and M. Gellert, J. Mol. Biol., 211, 211 (1990).
16. D. C. Hooper and J. S. Wolfson, in Quinolone Antimicrob. Agents, 2nd Ed., D. C. Hooper and J. S. Wolfson, Eds., American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D. C., 1993, p. 53.
17. C. J. R. Willmott and A. Maxwell, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 37, 126 (1993).
18. L. Shen, L. Mitscher, P. Sharma, T. J. O'Donnell, D. Chu, and C. S. Cooper, Biochem., 28, 3886 (1989).
19. N. P. Higgins and N. R. Cozzarelli, Nucleic Acid Res., 10, 6833 (1982).
20. C. J. R. Willmott, S. E. Critchlow, I. C. Eperon, and A. Maxwell, J. Mol. Biol., 242, 351 (1994).
21. H. Peng and K. J. Marians, J. Biol. Chem., 268, 24481 (1993).
22. K. Hoshino, A. Kitamura, I. Morrissey, K. Sato, J. Kato, and H. Ikeda, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 38, 2623 (1994).
23. R. J. Belland, S. G. Morrison, C. Ison, and W. M. Huang, Molec. Microbiol., 14, 371 (1994).
24. L. Ferrero, B. Cameron, B. Manse, D. Lagneaux, J. Crouzet, A. Famechon, and F. Blanche, Molec. Microbiol., 13, 641 (1994).
25. J. F. Barrett, T. D. Gootz, P. R. McGuirk, C. A. Farrell, and S. A. Sokolowski, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 33, 1697 (1989).
26. T. D. Gootz and N. Osheroff, in Quinolone Antimicrob. Agents, 2nd Ed., D. C. Hooper and J. S. Wolfson, Eds., American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D. C., 1993, p. 139.
27. M. J. Robinson, B. A. Martin, T. D. Gootz, P. R. McGuirk, M. Moynihan, J. A. Sutcliffe, and N. Osheroff, J. Biol. Chem., 266, 14585 (1991).
28. W. E. Kohlbrenner, N. Wideburg, D. Weigl, A. Saldivar, and D. T. W. Chu, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 36, 81 (1992).
29. S. H. Elsea, P. R. McGuirk, T. D. Gootz, M. Moynihan, and N. Osheroff, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 37, 2179 (1993).
30. S. A. Coughlin, D. W. Danz, R. G. Robinson, K. M. Klingbeil, M. P. Wentland, T. H. Corbett, W. R. Waud, L. A. Zwelling, E. Altschuler, E. Bales, and J. B. Rake, Biochem. Pharmacol., 50, 111 (1995).
31. H. H. Holden, J. F. Barrett, C. M. Huntington, P. A. Muehlbauer, and M. G. Wahrenburg, Environ. Molec. Mutagen., 13, 238 (1989).
32. T. D. Gootz, J. F. Barrett, and J. A. Sutcliffe, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 34, 8 (1990).
33. H. Yoshida, M. Bogaki, S. Nakamura, K. Ubukata, and M. Konno, J. Bacteriol., 172, 6942 (1990).
34. H. Ito, H. Yoshida, M. Bogaki-Shonai, T. Niga, H. Hattori, and S. Nakamura, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 38, 2014 (1994).
35. T. Takenouchi, C. Ishii, M. Sugawara, Y. Tokue, and S. Ohya, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 39, 1414 (1995).
36. J. Tankovic, N. Desplaces, J. Duval, and P. Courvalin, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 38, 1149 (1994).
37. S. Hori, Y. Ohshita, Y. Utsui, and K. Hiramatsu, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 37, 2278 (1993).
38. Y. Wang, W. M. Huang, and D. E. Taylor, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 37, 457 (1993).
39. A. Kureishi, J. M. Diver, D. Beckthold, T. Schollaardt, and L. E. Bryan, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 38, 1944 (1994).
40. A. Kitamura, K. Hoshino, Y. Kimura, I. Hayakawa, and K. Sato, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 39, 1467 (1995).
41. K. S. Thomson, C. C. Sanders, and M. E. Hayden, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 35, 2329 (1991).
42. H. Yoshida, T. Kojima, J. Yamagishi, and S. Nakamura, Molec. Gen. Genet., 211, 1 (1988).
43. H. Yoshida, M. Nakamura, M. Bogaki, and S. Nakamura, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 34, 1273 (1990).
44. E. Cambau, F. Bordon, E. Collatz, and L. Gutmann, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 37, 1247 (1993).
45. P. Hallett and A. Maxwell, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 35, 335 (1991).
46. R. A. Moore, B. Beckthold, S. Wong, A. Kureishi, and L. E. Bryan, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 39, 107 (1995).
47. Y. Tokue, K. Sugano, D. Saito, T. Noda, H. Ohkura, Y. Shimosato, and T. Sekiya, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 38, 428 (1994).
48. M. Oram and M. Fisher, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 35, 387 (1991).
49. P. Heisig and R. Tschorny, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 38, 1284 (1994).
50. J. Yamagishi, H. Yoshida, M. Yamyoshi, and S. Nakamura, Molec. Gen. Genet., 204, 367 (1986).
51. H. Nikaido and D. G. Thanassi, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 37, 1393 (1993).
52. M. Watanabe, M. Inoue, and S. Mitsuhashi, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 33, 1837 (1989).
53. A. Denis and N. J. Moreau, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 32, 379 (1993).
54. J. S. Chapman and N. H. Georgopapadakou, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 32, 438 (1988).
55. K. Timmers and R. Sternglanz, Bioinorg. Chem., 9, 145 (1978).
56. H. Nikaido and E. Y. Rosenberg, J. Bacteriol., 153, 241 (1983).
57. S. P. Cohen, H. Hachler, and S. B. Levy, J. Bacteriol., 175, 1484 (1993).
58. D. C. Hooper, J. S. Wolfson, M. A. Bozza, and E. Y. Ng, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 36, 1151 (1992).
59. D. C. Hooper, J. S. Wolfson, E. Y. Ng, and M. N. Swartz, Am. J. Med., 82 (Suppl. 4A), 12 (1987).
60. H. Aoyama, K. Fujimaki, K. Sato, T. Fujii, M. Inoue, K. Hirai, and S. Mitsuhashi, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 32, 922 (1988).
61. A. S. Bayer, L. Hirano, and J. Yih, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 32, 231 (1988).
62. K. Fukuda, M. Hosaka, K. Hirai, and S. Iyobe, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 34, 1757 (1990).
63. L. J. V. Piddock, M. C. Hall, and R. N. Walters, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 28, 185 (1991).
64. S. P. Cohen, D. C. Hooper, J. S. Wolfson, K. S. Souza, L. M. McMurray, and S. B. Levy, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 32, 1187 (1988).
65. S. P. Cohen, L. M. McMurray, D. C. Hooper, J. S. Wolfson, and S. B. Levy, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 33, 1318 (1989).
66. G. W. Kaatz, S. M. Seo, and C. A. Ruble, J. Infect. Dis., 163, 1080 (1991).
67. M. Trucksis, J. S. Wolfson, and D. C. Hooper, J. Bacteriol., 173, 5854 (1991).
68. D. C. Hooper, M. Trucksis, E. Ng, and J. Wolfson, Abstr. 19, Program Abstr. 4th Conf. DNA Topoisomerases Ther., New York, 1992.
69. A. A. Neyfakh, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 36, 484 (1992).
70. K. Poole, K. Krebes, C. McNally, and S. Neshat, J. Bacteriol., 175, 7363 (1993).
71. X.-Z. Li, H. Nikaido, and K. Poole, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 39, 1948 (1995).
72. X.-Z. Li, D. M. Livermore, and H. Nikaido, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 38, 1732 (1994).
73. S. R. M. Morshed, Y. Lei, H. Yoneyama, and T. Nakae, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 210, 356 (1995).
74. N. Masuda, E. Sakagawa, and S. Ohya, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 39, 645 (1995).
75. J. Vila, J. Ruiz, F. Marco, A. Barcelo, P. Goni, E. Giralt, and T. J. deAnta, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 38, 2477 (1994).
76. T. Yoshida, T. Muratani, S. Iyobe, and S. Mitsuhashi, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 38, 1466 (1994).
77. L. A. Mitscher, P. Devasthale, and R. Zavod, in Quinolone Antimicrobial Agents, 2nd Ed., D. C. Hooper and J. S. Wolfson, Eds., American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D. C., 1993, p. 3.
78. Y. Asahina, T. Ishizaki, and S. Suzue, Prog. Drug Res., 38, 57 (1992).
79. D. T. W. Chu and P. B. Fernandes, Adv. Drug Res., 21, 39 (1991).
80. M. Q. Zhang and A. Haemers, Pharmazie, 46, 687 (1991).
81. T. Rosen, Prog. Med. Chem., 27, 235 (1990).
82. S. Rádl, Pharmac. Ther., 48, 1 (1990).
83. M. P. Wentland, in The New Generation of Quinolones, C. Siporin, C. L. Heifetz, and J. M. Domagala, Eds., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1990, p. 1.
84. T. P. Culbertson, J. M. Domagala, S. E. Hagen, M. P. Hutt, J. B. Nichols, T. F. Mich, J. P. Sanchez, M. C. Schroeder, M. Solomon, and D. F. Worth, in International Telesymposium on Quinolones, P. B. Fernandes, Ed., J. R. Prous Science Publishers, Barcelona, 1989, p. 47.
85. J. M. Domagala, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 33, 685 (1994).
86. G. Y. Lesher, E. J. Froelich, M. D. Gruett, J. H. Bailey, and R. P. Brundage, J. Med. Chem., 5, 1063 (1962).
87. R. Wise, J. M. Andrews, and L. J. Edwards, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 23, 559 (1983).
88. R. Albrecht, Prog. Drug Res., 21, 9 (1977).
89. H. Koga, A. Itoh, S. Murayama, S. Suzue, and T. Irikura, J. Med. Chem., 23, 1358 (1980).
90. D. T. W. Chu, P. B. Fernandes, A. K. Claiborne, E. Pihuleac, C. W. Nordeen, R. E. Maleczka, Jr., and A. G. Pernet, J. Med. Chem., 28, 1558 (1985).
91. H. Narita, Y. Konishi, J. Nitta, H. Nagaki, I. Kitayama, Y. Kobayashi, M. Shinagawa, Y. Watanabe, A. Yotsuji, S. Minami, and I. Saikawa, GB 2,158,825A, filed April 23, 1985.
92. D. T. W. Chu, P. B. Fernandes, A. K. Claiborne, E. H. Gracey, and A. G. Pernet, J. Med. Chem., 29, 2363 (1986).
93. D. Bouzard, P. Di Cesare, M. Essiz, J. P. Jacquet, P. Remuzon, A. Weber, T. Oki, and M. Masuyoshi, J. Med. Chem., 32, 537 (1989).
94. S. Rádl, Curr. Med. Chem., 1, 262 (1994).
95. Y. Yamashita, T. Ashizawa, M. Morimoto, J. Hosomi, and H. Nakano, Cancer Res., 52, 2818 (1992).
96. K. Hoshino, I. Hayakawa, K. Sato, M. Sato, A. Kitamura, and Y. Osada, Abstr. 1506, 31st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, 1991.
97. H. Shimada and S. Itoh, Abstr. 1507, 31st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, 1991.
98. S. Atarashi, M. Imamura, Y. Kimura, A. Yoshida, and I. Hayakawa, J. Med. Chem., 36, 3444 (1993).
99. K. Matsubayashi, S. Hashimoto, Y. Kimura, K. Sato, I. Hayakawa, M. Sato, K. Yoshida, and Y. Osada, Abstr. 1509, 31st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, 1991.
100. P. Remuzon, D. Bouzard, P. Di Cesare, M. Essiz, J. P. Jacquet, J. R. Kiechel, B. Ledoussal, R. E. Kessler, and J. Fung-Tomc, J. Med. Chem., 34, 29 (1991).
101. D. T. W. Chu, I. M. Lico, A. K. Claiborne, J. J. Plattner, and A. G. Pernet, Drugs Exptl. Clin. Res., 16, 215 (1990).
102. D. T. W. Chu, P. B. Fernandas, A. K. Claiborne, L. Shen, and A. G. Pernet, Drugs Exptl. Clin. Res., 14, 379 (1988).
103. D. T. W. Chu, in International Telesymposium on Quinolones, P. B. Fernandes, Ed., J. R. Prous Science Publishers, Barcelona, 1989, p. 37.
104. M. P. Wentland, G. Y. Lesher, M. Reuman, M. D. Gruett, B. Singh, S. C. Aldous, P. H. Dorff, J. B. Rake, and S. A. Coughlin, J. Med. Chem., 36, 2801 (1993).
105. C. Hubschwerlen, P. Pflieger, J.-L. Specklin, K. Gubernator, H. Gmünder, P. Angehrn, and I. Kompis, J. Med. Chem., 35, 1385 (1992).
106. H. Gmünder, K. Kuratli, and W. Keck, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 39, 163 (1995).
107. T. Miyamoto, J-i. Matsumoto, K. Chiba, H. Egawa, K-i. Shibamori, A. Minamida, Y. Nishimura, H. Okada, M. Kataoka, M. Fujita, T. Hirose, and J. Nakano, J. Med. Chem., 33, 1645 (1990).
108. J. M. Domagala, A. J. Bridges, T. P. Culbertson, L. Gambino, S. E. Hagan, G. Karrick, K. Porter, J. P. Sanchez, J. A. Sesnie, F. G. Spense, D. Szotek, and J. Wemple, J. Med. Chem., 34, 1142 (1991).
109. S. E. Hagen, J. M. Domagala, C. L. Heifetz, and J. Johnson, J. Med. Chem., 34, 1155 (1991).
110. D. Bouzard, P. Di Cesare, M. Essiz, J. P. Jacquet, B. Ledoussal, P. Remuzon, R. E. Kessler, and J. Fung-Tomc, J. Med. Chem., 35, 518 (1992).
111. P. Remuzon, D. Bouzard, P. Di Cesare, C. Dussy, J.-P. Jacquet, and A. Jaegly, J. Het. Chem., 29, 985 (1992).
112. T. Imada, S. Miyazaki, M. Nishida, K. Yamaguchi, and S. Goto, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 36, 573 (1992).
113. J. M. Domagala, L. D. Hanna, C. L. Heifetz, M. P. Hutt, T. F. Mich, J. P. Sanchez, and M. Solomon, J. Med. Chem., 29, 394 (1986).
114. a) B. Ledoussal, D. Bouzard, and E. Coroneos, J. Med. Chem., 35, 198 (1992).
115. b) P. Clairefond, D. Bouzard, B. Ledoussal, E. Coroneos, S. Bazile, and N. Moreau, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2, 643 (1992).
116. V. Cecchetti, S. Clementi, G. Cruciani, A. Fravolini, P. G. Pagella, A. Savino, and O. Tabarrini, J. Med. Chem., 38, 973 (1995).
117. J. P. Sanchez, J. M. Domagala, S. E. Hagen, C. L. Heifetz, M. P. Hutt, J. B. Nichols, and A. K. Trehan, J. Med. Chem., 31, 983 (1988).
118. J. Guinea, D. Gargallo-Viola, M. Robert, E. Tudela, M. A. Xicota, J. Garcia, M. Esteve, R. Coll, M. Pares, and R. Roser, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 39, 413 (1995).
119. T. Ito, K. Kojima, K. Koizumi, H. Nagano, and T. Nishino, Biol. Pharm. Bull., 17, 927 (1994).
120. M. Ogata, H. Matsumoto, S. Shimizu, S. Kida, H. Nakai, K. Motokawa, H. Miwa, S. Matsuura, and T. Yoshida, Eur. J. Med. Chem., 26, 889 (1991).
121. H. G. Schaefer, G. Latocha, C. Krasemann, W. Wingender, and J. Kuhlmann, Abstr. 651, 32nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Anaheim, CA, 1992.
122. B. E. Thurberg, B. G. Painter, J. A. Herrington, J. A. Federici, J. M. Remy, and M. L. Barbiero, Abstr. 643, 32nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Anaheim, CA, 1992.
123. R. Wise, J. M. Andrews, and N. Brenwald, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 31, 73 (1993).
124. K. E. Brighty, T. D. Gootz, A. Girard, J. A. Sutcliffe, M. J. Castaldi, D. Girard, M. R. Anderson, R. Borovoy, J. Faiella, S. L. Haskell, T. McKibben, and S. A. Miller, Abstr. 1509, 33rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, LA, 1993.
125. J. S. Kiely, M. P. Hutt, T. P. Culbertson, R. A. Bucsh, D. F. Worth, L. E. Lesheski, R. D. Gogliotti, J. C. Sesnie, M. Solomon, and T. F. Mich, J. Med. Chem., 34, 656 (1991).
126. P. R. McGuirk, M. R. Jefson, D. D. Mann, N. C. Elliott, P. Chang, E. P. Cisek, C. P. Cornell, T. D. Gootz, S. L. Haskell, M. S. Hindahl, L. J. LaFleur, M. J. Rosenfeld, T. R. Shryock, A. M. Silvia, and F. H. Weber, J. Med. Chem., 35, 611 (1992).
127. T. Rosen, D. T. W. Chu, I. M. Lico, P. B. Fernandes, K. Marsh, L. Shen, V. G. Cepa, and A. G. Pernet, J. Med. Chem., 31, 1598 (1988).
128. Y. Kimura, S. Atarashi, K. Kawakami, K. Sato, and I. Hayakawa, J. Med. Chem., 37, 3344 (1994).
129. S. E. Hagen, J. M. Domagala, S. J. Gracheck, J. A. Sesnie, M. A. Stier, and M. J. Suto, J. Med. Chem., 37, 733 (1994).
130. J. M. Domagala, S. E. Hagen, T. Joannides, J. S. Kiely, E. Laborde, M. C. Schroeder, J. A. Sesnie, M. A. Shapiro, M. J. Suto, and S. Vanderroest, J. Med. Chem., 36, 871 (1993).
131. T. D. Gootz, P. R. McGuirk, M. S. Moynihan, and S. L. Haskell, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 38, 130 (1994).
132. D. T. W. Chu and P. B. Fernandes, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 33, 131 (1989).
133. J. Frigola, D. Van̄ó, A. Torrens, A. Gómez-Gomar, E. Ortega, and S. García-Granda, J. Med. Chem., 38, 1203 (1995).
134. D. T. W. Chu, C. W. Nordeen, D. J. Hardy, R. N. Swanson, W. J. Giardina, A. G. Pernet, and J. J. Plattner, J. Med. Chem., 34, 168 (1991).
135. T. P. Culbertson, J. M. Domagala, J. B. Nichols, S. Priebe, R. W. Skeean, J. Med. Chem., 30, 1711 (1987).
136. M. A. Shapiro, J. A. Dever, E. T. Joannides, J. C. Sesnie, and S. R. Vanderroest, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 39, 2183 (1995).
137. T. Rosen, D. T. W. Chu, I. M. Lico, P. B. Fernandes, L. Shen, S. Borodkin, and A. G. Pernet, J. Med. Chem., 31, 1586 (1988).
138. P. Di Cesare, D. Bouzard, M. Essiz, J. P. Jacquet, B. Ledoussal, J. R. Kiechel, P. Remuzon, R. E. Kessler, J. Fung-Tomc, and J. Desiderio, J. Med. Chem., 35, 4205 (1992).
139. M. P. Wentland and J. B. Cornett, in Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, D. M. Bailey, Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1985, p. 145.
140. M. Reuman, S. J. Daum, B. Singh, M. P. Wentland, R. B. Perni, P. Pennock, P. M. Carabateas, M. D. Gruett, M. T. Saindane, P. H. Dorff, S. A. Coughlin, D. M. Sedlock, J. R. Rake, and G. Y. Lesher, J. Med. Chem., 38, 2531 (1995).
141. R. N. Jones and A. L. Barry, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 34, 306 (1990).
142. Y. Todo, J. Nitta, M. Miyajima, Y. Fukuoka, Y. Ikeda, Y. Yamashiro, I. Saikawa, and H. Narita, Chem. Pharm. Bull, 42, 2055 (1994).
143. Y. Todo, J. Nitta, M. Miyajima, Y. Fukuoka, Y. Yamashiro, N. Nishida, I. Saikawa, and H. Narita, Chem. Pharm. Cull., 42, 2063 (1994).
144. Y. Todo, H. Takagi, F. Iino, Y. Fukuoka, M. Takahata, S. Okamoto, I. Saikawa, and H. Narita, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 42, 2569 (1994).
145. E. Laborde, J. S. Kiely, T. P. Culbertson, and L. E. Lesheski, J. Med. Chem., 36, 1964 (1993).
146. Y. Nishimura, T. Hirose, H. Okada, K. Shibamori, J. Nakano, and J. Matsumoto, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 38, 2190 (1990).
147. K. W. Lee and H. Kim, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., 15, 1070 (1994).
148. R. A. Bucsh, J. M. Domagala, E. Laborde, and J. C. Sesnie, J. Med. Chem., 36, 4139 (1993).
149. D. Gargallo-Viola, M. Esteve, M. Moros, R. Coll, M. A. Xicota, C. de Andres, R. Roser, and J. Guinea, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 34, 2318 (1990).
150. D. T. W. Chu, P. B. Fernandes, R. E. Maleczka, Jr., C. W. Nordeen, and A. G. Pernet, J. Med. Chem., 30, 504 (1987).
151. D. Bouzard, P. Di Cesare, M. Essiz, J. P. Jacquet, P. Remuzon, A. Weber, T. Oki, and M. Masuyoshi, J. Med. Chem., 32, 537 (1989).
152. J. Segawa, K. Kazuno, M. Matsuoka, I. Shirahase, M. Ozaki, M. Matsuda, Y. Tomii, M. Kitano, and M. Kise, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 43, 63 (1995).
153. J. Frigola, A. Torrens, J. A. Castrillo, J. Mas, D. Van̄ó, J. M. Berrocal, C. Calvet, L. Salgado, J. Redondo, S. García-Granda, E. Valentí, and J. R. Quintana, J. Med. Chem., 37, 4195 (1994).
154. G. J. Forstall, C. C. Knapp, and J. A. Washington, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 35, 1679 (1991).
155. K.-D. Bremm, R. Endermann, and K. G. Metzger, Abstr. 648, 32nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Anaheim, CA, 1992.
156. M. Hosaka, S. Kinoshita, A. Toyama, M. Otsuki, and T. Nishino, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 36, 293 (1995).
157. T. Maejima, H. Senda, W. Iwatani, Y. Tatsumi, T. Arika, H. Fukui, T. Shibata, J. Nakano, and T. Naito, Abstr. F189, 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, CA, 1995.
158. Y. Yokoyama, M. Morimoto, E. Iwao, K. Yamamoto, K. Honjo, F. Hirayama, and Y. Ikeda, Abstr. F191, 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, CA, 1995.
159. T. Ito, M. Matsumoto, and T. Nishino, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 39, 1522 (1995).
160. M. J. Suto, J. M. Domagala, G. E. Roland, G. B. Mailloux, and M. A. Cohen, J. Med. Chem., 35, 4745 (1992).
161. W. R. Bowie, V. Willetts, and P. J. Jewesson, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 33, 1778 (1989).
162. J. P. Sanchez, A. J. Bridges, R. Bucsh, J. M. Domagala, R. D. Gogliotti, S. E. Hagen, C. L. Heifetz, E. T. Joannides, J. C. Sesnie, M. A. Shapiro, and D. L. Szotek., J. Med. Chem., 35, 361 (1992).
163. M. Matsumoto, K. Kojima, H. Nagano, S. Matsubara, and T. Yokota, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 36, 1715 (1992).
164. K. Marutani, M. Matsumoto, Y. Otabe, M. Nagamuta, K. Tanaka, A. Miyoshi, T. Hasegawa, H. Nagano, S. Matsubara, R. Kamide, T. Yokota, F. Matsumoto, and Y. Ueda, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 37, 2217 (1993).
165. H. Miyamoto, H. Ueda, T. Otsuka, S. Aki, H. Tamaoka, M. Tominaga, and K. Nakagawa, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 38, 2472 (1990).
166. I. Hayakawa, S. Atarashi, S. Yokohama, M. Imamura, K. Sakano, and M. Furukawa, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 29, 163 (1986).
167. M. Imamura, S. Shibamura, I. Hayakawa, and Y. Osada, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 31, 325 (1987).
168. L. A. Mitscher, P. N. Sharma, D. T. W. Chu, L. L. Shen, and A. G. Pernet, J. Med. Chem., 30, 2283 (1987).
169. T. Une, T. Fujimoto, K. Sato, and Y. Osada, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 32, 1336 (1988).
170. K. Hoshino, K. Sato, K. Akahane, A. Yoshida, I. Hayakawa, M. Sato, T. Une, and Y. Osada, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 35, 309 (1991).
171. M. P. Wentland, R. B. Perni, P. H. Dorff, and J. B. Rake, J. Med. Chem., 31, 1694 (1988).
172. V. Cecchetti, A. Fravolini, R. Fringuelli, G. Mascellani, P. Pagella, M. Palmioli, G. Segre, and P. Terni, J. Med. Chem., 30, 465 (1987).
173. R. Wise, J. M. Andrews, R. Matthews, and M. Wolstenholme, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 29, 649 (1992).
174. T. Okada, T. Tsuji, T. Tsushima, T. Yoshida, and S. Matsuura, J. Het. Chem., 28, 1061 (1991).
175. D. J. Augeri, A. H. Fray, and E. F. Kleinman, J. Het. Chem., 27, 1509 (1990).
176. T. Okada, T. Tsuji, T. Tsushima, K. Ezumi, T. Yoshida, and S. Matsuura, J. Het. Chem., 28, 1067 (1991).
177. H. Konda, M. Taguchi, Y. Inoue, F. Sakamoto, and G. Tsukamoto, J. Med. Chem., 33, 2012 (1990).
178. J. Segawa, M. Kitano, K. Kazuno, M. Tsuda, I. Shirahase, M. Ozaki, M. Matsuda, and M. Kise, J. Het. Chem., 29, 1117 (1992).
179. J. Segawa, M. Kitano, K. Kazuno, M. Matsuoka, I. Shirahase, M. Ozaki, M. Matsuda, Y. Tomii, and M. Kise, J. Med. Chem., 35, 4727 (1992).
180. J. Segawa, K. Kazuno, M. Matsuoka, I. Amimoto, M. Ozaki, M. Matsuda, Y. Tomii, M. Kitano, and M. Kise, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 43, 1238 (1995).
181. M. Ohta and H. Koga, J. Med. Chem., 34, 131 (1991).
182. Y. Jinbo, M. Taguchi, Y. Inoue, H. Kondo, T. Miyasaka, H. Tsujishita, F. Sakamoto, and G. Tsukamoto, J. Med. Chem., 36, 3148 (1993).
183. Y. Jinbo, H. Kondo, Y. Inoue, M. Taguchi, H. Tsujishita, Y. Kotera, F. Sakamoto, and G. Tsukamoto, J. Med. Chem., 36, 2621 (1993).
184. Y. Inoue, H. Kondo, M. Taguchi, Y. Jinbo, F. Sakamoto, and G. Tsukamoto, J. Med. Chem., 37, 586 (1994).
185. Y. Jinbo, H. Kondo, M. Taguchi, Y. Inoue, F. Sakamoto, and G. Tsukamoto, J. Med. Chem., 37, 2791 (1994).
186. D. T. W. Chu, Q. Li, A. Claiborne, K. Raye-Passarelli, C. Cooper, A. Fung, C. Lee, S. K. Tanaka, L. Shen, P. Donner, Y. L. Armiger, and J. J. Plattner, Abstr. F41, 34th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Orlando, FL, 1994.
187. G. M. Eliopoulos, C. B. Wennersten, G. Cole, D. Chu, D. Pizzuti, and R. C. Moellering, Jr., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 39, 850 (1995).
188. R. K. Flamm, C. Vojtko, D. T. W. Chu, Q. Li, J. Beyer, D. Hensey, N. Ramer, J. J. Clement, and S. K. Tanaka, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 39, 964 (1995).
189. J. Alder, J. Clement, J. Meulbroek, N. Shipkowitz, M. Mitten, K. Jarvis, A. Oleksijew, T. Hutch, Sr., L. Paige, B. Flamm, D. Chu, and K. Tanaka, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 39, 971 (1995).
190. Q. Li, A. Claiborne, D. T. W. Chu, C. M. Lee, K. A. Raye, K. Berst, Z. Ma, W. Wang, L. S. Shen, R. Flamm, A. Nilius, J. Alder, K. Marsh, V. D. Shortridge, S. K. Tanaka, L. Seif, C. Cooper, A. Fung, M. Tufano, L. M. Melcher, R. Henry, L. Klein, and J. J. Plattner, Abstr. F8, 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, CA, 1995.
191. A. K. L. Fung, D. T. W. Chu, Y. L. Armiger, Q. Li, S. K. Tanaka, R. K. Flamm, L. Shen, J. Baranowski, K. Marsh, D. Crowell, and J. J. Plattner, Abstr. F9, 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, CA, 1995.
192. C. M. Riley, C. G. Kindberg, and V. J. Stella, in International Telesymposium on Quinolones, P. B. Fernandes, Ed., J. R. Prous Science Publishers, Barcelona, 1989, p. 21.
193. J. P. Sanchez, J. M. Domagala, C. L. Heifetz, S. R. Priebe, J. A. Sesnie, and A. K. Trehan, J. Med. Chem., 35, 1764 (1992).
194. D. T. Chu and R. Hallas, US Patent 5,057,520 (1991).
195. D. T. W. Chu, Drugs of the Future, 17, 179 (1992).
196. K. E. Brighty, T. D. Gootz, A. Girard, R. Shanker, M. J. Castaldi, D. Girard, S. A. Miller, and J. Faiella, Abstr. F28, 34th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Orlando, FL, 1994.
197. F. Sakamoto, S. Ikeda, H. Kondo, and G. Tsukamoto, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 33, 4870 (1985).
198. M. Ozaki, M. Matsuda, Y. Tomii, K. Kimura, J. Segawa, M. Kitano, M. Kise, K. Shibata, M. Otsuki, and T. Nishino, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 35, 2496 (1991).
199. T. Uno, H. Kondo, Y. Inoue, Y. Kawahata, M. Sotomura, K. Iuchi, and G. Tsukamoto, J. Med. Chem., 33, 2929 (1990).
200. T. Uno, T. Okuno, K. Kawakami, F. Sakamoto, and G. Tsukamoto, J. Med. Chem., 36, 2711 (1993).
201. H. Kondo, F. Sakamoto, K. Kawakami, and G. Tsukamoto, J. Med. Chem., 31, 221 (1988).
202. D. T. W. Chu, I. M. Lico, R. N. Swanson, K. C. Marsh, J. J. Plattner, and A. G. Pernet, Drugs Expt. Clin. Res., 16, 435 (1990).
203. D. E. Nix, in Quinolone Antimicrobial Agents, 2nd Ed., D. C. Hooper and J. S. Wolfson, Eds., American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D. C., 1993, p. 245.
204. Y. Maeda, K. Omoda, T. Konishi, M. Takahashi, K. Kihira, S. Hibino, and S. Tsukiai, Biol. Pharm. Bull., 16, 594 (1993).
205. H. A. Albrecht and J. G. Christenson, Adv. Med. Chem., 1, 207 (1992).
206. H. A. Albrecht, G. Beskid, J. G. Christenson, K. H. Deitcher, N. H. Georgopapadakou, D. D. Keith, F. M. Konzelmann, D. L. Pruess, and C.-C. Wei, J. Med. Chem., 37, 400 (1994).
207. A. J. Corraz, S. L. Dax, N. K. Dunlap, N. H. Georgopapadakou, D. D. Keith, D. L. Pruess, P. L. Rossman, R. Then, J. Unowsky, and C.-C. Wei, J. Med. Chem., 35, 1828 (1992).
208. H. A. Albrecht, G. Beskid, J. G. Christenson, N. H. Georgopapadakou, D. D. Keith, F. M. Konzelmann, D. L. Pruess, P. L. Rossman, and C.-C. Wei, J. Med. Chem., 34, 2857 (1991).
209. H. A. Albrecht, G. Beskid, K.-K. Chan, J. G. Christenson, R. Cleeland, K. H. Deitcher, N. H. Georgopapadakou, D. D. Keith, D. L. Pruess, J. Sepinwall, A. C. Specian, Jr., R. L. Then, M. Weigele, K. F. West, and R. Yang, J. Med. Chem., 33, 77 (1990).
210. J. L. Gray, G. P. Shrum, C. M. Gasparski, A. M. Wang, N. R. Ramberger, B. W. Davis, H. D. McKeever, P. M. Koenigs, S. M. Paule, T. L. Twinem, W. G. Kraft, F. J. Rourke, and T. P. Demuth, Jr., Abstr. F27, 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, CA, 1995.
211. J. Sanchez, R. Gogliotti, S. Dax, H. Albrecht, S. Vanderroest, and J. Saunders, Abstr. F24, 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, CA, 1995.
212. K. Takács-Novák, M. Józan, I. Hermecz, and G. Szász, Int. J. Pharm., 79, 89 (1992).
213. D. L. Ross, S. K. Elkinton, and C. M. Riley, Int. J. Pharm., 88, 379 (1992).
214. D.-S. Lee, H.-J. Han, K. Kim, W.-B. Park, J.-K. Cho, and J.-H. Kim, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 12, 157 (1994).
215. D. L. Ross and C. M. Riley, Int. J. Pharm., 83, 267 (1992).
216. K. Takács-Novák, B. Noszál, I. Hermecz, G. Keresztúri, B. Podányi, and G. Szász, J. Pharm. Sci., 79, 1023 (1990).
217. V. Merino, J. Freixas, M. del Val Bermejo, T. M. Garrigues, J. Moreno, and J. M. Plá-Delfina, J. Pharm. Sci., 84, 777 (1995).
218. F. Sörgel and M. Kinzig, Am. J. Med., 94 (suppl. 3A), 44S (1993).
219. Y. X. Furet, J. Deshusses, and J.-C. Pechère, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 36, 2506 (1992).
220. F. W. Goldstein and J. Garau, Scand. J. Infect. Disc., 93, 55 (1994).
221. S. Lam, C. Singer, V. Tucci, V. H. Morthland, M. A. Pfaller, and H. D. Isenberg, Am. J. Infect. Control, 23, 170 (1995).
222. T. D. Gootz and P. R. McGuirk, Expert. Opin. Invest. Drugs, 3, 93 (1994).
223. K. Sato, K. Hoshino, M. Tanaka, I. Howakawa, and Y. Osada, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 36, 1491 (1992).
224. S. A. Marshall, R. N. Jones, P. R. Murray, J. A. Washington, S. D. Allen, E. H. Gerlach, and M. E. Erwin, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 32, 877 (1993).
225. A. G. Miranda, A. R. Wanger, K. U. Singh, and B. E. Murray, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 36, 1325 (1992).
226. M. A. Cohen, M. D. Huband, G. B. Mailloux, S. L. Yoder, G. E. Roland, and C. L. Heifetz. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 14, 403 (1991).
227. G. A. Pankuch, M. R. Jacobs, and P. C. Appelbaum, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 35, 230 (1995).
228. J. Child, J. Andrews, F. Boswell, N. Brenwald, and R. Wise, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 35, 869 (1995).
229. G. D. Harrington, L. T. Zarins, M. A. Ramsey, S. F. Bradley, and C. A. Kauffman, Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 21, 27 (1995).
230. S. Burney, D. Landman, and J. M. Quale, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 38, 1668 (1994).
231. H. Wakebe, T. Imada, H. Yoneda, F. Mukai, K. Ohguro, K. Ohmori, H. Tamaoka, and Y. Yabuuchi, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 38, 2340 (1994).
232. E. Azoulay-Dupuis, E. Vallee, B. Veber, J. P. Bedos, J. Bauchet, and J.-J. Pocidalo, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 36, 2698 (1992).
233. A. E. Girard, D. Girard, T. D. Gootz, J. A. Faiella, and C. R. Cimochowski, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 39, 2210 (1995).
234. R. Nau, T. Schmidt, K. Kaye, J. L. Froula, and M. G. Tauber, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 39, 593 (1995).
235. M. S. Barrett, R. N. Jones, M. E. Erwin, D. M. Johnson, and B. M. Briggs, Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 14, 389 (1991).
236. A. Bauerfeind, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 31, 505 (1993).
237. J. F. Tomayko, V. Korten, and B. E. Murray, Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 20, 45 (1994).
238. H. Neu and N.-X. Chin, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 38, 2615 (1994).
239. A. Barry and P. C. Fuchs, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 35, 955 (1991).
240. Y. Fukuoka, Y. Ikeda, Y. Yamashiro, M. Takahata, Y. Todo, and H. Narita, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 37, 384 (1993).
241. T. Muratani, M. Inoue, and S. Mitsuhashi, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 36, 2293 (1992).
242. M. Ozaki, M. Matsuda, Y. Tomii, K. Kimura, K. Kazuno, M. Kitano, M. Kise, K. Shibata, M. Otsuki, and T. Nishino, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 35, 2490 (1991).
243. T. Yoshida and S. Mitsuhashi, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 37, 793 (1993).
244. R. Mattina, C. E. Cocuzza, M. Cesana, and G. Bonfiglio, Chemother., 37, 260 (1991).
245. H. S. Sader, R. N. Jones, S. D. Allen, E. H. Gerlach, P. R. Murray, and J. A. Washington, J. Chemother., 5, 283 (1993).
246. F. Marco, R. N. Jones, D. J. Hoban, A. C. Pignatari, N. Yamane, and R. Frei, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 33, 647 (1994).
247. E. Wakabayashi and S. Mitsuhashi, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 38, 594 (1994).
248. H. Iwasaki, S. Miyazaki, A. Tsuji, K. Yamaguchi, and S. Goto, Chemother., 41, 100 (1995).
249. R. Davis and H. M. Bryson, Drugs, 47, 677 (1994).
250. C. Thornsberry, Infection, 22 (Suppl. 2) S 80 (1994).
251. H. M. Wexler, E. Molitoris, D. Reeves, and S. M. Finegold, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 38, 2504 (1994).
252. E. J. C. Goldstein and D. M. Citron, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 36, 1158 (1992).
253. S. K. Spangler, M. R. Jacobs, and P. C. Appelbaum, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 38, 2471 (1994).
254. K. E. Aldridge and D. Ashcraft, Abstr. F232, 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, CA, 1995.
255. G. E. Kenny and F. D. Cartwright, to appear.
256. N. Rastogi and K. S. Goh, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 35, 1933 (1991).
257. H. Saito, H. Tomioka, K. Sato, and S. Dekio, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 38, 2877 (1994).
258. G. Montay, Abstr. 1248, 30th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Atlanta, GA, 1990.
259. J. H. Johnson, M. A. Cooper, J. M. Andrews, and R. Wise, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 36, 2444 (1992).
260. F. Sorgel and M. Kinzig, Amer. J. Med., 94 (Suppl. 3A), 56S (1993).
261. K. Shiba, M. Yoshida, M. Uzu, S. Matsubara, and O. Sakai, Abstr. 1505, 33rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, LA, 1993.
262. R. Wise, J. Johnson, N. O'Sullivan, J. M. Andrews, and B. P. Imbimbo, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 28, 905 (1991).
263. B. P. Imbimbo, G. Broccali, M. Cesana, F. Crema, and G. Attardo-Parrinello, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 35, 390 (1991).
264. M. Cesana, G. Broccali, B. P. Imbimbo, and A. Crema, Internl. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. Toxicol., 29, 133 (1991).
265. K. Shiba, M. Yoshida, S. Hori, J. Shimada, A. Saito, and O. Sakai, Abstr. 1483, 31st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Atlanta, GA, 1991.
266. R. Teng, S. C. Harris, D. E. Nix, J. J. Schentag, G. Foulds, and T. E. Liston, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 36, 385 (1995).
267. R. Teng, T. E. Liston, L. C. Dogolo, and S. C. Harris, Abstr. 4062, 19th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Montreal, 1995.
268. Y. Niki, M. Nakajima, K. Hashiguchi, M. Nakabayashi, S. Tamada, N. Okimoto, and R. Soejima, Jap. J. Chemother., 43 (suppl. 1), 1340 (1995).
269. K. Taira, H. Koga, and S. Kohno, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 37, 1877 (1993).
270. J. Vincent, R. Teng, L. C. Dogolo, and S. A. Willavize, Abstr. 4065, 19th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Montreal, 1995.
271. R. Teng, B. A. Baris, S. A. Willavize, R. J. Polzer, and J. Vincent, Abstr. 4060, 19th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Montreal, 1995.
272. M. B. Door, C. L. Webb, N. Bron, and A. B. Jacobs, Abstr. 1154, 31st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, 1991.
273. M. Nakashima, T. Uematsu, K. Kosuge, K. Umemura, H. Hakusui, and M. Tanaka, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 39, 170 (1995).
274. K. Kosuge, K. Wada, T. Uematsu, and M. Nakashima, Abstr. 1003, 32nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Anaheim, CA, 1992.
275. K. Totsuka and K. Shimizu, Abstr. 1005, 33rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, LA, 1993.
276. M. Nakashima, T. Uematsu, K. Kosuge, M. Tai, S. Nakagawa, and H. Tsuda, Abstr. 656, 32nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Anaheim, CA, 1992.
277. K. M. Pradhan, N. K. Arora, A. Jena, A. K. Susheela, and M. K. Bhan, Acta Paediatr., 84, 555 (1995).
278. M. Nuutinen, J. Turtinen, and M. Uhari, Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 13, 798 (1994).