Clinical relevance of drug resistance genes in malignant diseases

Leukemia

Volumn 10, Issue SUPPL. 3, 1996, Pages

  Filipits, M ^a   Suchomel, R W ^a   Zochbauer S ^a   Malayeri, R ^a   Pirker, R ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

Author keywords

Glutathione S transferases; Lung resistance related protein; Multidrug resistance; Multidrug resistance associated protein; P glycoprotein; Topoisomerases

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; DNA TOPOISOMERASE; GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE; GLYCOPROTEIN P;

CANCER; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CONFERENCE PAPER; DNA REPAIR; DRUG TRANSPORT; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; HUMAN; LEUKEMIA; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SOLID TUMOR; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0029839634     PISSN: 08876924     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (131)

1. Simon SM, Schindler M. Cell biological mechanisms of multidrug resistance in tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 3497-3504.
2. Pastan I, Gottesman M. Multiple-drug resistance in human cancer. New Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1388-1393.
3. Gottesman MM, Pastan I. The multidrug transporter, a double-edged sword. J Biol Chem 1988; 263: 12163-12166.
4. Endicott JA, Ling V. The biochemistry of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance. Annu Rev Biochem 1989; 58: 137-171.
5. Cole SPC, Bhardwaj G, Gerlach JH, Mackie JE, Grant CE, Almquist KC, Stewart AJ, Kurz EU, Duncan AMV, Deeley RG. Overexpression of a transporter gene in a multidrug-resistant human lung cancer cell line. Science 1992; 258: 1650-1654.
6. Scheper RJ, Broxterman HJ, Scheffer GL, Kaaijk P, Dalton WS, van Heijningen THM, van Kalken CK, Slovak ML, de Vries EGE, van der Valk P, Meijer CJLM, Pinedo HM. Overexpression of a M, 110000 vesicular protein in non-P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 1475-1479.
7. Beck WT. The cell biology of multiple drug resistance. Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36: 2879-2887.
8. Tew KD. Glutathione-associated enzymes in anticancer drug resistance. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 4313-4320.
9. Lowe SW, Earl Ruley H, Jacks T, Houseman DE. p53-dependent apoptosis modulates the cytotoxicity of anticancer agents. Cell 1993; 74: 957-967.
10. Fisher TC, Milner AE, Gregory CD, Jackman AL, Aherne GW, Hartley JA, Dive C, Hickman JA, bcl-2 modulation of apoptosis induced by anticancer drugs: resistance to thymidylate stress is independent of classical resistance pathways. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 3321-3326.
11. Hipfner DR, Gauldie SD, Deeley RG, Cole SPC. Detection of the M, 190000 multidrug resistance protein, MRP, with monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 5788-5792.
12. Flens MJ, Izquierdo MA, Scheffer GL, Fritz JM, Meijer CJLM, Scheper RJ, Zaman GJR. Immunochemical detection of the multidrug resistance-associated protein MRP in human multidrug-resistant tumor cells by monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 4557-4563.
13. Thiebaut F, Tsuruo T, Hamada H, Gottesman MM, Pastan I, Willingham MC. Immunohistochemical localization in normal tissues of different epitopes in the multidrug transport protein P170: evidence for localization in brain capillaries and crossreactivity of one antibody with a muscle protein. J Histochem Cytochem 1989; 37: 159-164.
14. Schinkel AH, Roelofs MEM, Borst P. Characterization of the human MDR3 P-glycoprotein and its recognition by P-glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 2628-2635.
15. Thiebaut F, Tsuruo T, Hamada H, Gottesman MM, Pastan I, Willingham MC. Cellular localization of the multidrug-resistance gene product P-glycoprotein in normal human tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 7735-7738.
16. Fojo AT, Ueda K, Slamon DJ, Poplack DG, Gottesman MM, Pastan I. Expression of a multidrug-resistance gene in human tumors and tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 265-269.
17. Gottesman MM, Pastan I. Resistance to multiple chemotherapeutic agents in human cancer cells. TIPS 1988; 9: 54-58.
18. Van Kalken CK, Broxterman HJ, Pinedo HM, Feller N, Dekker H, Lankelma J, Giaccone G. Cortisol is transported by the multidrug resistance gene product P-glycoprotein. Br J Cancer 1993; 67: 284-289.
19. Goldstein LJ, Galski H, Fojo A, Willingham M, Lai S-L, Gazdar A, Pirker R, Green A, Crist W, Brodeur GM, Lieber M, Cossman J, Gottesman MM, Pastan I. Expression of a multidrug resistance gene in human cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989; 81: 116-124.
20. Pirker R, Wallner J, Gsur A, Götzl M, Zöchbauer S, Scheithauer W, Depisch D. MDR1 gene expression in primary colorectal carcinomas. Br J Cancer 1993; 68: 691-694.
21. Wishart GC, Plumb JA, Going JJ, McNicol AM, McArdle CS, Tsuruo T, Kaye SB. P-glycoprotein expression in primary breast cancer detected by immunocytochemistry with two monoclonal antibodies. Br J Cancer 1990; 62: 758-761.
22. Wallner J, Depisch D, Hopfner M, Haider K, Spona J, Ludwig H, Pirker R. MDR1 gene expression and prognostic factors in primary breast carcinomas. Eur J Cancer 1991; 27: 1352-1355.
23. Wallner J, Depisch D, Gsur A, Götzl M, Haider K, Pirker R. MDR1 gene expression and its clinical relevance in primary gastric carcinomas. Cancer 1993; 71: 667-671.
24. Sato H, Preisler H, Day R, Raza A, Larson R, Browman G, Goldberg J, Vogler R, Grunwald H, Gottlieb A, Bennett J, Gottesman M, Pastan I. MDR1 transcript levels as an indication of resistant disease in acute myelogenous leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1990; 75: 340-345.
25. Pirker R, Wallner J, Geissler K, Linkesch W, Haas OA, Bettelheim P. Hopfner M, Scherrer R, Valent P, Havelec L, Ludwig H, Lechner K. MDR1 gene expression and treatment outcome in acute myeloid leukemia. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991; 83: 708-712.
26. Marie J-P, Zittoun R, Sikic BI. Multidrug resistance (mdr1) gene expression in adult acute leukemias: correlations with treatment outcome and in vitro drug sensitivity. Blood 1991; 78: 586-592.
27. Campos L, Guyotat D, Archimbaud E, Calmard-Oriol P, Tsuruo T, Troncy J, Treille D, Fiere D. Clinical significance of multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein expression on acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia cells at diagnosis. Blood 1992; 79: 473-476.
28. Hegewisch-Becker S, Fliegener M, Tsuruo T, Zeller W, Hossfeld DK. Multidrug resistance (mdr1) in adult acute leukemia at diagnosis: correlation with response to induction chemotherapy. Onkologie 1993; 16: 264-269.
29. Zöchbauer S, Gsur A, Brunner R, Kyrle PA, Lechner K, Pirker R. P-glycoprotein expression as unfavorable prognostic factor in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 1994; 8: 974-977.
30. Pirker R, Goldstein LJ, Ludwig H, Linkesch W, Lechner C, Gottesman MM, Pastan I. Expression of a multidrug resistance gene in blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Cancer Communications 1989; 1: 141-144.
31. Kuwazuru Y, Yoshimura A, Hanada S, Ichikawa M, Saito T, Uozumi K. Utsunomiya A, Arima T, Akiyama S-I. Expression of the multidrug transporter, P-glycoprotein, in chronic myelogenous leukaemia cells in blast crisis. Br J Haematol 1990; 74: 24-29.
32. Holmes JA, Jacobs A, Carter G, Whittaker JA, Bentley DP, Padua RA. Is the mdr 1 gene relevant in chronic lymphocytic leukemia? Leukemia 1990; 4: 216-218.
33. Wallner J, Gisslinger H, Gisslinger B, Gsur A, Götzl M, Zöchbauer S, Pirker R. MDR1 gene expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 1994; 13: 333-338.
34. Ludescher C, Hilbe W, Eisterer W, Preuss E, Huber C, Gotwald M, Hofmann J, Thaler J. Activity of P-glycoprotein in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia determined by a flow cytometric assay. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 1751-1758.
35. Salmon SE, Grogan TM, Miller T, Scheper R, Dalton WS. Prediction of doxorubicin resistance in vitro in myeloma, lymphoma, and breast cancer by P-glycoprotein staining. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989; 81: 696-701.
36. Dalton WS, Grogan TM, Rybski JA, Scheper RJ, Richter L, Kailey J, Broxterman HJ, Pinedo HM, Salmon SE. Immunohistochemical detection and quantitation of P-glycoprotein in multiple drug-resistant human myeloma cells: association with level of drug resistance and drug accumulation. Blood 1989; 73: 747-752.
37. Epstein J, Xiao H, Oba BK. P-glycoprotein expression in plasma-cell myeloma is associated with resistance to VAD. Blood 1989; 74: 913-917.
38. Dalton WS, Grogan TM, Meltzer PS, Scheper RJ, Durie BGM, Taylor CW, Miller TP, Salmon SE. Drug-resistance in multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: detection of P-glycoprotein and potential circumvention by addition of verapamil to chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 415-424.
39. Niehans GA, Jaszcz W, Brunetto V, Perri RT, Gajl-Peczalska K, Wick MR, Tsuruo T, Bloomfield CD. Immunohistochemical identification of P-glycoprotein in previously untreated, diffuse large cell and immunoblastic lymphomas. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 3768-3775.
40. Goasguen JE, Dossot J-M, Fardel O, Le Mee F, Le Gall E, Leblay R, LePrise PY, Chaperon J, Fauchet R. Expression of the multidrug resistance-associated P-glycoprotein (P-170) in 59 cases of de novo acute lymphoblastic leukemia: prognostic implications. Blood 1993; 81: 2394-2398.
41. Malayeri R, Filipits M, Suchomel RW, Zöchbauer S, Lechner K, Pirker R. Multidrug resistance in leukemias and its reversal. Leuk Lymphoma 1996; (in press).
42. Borowitz MJ, Gockerman JP, Moore JO, Civin CI, Page SO, Robertson J, Bigner SH. Clinicopathologic and cytogenic features of CD34 (My 10)-positive acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Am J Clin Pathol 1989; 91: 265-270.
43. Geller RB, Zahurak M, Hurwitz CA, Burke PJ, Karp JE, Piantadosi S, Civin CI. Prognostic importance of immunophenotyping in adults with acute myelocytic leukaemia: the significance of the stem-cell glycoprotein CD34 (My 10). Br J Haematol 1990; 76: 340-347.
44. List AF, Spier CM, Cline A, Doll DC, Garewal H, Morgan R, Sandberg AA. Expression of the multidrug resistance gene product (P-glycoprotein) in myelodysplasia is associated with a stem cell phenotype. Br J Haematol 1991; 78: 28-34.
45. + acute myeloid leukemia cells. Blood 1993; 82: 3157-3162.
46. Chaudhary PM, Roninson IB. Expression and activity of P-glycoprotein, a multidrug efflux pump, in human hematopoietic stem cells. Cell 1991; 66: 85-94.
47. Drach D, Zhao S, Drach J, Mahadevia R, Gattringer C, Huber H, Andreeff M. Subpopulations of normal peripheral blood and bone marrow cells express a functional multidrug resistant phenotype. Blood 1992; 80: 2729-2734.
48. Wood P, Burgess R, MacGregor A, Liu Yin JA. P-glycoprotein expression on acute myeloid leukaemia blast cells at diagnosis predicts response to chemotherapy and survival. Br J Haematol 1994; 87: 509-514.
49. Lamy T, Goasguen JE, Mordelet E, Grulois I, Dauriac C, Drenou B, Chaperon J, Fauchet R, Je Prise P-Y. P-glycoprotein (P-170) and CD34 expression in adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Leukemia 1994; 8: 1879-1883.
50. Chan HSL, Thorner PS, Haddad G, Ling V. Immunohistochemical detection of P-glycoprotein: prognostic correlation in soft tissue sarcoma of childhood. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8: 689-704.
51. Chan HSL, Haddad G, Thorner PS, DeBoer G, Lin YP, Ondrusek N, Yeger H, Ling V. P-glycoprotein expression as a predictor of the outcome of therapy for neuroblastoma. New Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1608-1614.
52. Baldini N, Scotlandi K, Barbanti-Brodano G, Manara MC, Maurici D, Bacci G, Bertoni F, Picci P, Sottili S, Campanacci M, Serra M. Expression of P-glycoprotein in high-grade osteosarcomas in relation to clinical outcome. New Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1380-1385.
53. Linn SC, Giaccone G, van Diest PJ, Blokhuis WMD, van der Valk P, van Kalken CK, Kuiper CM, Pinedo HM, Baak JPA. Prognostic relevance of P-glycoprotein expression in breast cancer. Ann Oncol 1995; 6: 679-685.
54. McGrath T, Center MS. Adriamycin resistance in HL60 cells in the absence of detectable P-glycoprotein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 145: 1171-1176.
55. Zijlstra JG, de Vries EGE, Mulder NH. Multifactorial drug resistance in an adriamycin-resistant human small cell lung carcinoma cell line. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 1780-1784.
56. Zaman GJR, Flens MJ, van Leusden MR, de Haas M, Mülder HS, Lankelma J, Pinedo HM, Scheper RJ, Baas F, Broxterman HJ, Borst P. The human multidrug resistance-associated protein MRP is a plasma membrane drug-efflux pump. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 8822-8826.
57. Barrand MA, Heppell-Parton AC, Wright KA, Rabbitts PH, Twentyman PR. A 190-kilodalton protein overexpressed in non-P-glycoprotein-containing multidrug-resistant cells and its relationship to the MRP gene. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86: 110-117.
58. Zaman GJR, Versantvoort CHM, Smit JJM, Eijdems EWHM, de Haas M, Smith AJ, Broxterman HJ, Mulder NH, de Vries EGE, Baas F, Borst P. Analysis of the expression of MRP, the gene for a new putative transmembrane drug transporter in human multidrug resistant lung cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 1747-1750.
59. Grant CE, Valdimarsson G, Hipfner DR, Almquist KC, Cole SPC, Deeley RG. Overexpression of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) increases resistance to natural product drugs. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 357-361.
60. Kruh GD, Chan A, Myers K, Gaughan K, Miki T, Aaronson SA. Expression complementary DNA library transfer establishes mrp as a multidrug resistance gene. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 1649-1652.
61. 4 and structurally related conjugates. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 27807-27810.
62. Müller M, Meijer C, Zaman GJR, Borst P, Scheper RJ, Mulder NH, de Vries EGE, Jansen PLM. Overexpression of the gene encoding the multidrug resistance-associated protein results in increased ATP-dependent glutathione S-conjugate transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 13033-13037.
63. Ishikawa T. The ATP-dependent glutathione 5-conjugate export pump. TIBS 1992; 17: 463-468.
64. Ishikawa T, Wright CD, Ishizuka H. GS-X pump is functionally overexpressed in cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)-resistant human leukemia HL-60 cells and down-regulated by cell differentiation. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 29085-29093.
65. Zaman GJR, Lankelma J, van Tellingen O, Beijnen J, Dekker H, Paulusma C, Oude Elferink RPJ, Baas F, Borst P. Role of glutathione in the export of compounds from cells by the multidrug-resistance-associated protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 7690-7694.
66. Kruh GD, Gaughan KT, Godwin A, Chan A. Expression pattern of MRP in human tissues and adult solid tumor cell lines. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 1256-1258.
67. Nooter K, Westerman AM, Flens MJ, Zaman GJR, Scheper RJ, van Wingerden KE, Burger H, Oostrum R, Boersma T, Sonneveld P, Gratama JW, Kok T, Eggermont AMM, Bosman FT, Stoter G. Expression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) gene in human cancers. Clin Cancer Res 1995; 1: 1301-1310.
68. Filipits M, Suchomel RW, Dekan G, Haider K, Valdimarsson G, Depisch D, Pirker R. MRP and MDR1 gene expression in primary breast carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 1996; (in press).
69. Bordow SB, Haber M, Madafiglio J, Cheung B, Marshall GM, Norris MD. Expression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) gene correlates with amplification and overexpression of the n-myc oncogene in childhood neuroblastoma. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 5036-5040.
70. Sugawara I, Arai T, Yamashita T, Yoshida A, Masunaga S, Itoyama S. Expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) in anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid. Cancer Lett 1994; 82: 185-188.
71. Ota E, Abe Y, Oshika Y, Ozeki Y, Iwasaki M, Inoue H, Yamazaki H, Ueyama Y, Takagi K, Ogata T, Tamaoki N, Nakamura M. Expression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) gene in non-small-cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 1995; 72: 550-554.
72. Filipits M, Suchomel RW, Zöchbauer S, Stiglbauer W, Depisch D, Pirker R. Frequent expression of the MRP gene in colorectal carcinomas (submitted).
73. Izquierdo MA, van der Zee AGJ, Vermorken JB, van der Valk P, Belien JAM, Giaccone G, Scheffer GL, Flens MJ, Pinedo HM, Kenemans P, Meijer CJLM, de Vries EGE, Scheper RJ. Drug resistance-associated marker Lrp for prediction of response to chemotherapy and prognoses in advanced ovarian carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 1230-1237.
74. Abbaszadegan MR, Futscher BW, Klimecki WT, List A, Dalton WS. Analysis of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) messenger RNA in normal and malignant hematopoietic cells. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 4676-4679.
75. Burger H, Nooter K, Zaman GJR, Sonneveld P, van Wingerden KE, Oostrum RG, Stoter G. Expression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) in acute and chronic leukemias. Leukemia 1994; 8: 990-997.
76. Burger H, Nooter K, Sonneveld P, van Wingerden KE, Zaman GJR, Stoter G. High expression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) in chronic and prolymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1994; 88: 348-356.
77. Kuss BJ, Deeley RG, Cole SPC, Willman CL, Kopecky KJ, Wolman SR, Eyre HJ, Lane SA, Nancarrow JK, Whitmore SA, Callen DF. Deletion of gene for multidrug resistance in acute myeloid leukaemia with inversion in chromosome 16: prognostic implications. Lancet 1994; 343: 1531-1534.
78. Beck J, Niethammer D, Gekeler V. High mdr1 - and mrp-, but low topoisomerase IIα-gene expression in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemias. Cancer Lett 1994; 86: 135-142.
79. Beck J, Handgretinger R, Dopfer R, Klingebiel T, Niethammer D, Gekeler V. Expression of mdr1, mrp, topoisomerase II α/β, and cyclin A in primary or relapsed states of acute lymphoblastic leukaemias. Br J Haematol 1995; 89: 356-363.
80. Hart SM, Ganeshaguru K, Hoffbrand AV, Prentice HG, Metha AB. Expression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) in acute leukaemia. Leukemia 1994; 8: 2163-2168.
81. Schuurhuis GJ, Broxterman HJ, Ossenkoppele GJ, Baak JPA, Eekman CA, Kuiper CM, Feller N, van Heijningen THM, Klumper E, Pieters R, Lankelma J, Pinedo HM. Functional multidrug resistance phenotype associated with combined overexpression of Pgp/MDR1 and MRP together with 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine sensitivity may predict clinical response in acute myeloid leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 1995; 1: 81-93.
82. Zhou D-C, Zittoun R, Marie J-P. Expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) and multidrug resistance (MDR1) genes in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 1995; 9: 1661-1666.
83. Schneider E, Cowan KH, Bader H, Toomey S, Schwartz GN, Karp JE, Burke PJ, Kaufmann SH. Increased expression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein gene in relapsed acute leukemia. Blood 1995; 85: 186-193.
84. Zöchbauer S, Haas OA, Schwarzinger I, Lechner K, Pirker R. Multidrug resistance in acute myeloid leukaemia with inversion in chromosome 16 or FAB M4Eo subtype. Lancet 1994; 344: 894.
85. Scheffer GL, Wijngaard PLJ, Flens MJ, Izquierdo MA, Slovak ML, Pinedo HM, Meijer CJLM, Clevers HC, Scheper RJ. The drug resistance-related protein LRP is the human major vault protein. Nat Med 1995; 1: 578-582.
86. Slovak ML, Pelkey Ho J, Cole SPC, Deeley RG, Greenberger L, de Vries EGE, Broxterman HJ, Scheffer GL, Scheper RJ. The LRP gene encoding a major vault protein associated with drug resistance maps proximal to MRP on Chromosome 16: evidence that chromosome breakage plays a key role in MRP or LRP gene amplification. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 4214-4219.
87. List AF, Spier CS, Abbaszadegan M, Grogan TM, Greer JP, Wolff SN, Scheper RJ, Dalton WS. Non-P-glycoprotein (PGP) mediated multidrug resistance (MDR): identification of a novel drug resistance phenotype with prognostic relevance in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Blood 1993; 82: 443a.
88. Beck WT. Unknotting the complexities of multidrug resistance: the involvement of DNA topoisomerases in drug action and resistance. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989; 81: 1683-1685.
89. Gieseler F, Biersack H, Brieden T, Manderscheid J, Nüßler V, Cytotoxicity of anthracyclins: correlation with cellular uptake, intracellular distribution and DNA binding. Ann Hematol 1994; 69: 13-17.
90. de Jong S, Zijlstra JG, de Vries EGE, Mulder NH. Reduced DNA topoisomerase II activity and drug-induced DNA cleavage activity in an adriamycin-resistant human small cell lung carcinoma cell line. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 304-309.
91. Friche E, Danks MK, Schmidt CA, Beck WT. Decreased DNA topoisomerase II in daunorubicin-resistant Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 4213-4218.
92. Evans CD, Mirski SEL, Danks MK, Cole SPC. Reduced levels of topoisomerase II α and β in a multidrug-resistant small cell lung cancer cell line. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1994; 34: 242-248.
93. McKenna SL, West RR, Whittaker JA, Padua RA, Holmes JA. Topoisomerase II a expression in acute myeloid leukaemia and its relationship to clinical outcome. Leukemia 1994; 8: 1498-1502.
94. Kaufmann SH, Karp JE, Jones RJ, Miller CB, Schneider E, Zwelling LA, Cowan K, Wendel K, Burke PJ. Topoisomerase II levels and drug sensitivity in adult acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood 1994; 83: 517-530.
95. Gekeler V, Frese G, Noller A, Handgretinger R, Wilisch A, Schmidt H, Muller CP, Dopfer R, Klingebiel T, Diddens H, Probst H, Niethammer D. Mdr1/P-glycoprotein, topoisomerase, and glutathione-S-transferase π gene expression in primary and relapsed state adult and childhood leukaemias. Br J Cancer 1992; 66: 507-517.
96. Holden JA, Rolfson DH, Wittwer CT. The distribution of immunoreactive topoisomerase II protein in human tissues and neoplasms. Oncol Res 1992; 4: 157-166.
97. Holden JA, Perkins SL, Snow GW, Kjeldsberg CR. Immunohistochemical staining for DNA topoisomerase II in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Am J Clin Pathol 1995; 104: 54-59.
98. Hellemans P, van Dam PA, Geyskens M, van Oosterom AT, Buytaert P, Van Marck E. Immunohistochemical study of topoisomerase II-α expression in primary ductal carcinoma of the breast. J Clin Pathol 1995; 48: 147-150.
99. Peters WHM, Boon CEW, Roelofs HMJ, Wobbes T, Nagengast FM, Kremers PG. Expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and P-170 glycoprotein in colorectal carcinoma and normal mucosa. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 448-455.
100. Mulder TPJ, Verspaget HW, Sier CFM, Roelofs HMJ, Ganesh S, Griffioen G, Peters WHM. Glutathione S-transferase π in colorectal tumors is predictive for overall survival. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 2696-2702.
101. Gilbert L, Elwood LJ, Merino M, Masood S, Barnes R, Steinberg SM, Lazarous DF, Pierce L, d'Angelo T, Moscow JA, Townsend AJ, Cowan KH. A pilot study of pi-class glutathione S-transferase expression in breast cancer: correlation with estrogen receptor expression and prognosis in node-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 49-58.
102. Green JA, Robertson LJ, Clark AH. Glutathione S-transferase expression in benign and malignant ovarian tumours. Br J Cancer 1993; 68: 235-239.
103. Hamada SI, Kamada M, Furumoto H, Hirao T, Aono T. Expression of glutathione Stransferase-π in human ovarian cancer as an indicator of resistance to chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 1994; 52: 313-319.
104. Tidefelt U, Elmhorn-Rosenborg A, Paul C, Hao X-Y, Mannervik B, Eriksson LC. Expression of glutathione transferase π as a predictor for treatment results at different stages of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 3281-3285.
105. Peters WHM, Roelofs HMJ, van Putten WLJ, Jansen JBMJ, Klijn JGM, Foekens JA. Response to adjuvant chemotherapy in primary breast cancer: no correlation with expression of glutathione S-transferases. Br J Cancer 1993; 68: 86-92.
106. Wright C, Cairns J, Cantwell BJ, Cattan AR, Hall AG, Harris AL, Home CHW. Response to mitoxantrone in advanced breast cancer: correlation with expression of c-erbB-2 protein and glutathione S-transferases. Br J Cancer 1992; 65: 271-274.
107. Murphy D, McGown AT, Hall A, Cattan A, Crowther D, Fox BW. Glutathione 5-transferase activity and isoenzyme distribution in ovarian tumour biopsies taken before or after cytotoxic chemotherapy. Br J Cancer 1992; 66: 937-942.
108. van der Zee AGJ, van Ommen B, Meijer C, Hollema H, van Bladeren PJ, de Vries EGE. Glutathione S-transferase activity and isoenzyme composition in benign ovarian tumours, untreated malignant ovarian tumours, and malignant ovarian tumours after platinum/cyclophosphamide chemotherapy. Br J Cancer 1992; 66: 930-936.
109. van der Zee AGJ, Hollema H, Suurmeijer AJH, Krans M, Sluiter WJ, Willemse PHB, Aalders JG, de Vries EGE. Value of P-glycoprotein, glutathione S-transferase pi, c-erbB-2, and p53 as prognostic factors in ovarian carcinomas. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 70-78.
110. 6-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase and P-glycoprotein in adult patients with leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1993; 85: 103-111.
111. Okuyama T, Maehara Y, Endo K, Baba H, Adachi Y, Kuwano M, Sugimachi K. Expression of glutathione S-transferase-pi and sensitivity of human gastric cancer cells to cisplatin. Cancer 1994; 74: 1230-1236.
112. Tsuruo T, Iida H, Tsukagoshi S, Sakurai Y. Overcoming of vincristine resistance in P388 leukemia in vivo and in vitro through enhanced cytotoxicity of vincristine and vinblastine by verapamil. Cancer Res 1981; 41: 1967-1972.
113. Tsuruo T, Iida H, Tsukagoshi S, Sakurai Y. Potentiation of vincristine and adriamycin in human hematopoietic tumor cell lines by calcium antagonists and calmodulin inhibitors. Cancer Res 1983; 43: 2267-2272.
114. Pirker R, Keilhauer G, Raschack M, Lechner C, Ludwig H. Reversal of multi-drug resistance in human KB cell lines by structural analogs of verapamil. Int J Cancer 1990; 45: 916-919.
115. Lum BL, Fisher GA, Brophy NA, Yahanda AM, Adler KM, Kaubisch S, Halsey J, Sikic BI. Clinical trials of modulation of multidrug resistance. Cancer 1993; 72: 3502-3514.
116. Müller MR, Lennartz K, Boogen C, Nowrousian MR, Rajewsky MF, Seeber S. Cytotoxicity of adriamycin, idarubicin, and vincristine in acute myeloid leukemia: chemosensitization by verapamil in relation to P-glycoprotein expression. Ann Hematol 1992; 65: 206-212.
117. Lum BL, Kaubisch S, Yahanda AM, Adler KM, Jew L, Ehsan MN, Brophy NA, Halsey J, Gosland MP, Sikic BI. Alteration of etoposide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics by cyclosporine in a phase I trial to modulate multidrug resistance. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 1635-1642.
118. Ozols RF, Cunnion RE, Klecker Jr RW, Hamilton TC, Ostchega Y, Parrillo JE, Young RC. Verapamil and adriamycin in the treatment of drug-resistant ovarian cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 1987; 5: 641-647.
119. Rodenburg CJ, Nooter K, Herweijer H, Seynaeve C, Oosterom R, Stoter G, Verweij J. Phase II study of combining vinblastine and cyclosporine-A to circumvent multidrug resistance in renal cell cancer. Ann Oncol 1991; 2: 305-306.
120. Miller TP, Grogan TM, Dalton WS, Spier CM, Scheper RJ, Salmon SE. P-glycoprotein expression in malignant lymphoma and reversal of clinical drug resistance with chemotherapy plus high-dose verapamil. J Clin Oncol 1991; 9: 17-24.
121. Sonneveld P, Durie BGM, Lokhorst HM, Marie J-P, Solbu G, Suciu S, Zittoun R, Löwenberg B, Nooter K. Modulation of multidrug-resistant multiple myeloma by cyclosporin. Lancet 1992; 340: 255-259.
122. List AF, Spier C, Greer J, Wolff S, Hutter J, Dorr R, Salmon S, Futscher B, Baier M, Dalton W. Phase I/II trial of cyclosporine as a chemotherapy-resistance modifier in acute leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 1652-1660.
123. Ross DD, Wooten PJ, Sridhara R, Ordonez JV, Lee EJ, Schiffer CA. Enhancement of daunorubicin accumulation, retention, and cytotoxicity by verapamil or cyclosporin A in blast cells from patients with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 1993; 82: 1288-1299.
124. Nüssler V, Pelka-Fleischer R, Zwierzina H, Nerl C, Beckert B, Gullis E, Gieseler F, Bock S, Bartl R, Petrides PE, Wilmanns W. Clinical importance of P-glycoprotein-related resistance in leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes - first experience with their reversal. Ann Hematol 1994; 69: 25-29.
125. Pirker R, Zöchbauer S, Kupper H, Lassmann A, Gsur A, Frass M, Krajnik G, Knöbl P, Lechner K. Dexverapamil as resistance modifier in acute myeloid leukemia. In: Pieters R (ed). Drug Resistance in Leukemia and Lymphoma. Harwood Academic Publishers: Singapore. 1996, (in press).
126. Cole SPC, Sparks KE, Fraser K, Loe DW, Grant CE, Wilson GM and Deeley RG. Pharmacological characterization of multidrug resistance MRP-transfected human tumor cells. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 5902-5910.
127. 4 receptor antagonist MK571 specifically modulates MRP associated multidrug resistance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 208: 345-352.
128. Gekeler V, Boer R, Ise W, Sanders KH, Schächtele C, Beck J. The specific bisindolylmaleimide PKC-inhibitor GF 109203X efficiently modulates MRP-associated multiple drug resistance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 206: 119-126.
129. Versantvoort CHM, Schuurhuis GJ, Pinedo HM, Eekman CA, Kuiper CM, Lankelma J, Broxterman HJ. Genistein modulates the decreased drug accumulation in non-P-glycoprotein mediated multidrug resistant tumour cells. Br J Cancer 1993; 68: 939-946.
130. Gollapudi S, Thadepalli F, Kim CH, Gupta S. Difloxacin reverses multidrug resistance in HL-60/AR cells that overexpress the multidrug resistance-related protein (MRP) gene. Oncol Res 1995; 7: 73-85.
131. Versantvoort CHM, Broxterman HJ, Bagrij T, Scheper RJ, Twentyman PR. Regulation by glutathione of drug transport in multidrug-resistant human lung tumour cell lines overexpressing multidrug resistance-associated protein. Br J Cancer 1995; 72: 82-89.