The world's forests: Problems and potentials

Environmental Conservation

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 156-168

  Myers, Norman ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b Upper Meadow   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

boreal forests; deforestation; economic evaluation; policy responses; temperate; tropical; world's forests

Indexed keywords

ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; FOREST; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; POLITICS; REVIEW;

APOGON BRACHYGRAMMUS; ARGYROSOMUS REGIUS;

EID: 0029838155     PISSN: 03768929     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0376892900038546     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. Adger, W.N., Brown, K., Cervigni, R. & Moran, D. (1995) Total economic value of forests in Mexico. Ambio 24: 286-96.
2. Alexandratos, N. (1995) World Agriculture Towards 2010: An FAO Study. Chichester. John Wiley and Sons: xxvi + 488 pp.
3. Alexeyev, V. (1991) Human and Natural Impacts in the Health of Russian Forests Institute of Forest and Timber Research, Siberian Branch, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
4. Anderson, V. (1994) Paying far the Forests: Proposals for the Abolition of 'Ecological Debt'. New Economics Foundation, 88 Wentworth St., London El 7SA, UK.
5. Apps, M., ed. (1995) Boreal forests and global climate Water, Air and Soil Pollution 82: special issue.
6. Apps, M. & Price, D. eds. (1996) Forest Ecosystems, Forest Management and the Global Carbon Cycle. New York: Springer-Verlag, xvi + 452 pp.
7. Arnold, M. (1991) Forestry Expansion - A Study of Technical, Economic and Ecological Factors: The Long-Term Global Demand and Supply of Wood. UK Forestry Commission, Alice Holt, Mr. Wrecclesham, Surrey, UK.
8. 2 at mid-high northern latitudes. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23. 1528-36.
9. Balick, M.J., Elisabetsky, W. & Laird, S., eds. (1996) Tropical Forest Medical Resources and the Conservation of Biodiversity. New York. Columbia University Press: xiv + 440 pp.
10. Barbier, E.B. (1995) The economics of forestry and conservation: economic Values and policies. Commonwealth Forestry Review 74: 26-34.
11. Barbier, E.B., Bishop, J.T., Aylward, B.A. & Burgess, J.C. (1992) The Economics of Tropical Forest Land Use Options: Methodology and Valuation Techniques London Environmental Economics Centre, University College, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
12. Barbier, E.B. & Burgess, J.C. (1993) Timber Trade and Tropical Deforestation: Global Trends and Evidence from Indonesia. Department of Environmental Economics and Environmental Management, University of York, York, UK.
13. Bilsborrow, R. & Hogan, D., eds. (1996) Population and Tropical Deforestation. New York: Oxford University Press.
14. Bochuan, H. (1991) China on the Edge' The Crisis of Ecology and Development. San Francisco: China Books and Periodicals Inc.
15. Browder, J.O., ed. (1989) Fragile Lands of Latin America. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press: xvi + 301 pp
16. Brown, K. & Adger, W.N. (1994) Economic and political feasibility of international carbon offsets. Forest Ecology and Management 68: 217-29.
17. Brown, K. &. Pearce, D. W., eds. (1994) The Causes of Tropical Deforestation: The Economic and Statistical Analysts of Factors Giving Rise of the Lass of the Tropical Forests London: University College London Press: xiv + 338 PP
18. Bruijnzeel, L. A. (1990) Hydrology of Moist Tropical Forests and Effects of Conservation: A Stale of Knowledge Review. International Hydrological Programme, UNESCO, Paris, France.
19. Castro, R. (1994) The Bionomics Opportunity Costs of Wildlands Conservation Areas: The Case of Costa Rica Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
20. Chan, N.W. (1986) Drought trends in northwestern Peninsular Malaysia: is less rain falling? Wallaceana 44: 8-9.
21. Chopra, K. (1993) The value of non-timber forest products: an estimation for tropical deciduous forests in India Economic Botany 47: 251-7.
22. 2 sink. Science 269: 1098-102.
23. Colchester, M. & Lohmann, L., eds. (1993) The Struggle for Land and the Fate of the Forests. London: Zed Books: 389 pp.
24. Constantino, L. & Kishor, N. (1993) Forest Management and Competing Land Uses: An Economic Analysis for Costa Rica. The World Bank, Washington DC, USA.
25. 2 sink? Global Biogeochemical Cycles 7: 599-609.
26. de Groot, R.S. (1994) Environmental functions and the economic value of natural ecosystems. In: Investing in Natural Capital: The Ecological Economics Approach to Sustainability, ed. A.N. Jansson, M. Hammer & R.A. Costanza, pp. 151-68. Washington DC: Island Press.
27. Devall, W., ed. (1994) Clear Cut: The Tragedy of Industrial Forestry. Washington DC: Island Press.
28. Dixon, J.A. & Sherman, P. B. (1990) Economics of Protected Areas: A New Look at Benefits and Costs. Washington DC: Island Press.
29. Dixon, R.K., Brown, S., Houghton, R.A., Solomon, A.M., Trexler, M.C. & Wisniewski, J. (1994) Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems. Science 263: 185-90.
30. Dudley, N. (1992) Forests in Trouble: A Review of the Status of Temperate Forests Worlwide. World Wide Fund for Nature International, Gland, Switzerland.
31. Dudley, N., Jenrenaud, J.-P. & Sullivan, F. (1995) Bad Harvest: The Timber Trade and the Degradation of Global Forests. London: Earthscan.
32. Durning, A.T. (1993) Saving the Forests. What Will it Take? Worldwatch Institute, Washington DC, USA: 51 pp.
33. Ehrlich, P.R. & Ehrlich, A.H. (1992) The value of biodiversity. Ambio 21: 219-26.
34. Erwin, T.L. (1988) The tropical forest canopy: the heart of biotic diversity. In: Biodiversity, ed. E.O. Wilson, pp. 123-29. Washington DC: National Academy Press: xiii + 521 pp
35. Evanson, R.E. (1991) Genetic resources: assessing economic value. In: Valuing Environmental Benefits in Developing Economies, ed. J.R. Vincent, E.W. Crawford & J. Hoehn, pp. 169-81. East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Press.
36. Faeth, P., Cort, C. & Livernash, R. (1994) Evaluating the Carbon Sequestration Benefits of Forestry Projects in Developing Countries. World Resources Institute, Washington DC, USA viii + 90 pp.
37. Feshbach, M. & Friendly, A. (1992) Ecocide in the USSR. London: Arum Press.
38. Flannigan, M.D. & Van Wagner, C.E. (1991) Climate change and wildfire in Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21: 66-72.
39. Food & Agriculture Organization (1990) The Major Significance of 'Minor' Purest Products. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.
40. Food & Agriculture Organization (1992) Third Interim Report on the Stale of Tropical Forests. Food and Agriculture Organization (Forest Resources Assessment Project), Rome, Italy.
41. Food & Agriculture Organization (1993a) Forest Products Yearbook 1993. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.
42. Food & Agriculture Organization (1993b) More than Wood. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.
43. Food & Agriculture Organization (1994) Forest Development and Policy Dilemmas. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy
44. Food & Agriculture Organization and Directorate-General of Forestry, Government of Indonesia (1990) Situation and Outlook of the Forestry Sector in Indonesia. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy and Directorate-General of Forestry, Jakarta, Indonesia.
45. Forestry Canada (1993) The State of Canada's Forests 1992. Forestry Canada, Northwest Region Northern Forestry Centre, 5320-122 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, T6H 3S5, Canada.
46. 2 sink? Global Biogeochemical Cycles 7: 599-609
47. Gaston, K.J. & Hudson, E. (1994) Regional patterns of diversity and estimates of global insect species richness. Biodiversity and Conservation 3: 501-11.
48. Gentry, A. (1993) Tropical forest biodiversity and the potential for new medicinal plants. In: Human Medicinal Agents from Plants, ed. A.D. Kinghorn & M.F Balandrin, pp 13-24. American Chemical Society, 1120 Vermont Ave NW, Washington DC, USA.
49. Gillis, M. (1986) Non-Wood Forest Products in Indonesia. Department of Forestry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.
50. Gillis, M. (1992) Forest concession, management and revenue policies. In: Managing the World's Forests: Looking for Balance Between Conservation and Development, ed. N.P. Sharma. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishers.
51. Gillis, M. (1994) Forest Incentive Policies. The World Bank, Washington DC, USA.
52. Grayson, A.J., ed. (1995) The world's forests: international initiatives since Rio. Commonwealth Forestry Association, Oxford: iii + 72 pp.
53. Greathead, D.J. (1983) The multi-million dollar weevil that pollinates oil palm. Antenna (Royal Entomological Society of London) 7: 105-7.
54. Gregerson, H., Oram, P. & Spears, J., eds. (1992) Priorities for Forestry and Agroforestry Policy Research. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, USA: 35 pp
55. Grubb, M.J. (1993) The politics and economics of climate change after Rio. International Journal of Environment and Pollution 3: 179-86.
56. Hall, J.P. (1995) Forest health monitoring in Canada: how healthy is the boreal forest? Water, Air and Soil Pollution 82: 77-85.
57. Harrison, P. (1992) The Third Revolution. London: I.B. Tauris/Penguin Books: x + 359 pp.
58. Hazell, P.B. (1995) Making Forest Policy Work. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, USA.
59. Heath, L.S., Kauppi, P., Burschel, P., Gregor, H.D., Guderian, R., Kohlmaier, G.H., Lorenz, S., Overdieck, D., Scholz, H.D., Thoasius, H. & Weber, M. (1993) Contribution of temperate forests to the world's carbon budget. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 70: 55-70.
60. Heimann, M., ed. (1993) The Global Carbon Cycle. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
61. High Level Commission on Floods (1983) Report on the Emergent Crisis. Ministry of Irrigation, Government of India, New Delhi, India.
62. Hodgson, G. & Dixon, J.A. (1988) Logging Versus Fisheries and Tourism in Palawan. East-West Environment and Policy Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
63. Houghton, J.T., Filho, L.G.M., Callandar, B. A., Harris, N., Kattenburg, A. & Maskell, K., eds. (1996) The Science of Climate Change: The Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group I New York: Cambridge University Press.
64. Houghton, J.T, Jenkins, G.J. & Ephramus, J.J., eds. (1990) Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment (Final Report of Working Group 1). New York: Cambridge University Press.
65. Houghton, R.A. (1992) Tropical deforestation and atmospheric carbon dioxide. In: Tropical Forests and Climate, ed. N. Myers, pp. 99-118. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers: vi + 265 pp.
66. Houghton, R.A. (1993) Role of forests in global warming In: World Forests for the Future: Their Use and Conservation, ed. K. Ramakrishna & G.M. Woodwell, pp. 21-58. New Haven: Yale University Press: xx + 156 pp.
67. Houghton, R.A. & Woodwell, G.M. (1989) Global climate change. Scientific American 250: 36-44.
68. Hulme, M. & Viner, D. (1995) A Climate Change Scenario for Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Tropical Ram Forests. World Wildlife Fund-US, Washington DC, USA.
69. Humphreys, D. (1996) Forest Politics: The Evolution of International Cooperation. London: Earthscan.
70. Hyde, W.F., Amacher, G.S. & Magrath, W. (1993) Deforestation, Scarce Forest Resources, and Forest Land Use: Theory, Empirical Evidence, and Policy Implications. The World Bank, Washington DC, USA.
71. Hyde, W.F. & Newman, D.H. (1991) Forest Economics and Policy Analysis: An Overview The World Bank, Washington DC, USA.
72. International Tropical Timber Organization (1992) Criteria for the Measurement of Sustainable Forest Management. International Tropical Timber Organization, Yokohama, Japan.
73. Isaev, A.S., Korovin, G.N., Utkin, A.I., Pryazhanikov, A.A. & Zamolod-chikov, E.G. (1993) Estimation of stores and annual deposition of carbon in phytomass of forest ecosystems of Russia. Russian Forest Sciences 5: 3-10. New York: Allerton Press.
74. Isaev, A.S., Korovin, G.N., Zamolodchikov, E.G., Utkin, A.I. & Pryazhamkov, A.A. (1995) Carbon stock and deposition in phytomass of the Russian forests Water, Air and Soil Pollution 82: 247-56.
75. Jardine, K. (1994) The Carbon Bomb: Climate Change and the Fate of the Northern Boreal Forests. Stichting Greenpeace Council, Keizersracht 176, DW 1016, Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 33 pp.
76. Jepma, CJ. (1995) Tropical Deforestation: A Socio-Economic Approach. London: Earthscan.
77. Johnson, N. & Cabarle, B. (1993) Surviving the Cut: Natural Forest Management in the Humid Tropics. World Resources Institute, Washington DC, USA: viii + 71 pp.
78. Kahn, J.R. & McDonald, J.A. (1992) Third World Debt and Tropical Deforestation. State University of New York, Binghampton, USA.
79. 2 to the atmosphere. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 64: 365-83.
80. Kishor, N.M. & Constantino, L.F. (1993) Forest Management and Competing Land Uses: An Economic Analysis for Costa Rica. The World Bank, Washington DC, USA
81. Kolchugina, T.P. & Vinson, T.S. (1993) Carbon sources and sinks in the forest biomes of the former Soviet Union Global Biogeochemical Cycle 7: 291-304.
82. Kolchugina, T.P. & Vinson, T.S. (1995) Role of Russian forests in the global carbon balance. Ambio 24: 258-64.
83. Krankina, O.N. & Dixon, R.K. (1993) Forest management options to conserve and sequester terrestrial carbon in the Russian Federation. World Resources Review 6: 88-101
84. Kurz, W.A. & Apps, M.J. (1995) An analysis of future carbon budgets of Canadian boreal forests. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 82: 321-31.
85. Lampietu, J.A. & Dixon, J.A. (1995) To See the Forest for the Trees: A Guide to Non-Timber Forest Benefits. The World Bank, Washington DC, USA.
86. MacNeill, J. (1992) A commentary on: the politics of prevention. In: Tropical Forests and Climate, ed N. Myers, pp. 263-5. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers: xvi + 452 pp.
87. Magrath, W. & Arens, P. (1989) The Costs of Soil Erosion on Java: A Natural Resource Accounting Approach. The World Bank, Washington DC, USA
88. Mahmood, K. (1987) Reservoir Sedimentation: Impact, Extent and Mitigation. The World Bank, Washington DC. vi + 105 pp
89. McNeely, J.A. & Miller, K.R. (1984) National Parks, Conservation and Development: The Role of Protected Areas in Sustaining Society. Washington DC . Smithsonian Institution Press: xiii + 825 pp.
90. Meher-Homji, V.M. (1992) Probable impact of deforestation on hydrological processes. In: Tropical Forests and Climate, ed N. Myers, pp. 163-74. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers: xvi + 452 pp.
91. Mendelsohn, R. & Balick, M.J. (1995) The value of undiscovered pharmaceuticals in tropical forests. Economic Botany 49: 223-8.
92. Mum, J.V.S. (1994) Watershed Management in India. New Delhi: Wiley Eastern.
93. Myers, N. (1983) Tropical moist forests: over-exploired and under-utilized? Forest Ecology and Management 6: 59-79
94. Myers, N. (1989) Deforestation Rates in Tropical Forests and Their Climatu Impluations. London: Friends of the Earth: 116 pp.
95. Myers, N. (1992) The Primary Source: Tropical Forests and Our Future. New York: WW. Norton, xiv + 319 pp
96. Myers, N. (1994a) Past-debate statement In: Scarcity or Abundance: A Dehate on the Environment. ed. N. Myers & J. Simon. New York: W W Norton: xix + 254 pp.
97. Myers, X. (1994b) Population and biodiversity In: Population: The Complex Reality, ed. F. Graham-Smith, pp. 117-36. London The Royal Society.
98. Myers, N. (1995a) The world's forests: need for a policy appraisal Science 258: 823-4
99. Myers, N. (1995) Tropical deforestation: population, poverty and biodiversity. In: The Economics and Ecology of Biodiversity Decline: The Forces Driving Global Change, ed. T.M. Swanson, pp 111-22. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
100. Myers, N. & Goreau, T.J. (1992) Tropical forests and the greenhouse effect: a management response In: Tropical Forests and Climate, ed. N. Myers, pp. 215-26. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
101. Nilsson, S. (1993) Sustainability of Siberian forests. Environmental Conservation 20: 177.
102. Nilsson, S. (1994) Air pollution and European forests. In: Acid Rain: Current Situation and Remedies, ed. J. Rose Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.
103. Nilsson, S., ed (1996) Boreal Forests: The Role of Research. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
104. Oechel, W.C., Hastings, S.J., Yourlitis, G., Jenkins, M., Riechers, G. &Grulke, N. (1993) Recent change of Arctic tundra ecosystems from a net carbon dioxide sink to a source. Nature 361: 520-3.
105. Panayotou, T. & Ashton, P.S. (1992) Not by Timber Alone. Washington DC: Island Press: xx + 282 pp.
106. Paris, R. & Ruzicka, I. (1991) Barking up the Wrang Tree: The Role of Rent Appropriation in Sustainabie Forest Management. Asian Development Bank, Manila, the Philippines
107. Pearce, D., Adger, N., Maddison, D. & Moran, D. (1995) Debt and the environment. Scientific American 272 (6): 28-33
108. Pearce, D. & Puroshothaman, S. (1993) Protecting Biological Diversity The Economic Value of Pharmaceutical Plants. Centre for Social and Economic Research into the Global Environment, University College London, London, UK. 55 pp.
109. Peskin, H., Floor, W. & Barnes, D.F. (1992) Accounting for Traditional Fuel Production: The Household Energy Sector and Its Implications for the Development Process. The World Bank, Washington DC, USA. iii + 39 pp.
110. Peters, C.M., Gentry, A.H. & Mendelsohn, R.O. (1989) Valuation of an Amazonian rain forest. Nature 339, 655-6.
111. Pimentel, D., McNair, M., Buck, L., Pimentel, M. & Kamil, J. (1996) The value of forests to world food security. Human Ecology (in press).
112. Postel, S. (1992) Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity. New York: W.W. Norton: 239 pp.
113. Price, C. (1993) Time, Discounting and Value. Oxford: Blackwell.
114. Principe, P. (1996) Monetizing the pharmocological benefits of plants. In: Tropical Forest Medical Resources and the Conservation of Biodiversity, ed. M.J. Balick, W. Elisabetsky & S. Laird, pp 191-218. New York: Columbia University Press
115. Ramakrishna, K. & Woodwell, G.M., eds. (1993) World Forests for the Future: Their Use and Conservation: New Haven: Yale University Press xviii + 156 pp.
116. Repetto, R. (1990) Deforestation in the tropics. Scientific American 262: 36-42.
117. Riley, L.F. (1995) Criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management in Canada. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 82: 67-70.
118. Rodhe, H. (1994) Regional budgets of sulfur and nitrogen in the tropics. In. The Chemistry of the Atmosphere: Its Impacts on Global Change, ed. K.J.G. Catvert, pp. 317-26. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
119. Ruitenbeek, J. (1989) Social Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Korup Project, Cameroon. World Wide Fund for Nature-UK Panda House, Weyside Pk, Catteshall Lane, Godalming, Surrey, UK
120. Ryan, M. & Flavin, C. (1995) Facing China's limits. In: State of the World 1995. ed. L.R. Brown, D. Dennisron, C. Flavin, H. French, H. Kane, N. Lenssen, M. Renner, D. Roodman, M. Ryan, A. Sachs and others, pp. 113-31. New York: W.W. Norton.
121. Salati, E. & Nobre, C.A. (1992) Possible climatic impacts of tropical deforestation. In: Tropual Forests and Climate, ed. N. Myers, pp. 177-96. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
122. Sfeir-Younis, A. (1986) Soil Conservation in Developing Countries: A Background Report The World Bank, Washington DC, USA.
123. Sharma, X., ed (1992) Managing the World's Forests: Looking for Balance Betweeen Conservation and Development. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishers.
124. Shvidenko, A. Z. & Nilsson, S. (1994) What do we know about the Siberian forests? Ambio 23, 396-404.
125. Shvidenko, A.Z., Nilsson, S, Rojkov, V.A. & Strakhov, V.V. (1995) Carbon budget of the Russian boreal forests, a systems analysis approach to uncertainty In: Forest Ecosystems, Forest Management and the Global Carbon Cycle, ed M.J. Apps & D.T. Price, pp. 172-82. New York: Springer-Verlag.
126. Smith, T.M. & Shugart, H.H. (1993) The transient response of terrestrial carbon storage to a perturbed climate. Nature 361, 523-6.
127. Solomon, A.M. & Shugart, H.H., eds. (1992) Vegetation Dynamics and Global Change. London: Chapman and Hall.
128. Southgate, D. (1994) Economic progress and habitat conservation in Latin America In: The Eionomics and Ecology of Biodiversity Decline: The Forces Driving Global Change, ed. T.M Swanson, pp. 91-8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
129. Swanson, T.M., ed. (1995) The Economics and Ecology of Biodiversity Decline: The Forces Driving Global Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: xii + 162 pp.
130. 2 budget. Science 247: 1431-39.
131. Trexler, M.C. (1991) Minding the Carbon Stare: Weighing U.S. Forestry Strategies to Slow Global Warming. World Resources Institute, Washington DC, USA: x + 81 pp.
132. United Nations (1992) AGENDA 21 of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. United Nations, New York, USA.
133. US Forests Service (1993) Viability Assessments and Management Considerations for Species Associated with Late-Successtonal and Old-Growth Forests of the Pacific Northwest. US Forests Service, Washington DC, USA.
134. Wilson, E.O. (1992) The Diversity of Life. Cambridge: Harvard University Press: 424 pp.
135. Woodwell, G.-M. (1993) Forests, what in the world are they for? In: World Forests for the Future: Their Use and Conservation, ed. K. Ramakrishna & G.M. Woodwell, pp. 1-20. New Haven: Yale University Press.
136. Woodwell, G.M. (1995) Biotic feedbacks from the warming of the Earth. In: Biotic Feedbacks in the Global Climatic System: Will the Warming Feed the Warming ed. G.M. Woodwell & F. T. Mackenzie, pp. 3-21. New York: Oxford University Press.
137. Woodwell, G.M. & Mackenzie, F.T., eds. (1995) Biotic Feedbacks in the Global Climatic System: Will the Warming Feed the Warming? New York: Oxford University Press: xv + 416 pp.
138. Woodwell, G.M., Mackenzie, F.T., Houghton, R.A., Apps, M.J., Gorham, E. & Davidson, E.A. (1995) Will the warming speed the warming? In: Biotic Feedbacks in the Global Climatic System: Will the Harming Feed the Warming? ed. G.M. Woodwell & F.T. Mackenzie, pp. 393-412. New York: Oxford University Press.
139. World Bank (1987) Wildlands. The World Bank, Washington DC, USA.
140. World Bank (1990) Indonesia: Sustainable Development of Forests, Land and Water. The World Bank, Washington DC, USA.
141. World Bank (1992) Costa Rica Forestry Sector Review. The World Bank, Washington DC, USA: iii + 27 pp
142. Zak, D. (1995) Response of terrestrial ecosystems to carbon dioxide fertilization. In: Elements of Change 1994, ed. S.J. Hassol & J. Katzenberger, pp. 202-4. Aspen Global Change institute, 100 East Francis St., Aspen, Colorado 81611, USA.