The transition from slow-wave sleep to paradoxical sleep: Evolving facts and concepts of the neurophysiological processes underlying the intermediate stage of sleep

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 367-387

  Gottesmann, Claude ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ CÔTE D'AZUR   (France)

Author keywords

Acetylcholine; Arousal threshold; Central responsiveness; Hypnotics; Intermediate stage; Serotonin; Sleep mechanisms; Spindle; Theta rhythm

Indexed keywords

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; HUMAN; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SLEEP; SLEEP STAGE; SPINDLE CELL;

EID: 0029831623     PISSN: 01497634     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0149-7634(95)00055-0     Document Type: Article

References (169)

1. Alonso A., Garcia Austt E. Neuronal sources of theta rhythm in the entorhinal cortex of the rat. II. Phase relations between unit discharges and theta field potentials. Exp. Brain Res. 67:1987;502-509.
2. Alonso A., Llinas R. Voltage-dependent calcium conductances and mammillary body neurons autorhythmicity: An in vitro study. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 14:1988;900.
3. Alonso A., Llinas R. Electrophysiology of the mammillary complex in vitro. II. Medial mammillary neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 68:1992;1321-1331.
4. Anchel H., Lindsley D.B. Differentiation of two reticulo hypothalamic systems regulating hippocampal activity. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 32:1972;209-226.
5. Andersen P., Andersson S.A., Lomo T. Some factors involved in the thalamic control of spontaneous barbiturate spindles. J. Physiol. London. 192:1967;257-281.
6. Arduini A., Moruzzi G. Olfactory arousal reactions in the cerveau isolé cat. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2:1953;243-250.
7. Arduini A., Pompeiano O. Attivita elettrica di singole units dell'ippocampo e sue modificazioni con stimoli afferenti. Archs Sci. Biol. 39:1955;397-406.
8. Arnaud C., Gandolfo G., Gottesmann C. The reactivity of the somesthetic S1 cortex during sleep and waking in the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 4:1979;735-740.
9. Arnaud C., Gauthier P., Gottesmann C. Atropine effects on the intermediate stage and paradoxical sleep in rats. Psychopharmacology. 116:1994;304-308.
10. Aserinski E., Kleitman N. Regularly occurring periods of eye motility and concomitant phenomena during sleep. Science. 118:1953;273-274.
11. Aston-Jones G., Bloom F.E. Activity of norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats anticipates fluctuations in the sleep-waking cycle. J. Neurosci. 1:1981;876-886.
12. Baghdoyan H.A., Monaco A.P., Rodrigo-Angulo M.L., Assens F., McCarley R.W., Hobson J.A. Micro-injection of neostigmine in the pontine reticular formation of cats enhance desynchronized sleep signs. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 231:1984;173-180.
13. Batsel H.L. Electroencephalographic synchronization and desynchronization in the chronic cerveau isolé of the dog. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 12:1960;421-430.
14. Batsel H.L. Spontaneous desynchronization in the chronic cat "cerveau isolé" Arch. Ital. Biol. 102:1964;547-566.
15. Belardetti F., Borgia R., Mancia M. Proencephalic mechanisms of ECoG desynchronization in cerveau isolé cats. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 42:1977;213-225.
16. Benavides J., Camerlin J.C., Mitrani N., Flamand F., Uzan A., Legrand J.J., Gueremy C., Le Fur G. 2-Amino-6-trifluoro methoxy benzothiazole, a possible antagonist of excitatory amino acid neurotransmission. II. Biochemical properties. Neuropharmacology. 24:1985;1085-1090.
17. Benington J.H., Kodali S.K., Heller H.C. Scoring transitions to REM sleep in rats based on the phenomena of pre-REM sleep: An improved analysis of sleep structure. Sleep. 17:1994;28-36.
18. Benoit O., Bloch V. Seuil d'éveil réticulaire et sommeil profond chez le chat. J. Physiol. Paris. 52:1960;17-18.
19. Bizzi E., Brooks D.C. Functional connections between pontine reticular formation and lateral geniculate nucleus during deep sleep. Arch. Ital. Biol. 101:1963;666-680.
20. Bland B.H. The physiology and pharmacology of hippocampal formation theta rhythms. Prog. Neurobiol. 26:1986;1-54.
21. Bland B.H., Whishaw I.Q. Generators and topography of hippocampal theta (RSA) in the anaesthetized and freely moving rat. Brain Res. 118:1976;259-280.
22. Block F. Stimulation of N-methyl- D-aspartate receptors in the rat nucleus reticularis thalami suppresses somatosensory evoked potentials. Brain Res. 636:1994;143-146.
23. Bradley P.B., Engel G., Feniak W., Fozard J.R., Humphrey P.P.A., Middelmiss D.N., Mylecharane E.J., Richardson B.P., Saxena P.R. Proposals for the classification and nomenclature of functional receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine. Neuropharmacology. 25:1986;563-576.
24. Bremer F. Cerveau "isolé" et physiologie du sommeil. C. R. Soc. Biol. Paris. 118:1935;1235-1241.
25. Buzsaki G., Bickford R.G., Ponomareff G., Thal L.J., Mandel R., Cage F.H. Nucleus basalis and thalamic control of neocortical activity in the freely moving rat. J. Neurosci. 8:1988;4007-4026.
26. Carli G., Zanchetti A. A study of pontine lesions suppressing deep sleep in the cat. Arch. Ital. Biol. 103:1965;751-788.
27. Chu N., Bloom F.E. Norepinephrine-containing neurons: Changes in spontaneous discharge patterns during sleep and waking. Science. 179:1973;908-910.
28. Dement W. The occurrence of low voltage, fast electroencephalogram patterns during behavioral sleep in the cat. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 10:1958;291-296.
29. Dement W., Kleitman N. Cyclic variations in EEG during sleep and their relation to eye movements, body motility and dreaming. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 9:1957;673-690.
30. Demetrescu M., Demetrescu M., Iosif G. Diffuse regulation of visual thalamocortical responsiveness during sleep and wakefulness. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 20:1966;450-469.
31. Depoortere, H.; Loew, D.M. Motor phenomena during sleep in the rat: a means of improving the analysis of the sleep-wakefulness cycle. In: Jovanovic, U., ed. The nature of sleep. Stuttgart: Gustav-Fischer; 1973:101-104.
32. Depoortere H., Zivkovic B., Lloyd K.G., Sanger D.J., Perrault G., Langer S.Z., Bartholini G. Zolpidem, a novel non benzodiazepine hypnotic. I. Neuropharmacological and behavioral effects. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 237:1986;649-658.
33. 2 receptors in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness in the rat. Psychopharmacology. 97:1989;436-442.
34. Dumont S., Dell P. Facilitations spécifiques et non spécifiques des réponses visuelles corticales. J. Physiol. Paris. 50:1958;261-264.
35. Gaillard, J.M.; Martinoli, R.; Kafi, S. Automatic analysis of states of vigilance in the rat. In: Koella, W. P.; Levin, P., eds. Sleep 1976. Basel: Karger; 1977:455-457.
36. Gandolfo G., Arnaud C., Gottesmann C. Transmission in the ventrobasal complex of rats during the sleep-waking cycle. Brain Res. Bull. 5:1980;553-562.
37. Gandolfo, G.; Gauthier, P.; Arnaud, C.; Gottesmann, C. Influence of paradoxical sleep deprivation on the intermediate stage of sleep in the rat. Neurosci. Res. in press.
38. Gandolfo G., Glin L., Gottesmann C. Study of sleep spindles in the rat: A new improvement. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 45:1985;151-162.
39. Gandolfo G., Glin L., Lacoste G., Rodi M., Gottesmann C. Automatic sleep-waking scoring in the rat on microcomputer Apple II. Int. J. Biomed. Comput. 23:1988;83-95.
40. Gandolfo G., Gottesmann C. Transmission in the ventrobasal complex of thalamus during rapid sleep and wakefulness in the homolaterally neodecorticated rat. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 42:1982;443-455.
41. Gandolfo G., Romettino S., Gottesmann C., van Luijtelaar G., Coenen A. Genetically epileptic rats show a pronounced intermediate stage of sleep. Physiol. Behav. 47:1990;213-215.
42. + channel openers decrease seizures in genetically epileptic rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 167:1989;181-183.
43. Gandolfo G., Scherschlicht R., Gottesmann C. Benzodiazepines promote the intermediate stage at the expense of paradoxical sleep in the rat. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 49:1994;921-927.
44. George R., Haslett W.L., Jenden D.J. A cholinergic mechanism in the brainstem reticular formation. Induction of paradoxical sleep. Int. J. Neuropharmacol. 3:1964;541-552.
45. Gerbrandt L.K., Lawrence J.C., Eckart M.J., Lloyd R.L. Origin of the neocortically monitored theta rhythm in the curarized rat. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 45:1978;454-467.
46. Glin L., Arnaud C., Berracochea D., Galey D., Jaffard R., Gottesmann C. The intermediate stage of sleep in mice. Physiol. Behav. 50:1991;951-953.
47. Glin L., Zernicki B., Gottesmann C. Hippocampal and cortical EEG activity in rats with transected hypothalamus. Brain Res. Bull. 27:1991;637-640.
48. Gottesmann C. Données sur l'activité corticale au cours du sommeil profond chez le rat. C. R. Soc. Biol. Paris. 158:1964;1829-1834.
49. Gottesmann, C. Recherche sur la psychophysiologie du sommeil chez le rat. Paris: Presses du Palais Royal; 1967.
50. Gottesmann C. Données récentes sur les activitésélectrophysiologiques phasiques. Psychol. Franç. 12:1967;1-16.
51. Gottesmann C. Étude sur les activitésélectrophysiologiques phasiques chez le rat. Physiol. Behav. 4:1969;495-504.
52. Gottesmann C. Theta rhythm: The brain stem involvement. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 16:1992;25-30.
53. Gottesmann C. Detection of seven sleep-waking stages in the rat. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 16:1992;31-38.
54. Gottesmann, C.; Gandolfo, G. A massive but short-lasting forebrain deafferentation during sleep in the rat and cat. Arch. Ital. Biol. 124:257-269.
55. Gottesmann C., Gandolfo G., Zernicki B. Hippocampal theta rhythm in the acute cerveau isolé cat. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 41:1981;251-255.
56. Gottesmann C., Gandolfo G., Zernicki B. Intermediate stage of sleep in the cat. J. Physiol. Paris. 79:1984;365-372.
57. Gottesmann C., Gandolfo G., Zernicki B. Hippocampal theta activity in the acute precollicular rat. Brain Res. Bull. 22:1989;959-962.
58. Gottesmann C., Gandolfo G., Zernicki B. The chronic rat preparations with brain stem transected at the caudopontine level. Brain Res. Bull. 36:1995;573-580.
59. Gottesmann C., Juan de Mendoza J.L., Lacoste G., Lallement B., Rodrigues L., Tasset M. Étude de l'analyse et la quantification automatiques des différentsétats de veille et de sommeil chez le rat. C. R. Acad. Sci. 272:1971;301-302.
60. Gottesmann C., Trefouret S., Depoortere H. Influence of zolpidem, a novel hypnotic, on the intermediate-stage and paradoxical sleep in the rat. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 47:1994;359-362.
61. Gottesmann C., User P., Gioanni H. Sleep: A physiological "cerveau isolé" stage? Waking sleep. 4:1980;111-117.
62. Gottesmann C., Zernicki B., Gandolfo G. Hippocampal theta activity in the acute cerveau isolé cat. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 41:1981;251-255.
63. Gottesmann C., Zernicki B., Kraszewski K. EEG activity in the acute precollicular cat. Arch. Ital. Biol. 126:1988;193-197.
64. Grastyan E., Lissak K., Madarsz I., Donhoffer H.D. Hippocampal electrical activity during the development of conditional reflexes. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 11:1959;409-430.
65. Green J.D., Arduini A. Hippocampal electrical activity in arousal. J. Neurophysiol. 17:1954;532-557.
66. Grubar J.C. Sleep and mental deficiency. Rev. EEG Neurophysiol. 13:1983;107-114.
67. Ito K., McCarley R.W. Alterations in membrane potential and excitability of cat medial pontine reticular formation neurons during naturally occurring sleep-wake states. Brain Res. 292:1984;169-175.
68. Jacobs B.L., Heym J., Trulson M.E. Behavioral and physiological correlates of brain serotoninergic unit activity. J. Physiol. Paris. 77:1981;431-436.
69. Jeannerod, M. Organisation de l'activitéélectrique phasique du sommeil paradoxal. Lyon: LMD; 1963.
70. Jones B.E. Elimination of paradoxical sleep by lesions of the pontine gigantocellular tegmental field in the cat. Neurosci. Lett. 13:1979;285-293.
71. Jouvet, M. Telencephalic and rhombencephalic sleep in the cat. In: The nature of sleep. London: Ciba Foundation Symposium, Churchill, 1961:188-206.
72. Jouvet M. Recherches sur les structures nerveuses et les mécanismes responsables des différentes phases du sommeil physiologique. Arch. Ital. Biol. 100:1962;125-206.
73. Jouvet, M. The role of monoamines and acetylcholine-containing neurons in the regulation of sleep-waking cycle. In: Ergibnisse der Physiologie. Berlin: Springer; 1972:166-307.
74. Jouvet M., Michel F. Corrélationsélectromyographiques du sommeil chez le Chat décortiqué et mésencéphalique chronique. C. R. Soc. Biol. Paris. 153:1959;422-425.
75. Jouvet M., Michel F. Mise enévidence d'un centre hypnique au niveau du rhombencéphale chez le Chat. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris. 251:1960;1188-1190.
76. Jouvet M., Michel F. Déclenchement de la "phase paradoxale" du sommeil par stimulation du tronc cérébral chez le chat intact et mésencéphalique chronique. C. R. Soc. Biol. Paris. 154:1960;636-641.
77. Jouvet M., Michel F., Courjon J. Sur un stade d'activitéélectrique cérébrale rapide au cours du sommeil physiologique. C. R. Soc. Biol. Paris. 153:1959;1024-1028.
78. Jouvet M., Mounier D. Effets des lésions de la formation réticulée pontique sur le sommeil du chat. C. R. Soc. Biol. paris. 154:1960;2301-2305.
79. Julou L., Bardone M.C., Blanchard J.C., Garret C., Stutzmann J.M. Pharmacological studies of zopiclone. Pharmacology. 27:1983;46-58.
80. Kanamori N., Sakai K., Sei H., Salvert D., Vanni-Mercier G., Yamamoto M., Jouvet M. Power spectral analysis of blood pressure fluctuations during sleep in normal and decerebrate cats. Arch. Ital. Biol. 132:1994;105-115.
81. Karasinski P., Stinus L., Robert C., Limoge A. Real time sleep-wake scoring in the rat using a single EEG channel. Sleep. 17:1994;113-119.
82. Karmos G., Grastyan E. An electrophysiological study of sleep. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 12:1960;933.
83. Kawamura H., Domino E.F. Hippocampal slow "arousal" wave activation in the rostral midbrain transected cat. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 25:1968;471-480.
84. Kinney G.G., Kocsis B., Vertes R.P. Injections of excitatory amino acid antagonists into the median raphe nucleus produce hippocampal theta rhythm in the urethane-anesthetized rat. Brain Res. 654:1994;96-104.
85. Kirk I., McNaughton N. Supramammillary cell firing and hippocampal rhythmical slow activity. Neuroreport. 2:1991;723-725.
86. Klaue R. Die bioelectrische Tätigkeit der Grosshirnrinde in normalen Schlaf und in der Narkose durch Schlafmittel. J. Psychol. Neurol. Leipzig. 47:1937;510-531.
87. Kleinlogen, H. Analysis of the vigilance stages in the rat by fast Fourier transformation. Neuropsychobiology 23:197-204;
88. Kocsis B., Vertes R.P. Characterization of neurons of the supramammillary nucleus and mammillary body discharge rhythmically with the hippocampal theta rhythm in the rat. J. Neurosci. 14:1994;7040-7052.
89. Kodoma T., Takahashi Y., Honda Y. Enhancement of acetylcholine release during paradoxical sleep in the dorsal tegmental field of the cat brain stem. Neurosci. Lett. 114:1990;277-282.
90. Konopacki J., MacIver M.B., Bland B.H., Roth S.H. Theta in hippocampal slices: Relation to synaptic responses of dentate neurons. Brain Res. Bull. 18:1987;25-27.
91. Koresko R.L., Snyder F., Feinberg I. "Dream time" in hallucinating and non-hallucinating schizophrenic patients. Nature. 199:1963;1118-1119.
92. Kreig W.J.S. Connections of cerebral cortex. I. The albino rat. A topography of the cortical areas. J. Comp. Neurol. 84:1946;221-275.
93. Lairy, G.C. Données récentes sur la physiologie et la physiopathologie de l'activité onirique. Données chez le malade mental. In: Lopez-Ibor, J. J., ed. IV World Congress on Psychiatry, vol. 1. Madrid: Excerpta Medica, 1966:189-197.
94. Lairy, G.C.; Barros-Ferreira, M.; Goldsteinas, L. Données récentes sur la physiologie et la physiopathologie de l'activité onirique. In: Gastaud, H.; Lugaresi, E.; Berti Ceroni, G.; Coccagna, G., eds. The abnormalities of sleep in man, Bologna: Aulo Gaggi; 1968: 275-283.
95. Lannes B., Micheletti G., Vergnes M., Marescaux C., Depaulis A., Warter J.M. Relationship between spike-wave discharges and vigilance levels in rats with spontaneous petit mal-like epilepsy. Neurosci. Lett. 94:1988;187-191.
96. Macadar O., Roig J.A., Monti J.M., Budelli R. The functional relationship between septal and hippocampal theta rhythm. Physiol. Behav. 5:1970;1443-1449.
97. Marchiafava P.L., Pompeiano O. Enhanced excitability in intra geniculate optic tract endings produced by vestibular volleys. Arch. Ital. Biol. 104:1966;459-479.
98. Marini G., Giglio R., Macchi G., Mancia M. Normal and abnormal EEG rhythmicity and rodent nucleus reticularis thalami. J. Sleep Res. 3(Suppl. 1):1994;158.
99. Mariotti, M.; Zhou, G.C.; Serpico, S. Unitary activity in centralis lateralis thalamic nucleus during transitions from slowwave sleep to REM. In: Chase, M. H.; Parmeggiani, P. L.; O'Connor, C., eds. Sleep research. Los Angeles: Brain Information Service; 1991:47.
100. Marks G.A., Roffwarg H.P. Spontaneous activity in the thalamic reticular nucleus during the sleep-wake cycle of the free moving rat. Brain Res. 623:1993;241-248.
101. Maru E.L., Takahashi K., Iwahara S. Effects of median raphe nucleus lesions on hippocampal EEG in the freely moving rat. Brain Res. 163:1979;223-234.
102. McCarley R.W., Hobson J.A. Cortical unit activity in desynchronized sleep. Science. 167:1970;901-903.
103. McCarley R.W., Hobson J.A. Single neuron activity in cat giganto cellular tegmental field: selectivity of discharge in desynchronized sleep. Science. 174:1971;1250-1252.
104. McGinty, D.J.; Harper, R.M.; Fairbanks, M.K. Neuronal unit activity and the control of sleep states. In: Weitzman, E. D., ed. Advances in sleep research, vol. 1. New York: Spectrum; 1974:173-176.
105. Michel F., Klein M., Jouvet D., Valatx J.L. Etude polygraphique du sommeil chez le rat. C. R. Soc. Biol. Paris. 155:1961;2389-2392.
106. Mikiten T., Niebyl P., Hendley C. EEG desynchronization during behavioral sleep associated with spike discharges from the thalamus of the cat. Fed. Proc. 20:1961;327.
107. Monmaur P., Houcine O., Delacour J. Experimental dissociation between wakefulness and paradoxical sleep hippocampal theta. Physiol. Behav. 23:1979;471-479.
108. Morales F., Chase M.H. Intracellular recording of lumbar motoneuron membrane potential during sleep and wakefulness. Exp. Neurol. 62:1978;821-827.
109. Moruzzi G., Magoun H.W. Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1:1949;455-473.
110. Nakamura Y., Goldberg L.J., Chandler S.H., Chase M.H. Intracellular analysis of trigeminal motoneurons activity during sleep in the cat. Science. 199:1978;204-207.
111. Neckelmann D., Ursin R. Sleep stages and EEG power spectrum in relation to acoustical stimulus threshold in the rat. Sleep. 16:1993;467-477.
112. Nosjean A., Arluison M., Laguzzi R.F. Increase of paradoxical sleep after destruction of serotoninergic innervation of the nucleus tractus solitarius of the rat. Neuroscience. 23:1987;469-481.
113. Olmstead C.E., Villablanca J.R. Hippocampal theta rhythm persists in the permanently isolated forebrain of the cat. Brain Res. Bull. 2:1977;93-100.
114. Petsche H., Stumpf C., Gogolak G. The significance of the rabbit's septum as a relay station between the midbrain and the hippocampus. I. The control of hippocampus arousal activity by the septum cells. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 14:1962;202-211.
115. Piallat B., Gottesmann C. The reticular arousal threshold during the transition from slow wave sleep to paradoxical sleep in the rat. Physiol. Behav. 58:1995;199-202.
116. - currents. Mol. Pharmacol. 39:1991;691-696.
117. Puizilloux J.J., Ternaux J.P., Foutz A.S., Fernandez G. Les stades de sommeil de la préparation "encéphale isolé". Déclenchement des pointes ponto-géniculo-occipitales et du sommeil phasiqueà ondes lentes. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 37:1974;561-576.
118. Rasmussen K., Heym J., Jacobs B.L. Activity of serotonin-containing neurons in nucleus centralis superior of freely moving cats. Exp. Neurol. 83:1984;302-317.
119. Rasmussen K., Morilak D.A., Jacobs B.L. Single unit activity of locus coeruleus neurons in the freely moving cat. I. During naturalistic behaviors and in response to simple and complex stimuli. Brain Res. 371:1986;324-334.
120. Rioch, Mck D. Discussion. In: Delafresnay, J.F., ed. Brain mechanisms and consciousness. Oxford: Blackwell; 1954:133-134.
121. Robinson T.E., Whishaw I.Q. Effects of posterior hypothalamic lesions on voluntary behavior and hippocampal electroencephalograms in the rat. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 86:1974;768-786.
122. Roldan E., Weiss T., Fifkova E. Excitability changes during the sleep cycle of the rat. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 15:1963;775-785.
123. Romettino S., Lazdunski M., Gottesmann C. Anticonvulsant and sleep-waking influences of riluzole in a rat model of absence epilepsy. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 199:1991;371-373.
124. Rougeul A., Letalle A., Courvoisier J. Activité rythmique du cortex somesthésique primaire en relation avec l'immobilité chez le chat libreéveillé Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 33:1972;23-39.
125. Sakai, K. Anatomical and physiological basis of paradoxical sleep. In: McGinty, D. J.; Drucker-Colin, R. A.; Morrison, A.; Parmaggiani, C., eds. Brain mechanisms of sleep. New York: Raven Press; 1985:111-137.
126. Sakai, K.; El Mansari, M.; Lin, J.S.; Zhang, J.G.; Vanni-Mercier, G. The posterior hypothalamus in the regulation of wakefulness and paradoxical sleep. In: Mancia, M.; Marino, G.; eds. The diencephalon and sleep. New York: Raven Press; 1990:171-198.
127. Satoh T. Direct cortical response and PGO spike during paradoxical sleep of the cat. Brain Res. 28:1971;576-578.
128. Sei H., Sakai K., Kanamori N., Salvert D., Vanni-Mercier G., Jouvet M. Long-term variations in arterial blood pressure during sleep in freely moving cats. Physiol. Behav. 55:1994;673-679.
129. Shiromani P.J., McGinty D.J. Pontine neuronal response to local cholinergic infusion: Relation to REM sleep. Brain Res. 386:1986;20-31.
130. Siegel J.M., Nienhuis R., Tomaszewski K.S. REM sleep signs rostral to chronic transections at the pontomedullary junction. Neurosci. Lett. 45:1984;241-246.
131. Siegel J.M., Nienhuis R., Tomaszewski K.S., Wheeler R. Behavioral states after brainstem transection at the medullary level. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 7:1981;233.
132. 2 antagonist ritanserin on sleep-waking cycle in the rat. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 41:1991;241-243.
133. Snyder, F. Quelques hypothèses au sujet de la contribution du sommeil avec mouvements oculaires rapidesà la survivance des mammifères. Rêve et conscience, Paris, PUF; 1968:37-50.
134. Steriade M. Ascending control of thalamic and cortical responsiveness. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 12:1970;87-144.
135. Steriade M., Deschenes M., Domich L., Mulle C. Abolition of spindle oscillations in thalamic neurons disconnected from nucleus reticularis thalami. J. Neurophysiol. 54:1985;1473-1497.
136. Steriade M., Domich L., Oakson G., Deschenes M. The deafferented reticular thalamic nucleus generates spindle rhythmicity. J. Neurophysiol. 57:1987;260-273.
137. Steriade, M.; McCarley, R.W. Brainstem control of wakefulness and sleep. New York: Plenum Press; 1990.
138. Steriade M., McCormick D.A., Sejnowski T.J. Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain. Science. 262:1993;679-685.
139. Steriade M., Sakai K., Jouvet M. Bulbo thalamic neurons related to thalamocortical activation processes during paradoxical sleep. Exp. Brain Res. 54:1984;463-475.
140. Szymusiak R., Danowski J., McGinty D. REM sleep-suppressing effects of atropine in cats vary with environmental temperature. Brain Res. 636:1994;115-118.
141. Terrier G., Gottesmann C. Study of cortical spindles during sleep in the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 3:1978;701-706.
142. Thakkar M., Mallick B.N. Effect of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation on rat brain monoamine oxydase. Neuroscience. 55:1993;677-683.
143. Thomas J., Benoit O. Hétérogénéité du sommeilà ondes lentes. J. Physiol. Paris. 58:1966;623-624.
144. Thomas J., Benoit O. Individualisation d'un sommeilà ondes lentes et activité phasique. Brain Res. 5:1967;221-235.
145. Tokizane, T. Sleep mechanisms: Hypothalmic control of cortical activity. In: Aspects anatomo-fonctionnels de la physiologie du sommeil. Paris: CNRS; 1965:151-186.
146. Trachsel L., Tobler I., Borbely A.A. Electroencephalogram analysis of non-rapid eye movement sleep in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 24:1988;R27-R37.
147. Ursin R. The two stages of slow wave sleep in the cat and their relation from REM sleep. Brain Res. 11:1968;347-356.
148. User P., Gottesmann C. The central responsiveness of the acute cerveau isolé rat. Brain Res. Bull. 8:1982;15-21.
149. Usui S., Iwahara S. Effects of atropine upon the hippocampal electrical activity in rats with special reference to paradoxical sleep. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 42:1977;510-517.
150. Valatx J.L., Bugat R. Facteurs génétiques dans la déterminisme du cycle veille-sommeil chez la souris. Brain Res. 69:1974;315-330.
151. Vanderwolf C.H. Hippocampal electrical activity and voluntary movement in the rat. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 26:1969;407-418.
152. Vanderwolf C.H. Cerebral activity and behavior: Control by central cholinergic and serotoninergic systems. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 30:1988;225-340.
153. Vanderwolf C.H., Robinson T.E. Reticulo-cortical activity and behavior: A critique of the arousal theory and a new synthesis. Behav. Brain Sci. 4:1981;459-514.
154. Van Luijtelaar E.L.J.M., Coenen A.M.L. Two types of electrocortical paroxysms in an inbred strain of rats. Neurosci. Lett. 70:1986;393-397.
155. Vanni-Mercier G., Sakai K., Lin J.S., Jouvet M. Carbachol microinjections in the mediodorsal pontine tegmentum are unable to induce paradoxical sleep after caudal pontine and prebulbar transections in the cat. Neurosci. Lett. 130:1991;41-45.
156. Van Twyver H. Sleep patterns in five rodent species. Physiol. Behav. 4:1969;901-905.
157. Vertes R.P. Selective firing of rat pontine gigantocellular neurons during movements and REM sleep. Brain Res. 128:1977;146-152.
158. Vertes R.P. An analysis of ascending brain stem systems involved in hippocampal synchronization and desynchronization. J. Neurophysiol. 46:1981;1140-1159.
159. Vertes R.P. PHA-L analysis of projections from the supra-mammillary nucleus in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 326:1992;595-622.
160. Vertes R.P., Colom L.V., Fortin W.J., Bland B.H. Brainstem sites for the carbachol elicitation of the hippocampal theta rhythm in the rat. Exp. Brain Res. 96:1993;419-429.
161. A) agonists 8-OH-DPAT and buspirone, produces hippocampal theta rhythm in the rat. Neuroscience. 60:1994;441-451.
162. Villablanca J. The electrocorticogran in the chronic cerveau isolé cat. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 19:1965;576-586.
163. Webster H.H., Friedman L., Jones B.E. Modification of paradoxical sleep following transactions of the reticular formation at the pontomedullary junction. Sleep. 9:1986;1-23.
164. Weiss T., Adey W.R. Excitability changes during paradoxical sleep in the rat. Experientia. 21:1965;1-4.
165. Weiss T., Fifkova E. Sleep cycles in mice. Physiol. Bohemoslov. 13:1964;242-245.
166. Wills N., Chase M.H. Brain stem control of masseteric reflex activity during sleep and wakefulness. Mesencephalon Pons Exp. Neurol. 64:1979;98-117.
167. Wilson C.L., Motter B.C., Lindsley D.B. Influences of hypothalamic stimuli upon septal and hippocampal electrical activity in the cat. Brain Res. 107:1976;55-68.
168. Winson J. Hippocampal theta rhythm. I. Depth profiles in the curarized rat. Brain Res. 103:1976;57-70.
169. Yeckel M.F., Berger T.W. Feedforward excitation of the hippocampus by afferents from the entorhinal cortex: Redefinition of the role of the trisynaptic pathway. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 87:1986;5832-5836.