Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: Application to clinical medicine and antihypertension medication trials

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 783, Issue , 1996, Pages 278-294

  Smolensky, Michael H ^a,b   Portaluppi, Francesco ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b Hermann Ctr Chronobiology C   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF FERRARA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT;

AMBULATORY MONITORING; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM; BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CLINICAL MEDICINE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFERENCE PAPER; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; METHODOLOGY;

EID: 0029829192     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb26724.x     Document Type: Article

References (171)

1. SMOLENSKY, M. H., S. E. TATAR, S. A. BERGMAN, J. G. LOSMAN, C. N. BARNARD, C. C. DASCO & I. A. KRAFT. 1977. Circadian rhythmic aspects of cardiovascular function. A review by chronobiologic statistical methods. Chronobiologia 3: 337-371.
2. LEMMER, B. 1992. Cardiovascular chronobiology and chronopharmacology. In Biologic Rhythms in Clinical and Laboratory Medicine. Y. Touitou & H. Haus, eds.: 419-427. Springer-Verlag. Berlin.
3. CLARK, L. A., L. DENBY, D. PREGIBON et al. 1987. A quantitative analysis of the effects of activity and time of day on the diurnal variations of blood pressure. J. Chronic Dis. 40: 671-681.
4. SUNDBERG, S., A. KOHVAKKA & A. GORDIN. 1988. Rapid reversal of circadian blood pressure rhythm in shift workers. J. Hypertens. 6: 393-396.
5. BAUMGART, P., P. WALGER, G. FUCHS, K. G. DORST, H. VETTER & K. H. RAHN. 1989. Twenty-four-hour blood pressure is not dependent on endogenous circadian rhythm. J. Hypertens. 7: 331-334.
6. CHAU, N. P., J. M. MALLION, R. DE GAUDEMARIS et al. 1989. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure in shift workers. Circulation 80: 341-347.
7. JAMES, G. D. & T. G. PICKERING. 1993. The influence of behavioral factors on the daily variation of blood pressure. Am. J. Hypertens. 6: 170S-173S.
8. PIEPER, C., K. WARREN & T. G. PICKERING. 1993. A comparison of ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate at home and work on work and non-work days. J. Hypertens. 11: 177-183.
9. DEGAUTE, J. P., E. VAN CAUTER, P. VAN DE BORNE & P. LINKOWSKI. 1994. Twenty-four-hour blood pressure and heart rate profiles in humans. A twin study. Hypertension 23: 244-253.
10. GOTO, T., K. YOKOYAMA, T. ARAKI et al. 1994. Identical blood pressure levels and slower heart rates among nurses during night work and day work. J. Hum. Hypertens. 8: 11-14.
11. STERNBERG, H., T. ROSENTHAL, A. SHAMISS & M. GREEN. 1995. Altered circadian rhythm of blood pressure in shift workers. J. Hum. Hypertens. 9: 349-353.
12. PORTALUPPI, F., L. VERGNANI, R. MANFREDINI & C. FERSINI. 1996. Endocrine mechanisms of blood pressure rhythms. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 783: 113-131.
13. HILL, L. 1898. On rest, sleep and work and the concomitant changes in the circulation of the blood. Lancet 1: 282-285.
14. SNYDER, F., A. HOBSON, D. F. MORRISON & F. GOLDFRANK. 1964. Changes in respiration, heart rate and systolic blood pressure in human sleep. J. Appl. Physiol. 19: 417-422.
15. BRISTOW, J. D., A. J. HONOUR, T. G. PICKERING & P. SLEIGHT. 1969. Cardiovascular and respiratory changes during sleep in normal and hypertensive subjects. Cardiovasc. Res. 3: 476-485.
16. REINBERG, A., J. GHATA, F. HALBERG et al. 1970. Rythmes circadiens du pouls, de la pression arterielle, des excretions urinaires en 17-hydroxycorticosteroides catecholamines et potassium chez l'homme adulte sain, actif et au repos. Ann. Endocrinol. (Paris) 31: 277-287.
17. COCCAGNA, G., M. MANTOVANI, F. BRIGNANI, A. MANZINI & E. LUGARESI. 1971. Laboratory note. Arterial pressure changes during spontaneous sleep in man. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 31: 277-281.
18. MILLAR-CRAIG, M. W., C. N. BISHOP & E. B. RAFTERY. 1978. Circadian variation of blood-pressure. Lancet 1: 795-797.
19. LITTLER, W. A. 1979. Sleep and blood pressure: Further observations. Am. Heart J. 97: 35-37.
20. HALBERG, F., E. HALBERG, J. HALBERG & F. HALBERG. 1984. Chronobiologic assessment of human blood pressure variation in health and disease. Steinkopff. Darmstadt.
21. TUCK, M. L., N. STERN & J. R. SOWERS. 1985. Enhanced 24-hour norepinephrine and renin secretion in young patients with essential hypertension: Relation with the circadian pattern of arterial blood pressure. Am. J. Cardiol. 55: 112-115.
22. DAVIES, A. B., B. A. GOULD, P. M. CASHMAN & E. B. RAFTERY. 1984. Circadian rhythm of blood pressure in patients dependent on ventricular demand pacemakers. Br. Heart J. 52: 93-98.
23. FLORAS, J. S., J. V. JONES, J. A. JOHNSTON, D. E. BROOKS, M. O. HASSAN & P. SLEIGHT. 1978. Arousal and the circadian rhythm of blood pressure. Clin. Sci. Mol. Med 4 (Suppl. 1): S395-S397.
24. BROADHURST, P., G. BRIGDEN, P. DASGUPTA, A. LAHIRI & E. B. RAFTERY. 1990. Ambulatory intra-arterial blood pressure in normal subjects. Am. Heart J. 120: 160-166.
25. GOULD, B. A. & E. B. RAFTERY. 1991. Twenty-four-hour blood pressure control: An intraarterial review. Chronobiol. Int. 8: 495-505.
26. DEGAUTE, J. P., P. VAN DE BORNE, P. LINKOWSKI & E. VAN CAUTER. 1991. Quantitative analysis of the 24-hour blood pressure and heart rate patterns in young men. Hypertension 18: 199-210.
27. MIDDEKE, M. & J. SCHRADER. 1994. Nocturnal blood pressure in normotensive subjects and those with white coat, primary, and secondary hypertension. Br. Med. J. 308: 630-632.
28. COWLEY, A. W., JR., J. F. LIARD & A. C. GUYTON. 1973. Role of baroreceptor reflex in daily control of arterial blood pressure and other variables in dogs. Circ. Res. 32: 564-576.
29. LINSELL, C. R., S. L. LIGHTMAN, P. E. MULLEN, M. J. BROWN & R. C. CAUSON. 1985. Circadian rhythms of epinephrine and norepinephrine in man. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 60: 1210-1215.
30. KASTING, G. A., D. L. ECKBERG, J. M. FRITSCH & C. L. BIRKETT. 1987. Continuous resetting of the human carotid baroreceptor-cardiac reflex. Am. J. Physiol. 252: R732-736.
31. PARATI, G., M. DI RIENZO, G. BERTINIERI et al. 1988. Evaluation of the baroreceptor-heart rate reflex by 24-hour intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring in humans. Hypertension 12: 214-222.
32. FURLAN, R., S. GUZZETTI, W. CRIVELLARO et al. 1990. Continuous 24-hour assessment of the neural regulation of systemic arterial pressure and RR variabilities in ambulant subjects. Circulation 81: 537-547.
33. HAYANO, J., Y. SAKAKIDARA, M. YAMADA et al. 1990. Diurnal variations in vagal and sympathetic cardiac control. Am. J. Physiol. 258: H642-646.
34. GOLDSMITH, R. L., J. T. BIGGER, R. C. STEINMAN & J. L. FLEISS. 1992. Comparison of 24-hour parasympathetic activity in endurance-trained and untrained young men. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 20: 552-558.
35. HARTIKAINEN, J., I. TARKIAINEN, K. TAHVANAINEN, M. MANTYSAARI, E. LANSIMIES & K. PYORALA. 1993. Circadian variation of cardiac autonomic regulation during 24-h bed rest. Clin. Physiol. 13: 185-196.
36. VAN DE BORNE, P., H. NGUYEN, P. BISTON, P. LINKOWSKI & J. P. DEGAUTE. 1994. Effects of wake and sleep stages on the 24-h autonomic control of blood pressure and heart rate in recumbent men. Am. J. Physiol. 266: H548-554.
37. VEERMAN, D. P., B. P. M. IMHOLZ, W. WIELING, K. H. WESSELING & G. A. VAN MONTFRANS. 1995. Circadian profile of systemic hemodynamics. Hypertension 26: 55-59.
38. PICKERING, T. G. 1991. Ambulatory Monitoring and Blood Pressure Variability. London. Science Press.
39. WHITE, W. B., A. S. BERSON, C. ROBBINS et al. 1993. National standard for measurement of resting and ambulatory blood pressures with automated sphygmomanometers. Hypertension 21: 504-509.
40. O'BRIEN, E., J. PETRIE, W. LITTLER et al. 1993. An outline of the revised British Hypertension Society protocol for the evaluation of blood pressure measuring devices. J. Hypertens. 11: 677-679.
41. DI RIENZO, M., G. GRASSI, A. PEDOTTI & G. MANCIA. 1983. Continuous vs intermittent blood pressure measurements in estimating 24-hour average blood pressure. Hypertension 5: 264-269.
42. PORTALUPPI, F., L. MONTANARI, M. CAPANNA & M. FERLINI. 1989. Chronobiologic vs. sphygmomanometric assessment of hypertension in a hospital setting. Clin. Cardiol. 12: 380-383.
43. WHITE, W. B., H. M. DEY, & P. SCHULMAN. 1989. Assessment of the daily blood pressure load as a determinant of cardiac function in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Am. Heart J. 118: 782-795.
44. ZACHARIAH, P. K., S. G. SHEPS, D. M. ILSTRUP et al. 1988. Blood pressure load: A better determinant of blood pressure. Mayo Clin. Proc. 63: 1085-1091.
45. MULLER, J. E., G. H. TOFLER & P. H. STONE. 1989. Circadian variation and triggers of onset of acute cardiovascular disease. Circulation 79: 733-743.
46. MANCIA, G., S. OMBONI, G. PARATI, S. TRAZZI & E. MUTTI. 1992. Limited reproducibility of hourly blood pressure values obtained by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: Implications for studies on antihypertensive drugs. J. Hypertens. 10: 1531-1535.
47. TRAZZI, S., E. MUTTI, A. FRATTOLA, B. IMHOLZ, G. PARATI & G. MANCIA. 1991. Reproducibility of non-invasive and intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring: Implications for studies on antihypertensive treatment. J. Hypertens. 9: 115-119.
48. VERDECCHIA, P., G. SCHILLACI, F. BOLDRINI, M. GUERRIERI, I. ZAMPI & C. PORCELLATI. 1991. Quantitative assessment of day-to-day spontaneous variability in non-invasive ambulatory blood pressure measurements in essential hypertension. J. Hypertens. 9 (Suppl. 6): S322-323.
49. REEVES, R. A., F. H. LEENEN & C. D. JOYNER. 1992. Reproducibility of nurse-measured, exercise and ambulatory blood pressure and echocardiographic left ventricular mass in borderline hypertension. J. Hypertens. 10: 1249-1256.
50. SILAGY, C. A., J. J. MCNEIL, S. FARISH, P. I. MCCLOUD & B. P. MCGRATH. 1992. Components of blood pressure variability in the elderly and effects on sample size calculations for clinical trials. Am. J. Hypertens. 5: 449-458.
51. STAESSEN, J., C. J. BULPITT, E. O'BRIEN et al. 1992. The diurnal blood pressure profile. A population study. Am. J. Hypertens. 5: 386-392.
52. THIJS, L., A. AMERY, D. CLEMENT et al. 1992. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension. J. Hypertens. 10: 693-699.
53. DES COMBES, B. J., M. PORCHET, B. WAEBER & H. R. BRUNNER. 1984. Ambulatory blood pressure recordings. Reproducibility and unpredictability. Hypertension 6: C110-115.
54. JAMES, G. D., T. G. PICKERING, L. S. YEE, G. A. HARSHFIELD, S. RIVA & J. H. LARAGH. 1988. The reproducibility of average ambulatory, home, and clinic pressures. Hypertension 11: 545-549.
55. GIACONI, S., C. PALOMBO, A. GENOVESI-EBERT, C. MARABOTTI, D. VOLTERRANI & S. GHIONE. 1988. Long-term reproducibility and evaluation of seasonal influences on blood pressure monitoring. J. Hypertens. 6 (Suppl. 4): S64-66.
56. COATS, A. J., A. RADAELLI, S. J. CLARK, J. CONWAY & P. SLEIGHT. 1992. The influence of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring on the design and interpretation of trials in hypertension. J. Hypertens. 10: 385-391.
57. STEWART, M. J., H. BROWN & P. L. PADFIELD. 1993. Can simultaneous ambulatory blood pressure and activity monitoring improve the definition of blood pressure? Am. J. Hypertens. 6: 174S-178S.
58. MULLANEY, D. J., D. F. KRIPKE & S. MESSIN. 1980. Wrist-actigraphic estimation of sleep time. Sleep 3: 83-92.
59. HALBERG, F. 1969. Chronobiology. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 31: 675-725.
60. GERMANÒ, G., S. DAMIANI, M. CIAVARELLA, A. APPOLLONI, A. FERRUCCI & V. CORSI. 1984. Detection of a diurnal rhythm in arterial blood pressure in the evaluation of 24-hour antihypertensive therapy. Clin. Cardiol. 7: 525-535.
61. MATTES, A., K. WITTE, W. HOHMANN & B. LEMMER. 1991. PHARMFIT - A nonlinear fitting program for pharmacology. Chronobiol. Int. 8: 460-476.
62. THIJS, L., J. STAESSEN & R. FAGARD. 1992. Analysis of the diurnal blood pressure curve. High Blood Press. 1: 17-28.
63. STREITBERG, B., W. MEYER-SABELLEK & P. BAUMGART. 1989. Statistical analysis of circadian blood pressure recordings in controlled clinical trials. J. Hypertens. 7 (Suppl. 3): S11-17.
64. STANTON, A., J. COX, N. ATKINS, K. O'MALLEY & E. O'BRIEN. 1992. Cumulative sums in quantifying circadian blood pressure patterns. Hypertension 19: 93-101.
65. IDEMA, R. N., E. S. GELSEMA, G. J. WENTING et al. 1992. A new model for diurnal blood pressure profiling. Square wave fit compared with conventional methods. Hypertension 19: 595-605.
66. PARATI, G., M. DI RIENZO, S. OMBONI, P. CASTIGLIONI, A. FRATTOLA & G. MANCIA. 1993. Spectral analysis of 24 h blood pressure recordings. Am. J. Hypertens. 6: 188S-193S.
67. STAESSEN, J. A., R. FAGARD, L. THIJS & A. AMERY. 1993. Fourier analysis of blood pressure profiles. Am. J. Hypertens. 6: 184S-187S.
68. WU, M. C. 1993. Analysis of blood pressure variability. Am. J. Hypertens. 6: 198S-200S.
69. PARATI, G., R. CASADEI, A. GROPPELLI, M. DI RIENZO & G. MANCIA. 1989. Comparison of finger and intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring at rest and during laboratory testing. Hypertension. 13: 647-655.
70. IMHOLZ, B. P., G. J. LANGEWOUTERS, G. A. VAN MONTFRANS et al. 1993. Feasibility of ambulatory, continuous 24-hour finger arterial pressure recording. Hypertension 21: 65-73.
71. ATHANASSIADIS, D., G. J. DRAPER, A. J. HONOUR & W. I. CRANSTON. 1969. Variability of automatic blood pressure measurements over 24 hour periods. Clin. Sci. 36: 147-156.
72. MANCIA, G., A. FERRARI, L. GREGORINI et al. 1983. Blood pressure and heart rate variabilities in normotensive and hypertensive human beings. Circ. Res. 53: 96-104.
73. KHOURY, A. F., P. SUNDERAJAN & N. M. KAPLAN. 1992. The early morning rise in blood pressure is related mainly to ambulation. Am. J. Hypertens. 5: 339-344.
74. SUZUKI, Y., I. KUWAJIMA, K. MITANI & K. KURAMOTO. 1993. The relation of morning rise in blood pressure to pressure response to exercise and mental stress. Jpn. J. Geriatr. 30: 841-848.
75. KUWAJIMA, I., K. MITANI, M. MIYAO, Y. SUZUKI, K. KURAMOTO & T. OZAWA. 1995. Cardiac implications of the morning surge in blood pressure in elderly hypertensive patients: Relation to arising time. Am. J. Hypertens. 8: 29-33.
76. VERDECCHIA, P., G. SCHILLACI, M. GUERRIERI et al. 1990. Circadian blood pressure changes and left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. Circulation 81: 528-536.
77. MANN, S., D. G. ALTMAN, E. B. RAFTERY & R. BANNISTER. 1983. Circadian variation of blood pressure in autonomic failure. Circulation 68: 477-483.
78. MARTINELLI, P., G. COCCAGNA, N. RIZZUTO & E. LUGARESI. 1981. Changes in systemic arterial pressure during sleep in Shy-Drager syndrome. Sleep 4: 139-146.
79. TOHGI, H., K. CHIBA & M. KIMURA. 1991. Twenty-four-hour variation of blood pressure in vascular dementia of the Binswanger type. Stroke 22: 603-608.
80. OTSUKA, A., H. MIKAMI, K. KATAHIRA et al. 1990. Absence of nocturnal fall in blood pressure in elderly persons with Alzheimer-type dementia. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 38: 973-978.
81. TOMINAGA, M., T. TSUCHIHASHI, H. KINOSHITA, I. ABE & M. FUJISHIMA. 1995. Disparate circadian variations of blood pressure and body temperature in bedridden elderly patients with cerebral atrophy. Am. J. Hypertens. 8: 773-781.
82. STOICA, E. & O. ENULESCU. 1983. Inability to deactivate sympathetic nervous system in brainstem infarct patients. J. Neurol. Sci. 58: 223-234.
83. SHIMADA, K., A. KAWAMOTO, K. MATSUBAYASHI & T. OZAWA. 1990. Silent cerebrovascular disease in the elderly. Correlation with ambulatory pressure. Hypertension 16: 692-699.
84. SHIMADA, K., A. KAWAMOTO, K. MATSUBAYASHI, M. NISHINAGA, S. KIMURA & T. OZAWA. 1992. Diurnal blood pressure variations and silent cerebrovascular damage in elderly patients with hypertension. J. Hypertens. 10: 875-878.
85. MATSUMURA, K., I. ABE, M. FUKUHARA et al. 1993. Attenuation of nocturnal BP fall in essential hypertensives with cerebral infarction [letter]. J. Hum. Hypertens. 7: 309-310.
86. SANDER, D. & J. KLINGELHÖFER. 1994. Changes of circadian blood pressure patterns after hemodynamic and thromboembolic brain infarction. Stroke 25: 1730-1737.
87. ASMAR, R. G., P. L. JULIA, V. L. MASCAREL, J. N. FABIANI, A. BENETOS & M. E. SAFAR. 1994. Ambulatory blood pressure profile after carotid endarterectomy in patients with ischaemic arterial disease. J. Hypertens. 12: 697-702.
88. FRANKLIN, S. S., J. R. SOWERS & U. BATZDORF. 1986. Relationship between arterial blood pressure and plasma norepinephrine levels in a patient with neurogenic hypertension. Am. J. Med. 81: 1105-1107.
89. PORTALUPPI, F., P. CORTELLI, P. AVONI et al. 1994. Diurnal blood pressure variation and hormonal correlates in fatal familial insomnia. Hypertension 23: 569-576.
90. HORNUNG, R. S., R. F. MAHLER & E. B. RAFTERY. 1989. Ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in diabetic patients: An assessment of autonomic function. Diabet. Med. 6: 579-585.
91. WIEGMANN, T. B., K. G. HERRON, A. M. CHONKO, M. L. MAC DOUGALL & W. V. MOORE. 1990. Recognition of hypertension and abnormal blood pressure burden with ambulatory blood pressure recordings in type I diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 39: 1556-1560.
92. LURBE, A., J. REDON, J. M. PASCUAL, J. TACONS, V. ALVAREZ & D. C. BATLLE. 1993. Altered blood pressure during sleep in normotensive subjects with type I diabetes. Hypertension 21: 227-235.
93. FOGARI, R., A. ZOPPI, G. D. MALAMANI, P. LAZZARI, M. DESTRO & L. CORRADI. 1993. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in normotensive and hypertensive type 2 diabetes. Prevalence of impaired diurnal blood pressure patterns. Am. J. Hypertens. 6: 1-7.
94. IKEDA, T., T. MATSUBARA, Y. SATO & N. SAKAMOTO. 1993. Circadian blood pressure variation in diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy. J. Hypertens. 11: 581-587.
95. CHAU, N. P., B. BAUDUCEAU, X. CHANUDET, P. LARROQUE & D. GAUTIER. 1994. Ambulatory blood pressure in diabetic subjects. Am. J. Hypertens. 7: 487-491.
96. ISSHIKI, T., N. AKATSUKA, H. TSUNEYOSHI & H. OKA. 1986. Periodic fluctuation of blood pressure in a case of norepinephrine secreting extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma. Jpn. Heart J. 27: 437-442.
97. OISHI, S., M. SASAKI, M. OHNO, T. UMEDA & T. SATO. 1988. Periodic fluctuation of blood pressure and its management in a patient with pheochromocytoma. Case report and review of the literature. Jpn. Heart J. 29: 389-399.
98. IMAI, Y., K. ABE, Y. MIURA et al. 1988. Hypertensive episodes and circadian fluctuations of blood pressure in patients with phaeochromocytoma: Studies by long-term blood pressure monitoring based on a volume-oscillometric method. J. Hypertens. 6: 9-15.
99. DABROWSKA, B., T. FELTYNOWSKI, B. WOCIAL, W. SZPAK & W. JANUSZEWICZ. 1990. Effect of removal of phaeochromocytoma on diurnal variability of blood pressure, heart rhythm and excretion of catecholamines. J. Hum. Hypertens. 4: 397-399.
100. STATIUS VAN EPS, R. G., A. H. VAN DEN MEIRACKER, F. BOOMSMA, A. J. MAN IN'T VELD & M. A. D. H. SCHALEKAMP. 1994. Diurnal variation of blood pressure in patients with catecholamine-producing tumors. Am. J. Hypertens. 7: 492-497.
101. IMAI, Y., K. ABE, S. SASAKI et al. 1988. Altered circadian blood pressure rhythm in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Hypertension 12: 11-19.
102. IMAI, Y., K. ABE, S. SASAKI et al. 1989. Exogenous glucocorticoid eliminates or reverses circadian blood pressure variations. J. Hypertens. 7: 113-120.
103. VAN DE BORNE, P., M. GELIN, J. VAN DE STADT & J. P. DEGAUTE. 1993. Circadian rhythms of blood pressure after liver transplantation. Hypertension 21: 398-405.
104. IMAI, Y., K. ABE, S. SASAKI et al. 1992. Circadian blood pressure variation in patients with renovascular hypertension or primary aldosteronism. Clin. Exp. Hypertens [A] 14: 1141-1167.
105. WHITE, W. B. & C. MALCHOFF. 1992. Diurnal blood pressure variability in mineralocorticoid excess syndrome. Am. J. Hypertens. 5: 414-418.
106. VEGLIO, F., G. PINNA, R. MELCHIO et al. 1993. Twenty-four-hour power spectral analysis by maximum entropy method of blood pressure in primary hyperaldosteronism. Blood Press. 2: 189-196.
107. FALLO, F., G. FANELLI, A. CIPOLLA, C. BETTERLE, M. BOSCARO & N. SONINO. 1994. 24-hour blood pressure profile in Addison's disease. Am. J. Hypertens. 7: 1105-1109.
108. BRICKMAN, A. S., N. STERN & J. R. SOWERS. 1990. Circadian variations of catecholamines and blood pressure in patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism and hypertension. Chronobiologia 17: 37-44.
109. TILKIAN, A. G., C. GUILLEMINAULT, J. S. SCHROEDER, K. L. LEHRMAN, F. B. SIMMONS & W. C. DEMENT. 1976. Hemodynamics in sleep-induced apnea. Studies during wakefulness and sleep. Ann. Intern. Med. 85: 714-719.
110. FRANZ, I. W., D. ERB & U. TONNESMANN. 1992. Gestorte 24-Stunden-Blutdruckrhythmik bei normotensiven und hypertensiven Asthmatikern. Z. Kardiol. 81 (Suppl. 2): 13-16.
111. HEBER, M. E., A. LAHIRI, D. THOMPSON & E. B. RAFTERY. 1989. Baroreceptor, not left ventricular, dysfunction is the cause of hemodialysis hypotension. Clin. Nephrol. 32: 79-86.
112. MIDDEKE, M., E. MIKA, M. A. SCHREIBER, B. BECK, B. WACHTER & H. HOLZGREVE. 1989. Ambulante indirekte Blutdrucklangzeitmessung bei primärer und sekundärer Hypertonie. Klin. Wochenschr. 67: 713-716.
113. BAUMGART, P., P. WALGER, M. GERKE, K. G. DORST, H. VETTER & K. H. RAHN. 1989. Nocturnal hypertension in renal failure, haemodialysis and after renal transplantation. J. Hypertens. 7(Suppl. 6): S70-71.
114. PORTALUPPI, F., L. MONTANARI, M. FERLINI & P. GILLI. 1990. Altered circadian rhythms of blood pressure and heart rate in non-hemodialysis chronic renal failure. Chrono-biol. Int. 7: 321-327.
115. PORTALUPPI, F., L. MONTANARI, M. MASSARI, V. Di CHIARA & M. CAPANNA. 1991. Loss of nocturnal decline of blood pressure in hypertension due to chronic renal failure. Am. J. Hypertens. 4: 20-26.
116. ROSANSKY, S. J. 1991. Nocturnal hypertension in patients receiving chronic hemodialysis [letter]. Ann. Intern. Med. 114: 96.
117. MIDDEKE, M., M. KLUGLICH & H. HOLZGREVE. 1991. Circadian blood pressure rhythm in primary and secondary hypertension. Chronobiol. Int. 8: 451-459.
118. BAUMGART, P., P. WALGER, S. GEMEN, M. VON EIFF, H. RAIDT & K. H. RAHN. 1991. Blood pressure elevation during the night in chronic renal failure, hemodialysis and after renal transplantation. Nephron 57: 293-298.
119. HAYASHI, T., T. SHOJI, E. KITAMURA, N. OKADA, I. NAKANISHI & Y. TSUBAKIHARA. 1993. Circadian blood pressure pattern in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. Nippon Jinzo Gakkai Shi 35: 233-237.
120. TORFFVIT, O. & C. D. AGARDH. 1993. Day and night variation in ambulatory blood pressure in type 1 diabetes mellitus with nephropathy and autonomic neuropathy. J. Intern. Med. 233: 131-137.
121. TIMIO, M., S. LOLLI, C. VERDURA, C. MONARCA, F. MERANTE & E. GUERRINI. 1993. Circadian blood pressure changes in patients with chronic renal insufficiency: A prospective study. Ren. Fail. 15: 231-237.
122. DEL ROSSO, G., L. AMOROSO, A. SANTOFERRARA, B. FIEDERLING, L. DI LIBERATO & A. ALBERTAZZI. 1994. Impaired blood pressure nocturnal decline and target organ damage in chronic renal failure [abstr.]. J. Hypertens. 12(Suppl. 3): S15.
123. SHAW, D. B., M. S. KNAPP & D. H. DAVIES. 1963. Variations in blood pressure in hypertensives during sleep. Lancet 1: 797-798.
124. DE LA SIERRA, A., M. DEL MAR LLUCH, A. COCA et al. 1995. Assessment of salt sensitivity in essential hypertension by 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Am. J. Hypertens. 8: 970-977.
125. OLOFSSON, P. 1995. Characteristics of a reversed circadian blood pressure rhythm in pregnant women with hypertension. J. Hum. Hypertens. 9: 565-570.
126. REDMAN, C. W., L. J. BEILIN & J. BONNAR. 1976. Reversed diurnal blood pressure rhythm in hypertensive pregnancies. Clin. Sci. Mol. Med. 3: 687s-689s.
127. BEILIN, L. J., J. DEACON, C. A. MICHAEL et al. 1983. Diurnal rhythms of blood pressure, plasma renin activity, angiotensin II and catecholamines in normotensive and hypertensive pregnancies. Clin. Exp. Hypertens. [B] 2: 271-293.
128. KUWAJIMA, I., Y., SUZUKI, T. SHIMOSAWA, A. KANEMARU, S. HOSHINO & K. KURAMOTO. 1992. Diminished nocturnal decline in blood pressure in elderly hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Am. Heart J. 123: 1307-1311.
129. SOERGEL, M., A. MAISIN, A. AZANCOT-BENISTY & C. LOIRAT. 1992. Ambulante Blutdruckmessung bei nierentransplantierten Kindern und Jugendlichen. Z. Kardiol. 81(Suppl. 2): 67-70.
130. TALER, S. J., S. C. TEXTOR, V. J. CANZANELLO, D. J. WILSON, R. H. WIESNER & R. A. KROM. 1995. Loss of nocturnal blood pressure fall after liver transplantation during immunosuppressive therapy. Am. J. Hypertens. 8: 598-605.
131. REEVES, R. A., A. P. SHAPIRO, M. E. THOMPSON & A. M. JOHNSEN. 1986. Loss of nocturnal decline in blood pressure after cardiac transplantation. Circulation 73: 401-408.
132. DART, A. M., J. K. YEOH, G. L. JENNINGS, J. D. CAMERON & D. S. ESMORE. 1992. Circadian rhythms of heart rate and blood pressure after heart transplantation. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 11: 784-792.
133. SEHESTED, J., F. THOMAS, M. THORN et al. 1992. Level and diurnal variations of hormones of interest to the cardiovascular system in patients with heart transplants. Am. J. Cardiol. 69: 397-402.
134. VAN DE BORNE, P., M. LEEMAN, G. PRIMO & J. P. DEGAUTE. 1992. Reappearance of a normal circadian rhythm of blood pressure after cardiac transplantation. Am. J. Cardiol. 69: 794-801.
135. IDEMA, R. N., A. H. VAN DEN MEIRACKER, A. H. BALK, E. BOS, M. A. SCHALEKAMP & A. J. MAN IN'T VELD. 1994. Decreased circadian blood pressure variation up to three years after heart transplantation. Am. J. Cardiol. 73: 1006-1009.
136. IDEMA, R. N., A. H. VAN DEN MEIRACKER, A. H. BALK, E. BOS, M. A. SCHALEKAMP & A. J. MAN IN'T VELD. 1994. Abnormal diurnal variation of blood pressure, cardiac output, and vascular resistance in cardiac transplant recipients. Circulation 90: 2797-2803.
137. CARUANA, M. P., A. LAHIRI, P. M. CASHMAN, D. G. ALTMAN & E. B. RAFTERY. 1988. Effects of chronic congestive heart failure secondary to coronary artery disease on the circadian rhythm of blood pressure and heart rate. Am. J. Cardiol. 62: 755-759.
138. PORTALUPPI, F., L. MONTANARI, M. FERLINI, L. VERGNANI, B. BAGNI & E. C. DEGLI UBERTI. 1992. Differences in blood pressure regulation of congestive heart failure, before and after treatment, correlate with changes in the circulating pattern of atrial natriuretic peptide. Eur. Heart J. 13: 990-996.
139. VAN DE BORNE, P., M. ABRAMOWICZ, S. DEGRE & J. P. DEGAUTE. 1992. Effects of chronic congestive heart failure on 24-hour blood pressure and heart rate patterns: A hemodynamic approach. Am. Heart J. 123: 998-1004.
140. SUZUKI, Y., I. KUWAJIMA, A. KANEMARU et al. 1992. The cardiac functional reserve in elderly hypertensive patients with abnormal diurnal change in blood pressure. J. Hypertens. 10: 173-179.
141. VAN DE BORNE, P., C. TIELEMANS, J. L. VANHERWEGHEM & J. P. DEGAUTE. 1992. Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin therapy on ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in chronic haemodialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 7: 45-49.
142. PORTALUPPI, F., L. VERGNANI, R. MANFREDINI, E. C. DEGLI UBERTI & C. FERSINI. 1995. Time-dependent effect of isradipine on the nocturnal hypertension of chronic renal failure. Am. J. Hypertens. 8: 719-726.
143. VAN DE BORNE, P., C. TIELEMANS, F. COLLART, J. L. VANHERWEGHEM & J. P. DEGAUTE. 1993. Twenty-four-hour blood pressure and heart rate patterns in chronic hemodialysis patients. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 22: 419-425.
144. MANFREDINI, R., M. GALLERANI, F. PORTALUPPI & C. FERSINI. 1996. Relationships of the circadian rhythms of thrombotic, ischemic, hemorrhagic, and arrhythmic events to blood pressure rhythms. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 783: 141-158.
145. KOBRIN, I., W. OIGMAN, A. KUMAR et al. 1984. Diurnal variation of blood pressure in elderly patients with essential hypertension. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 32: 896-899.
146. RIZZONI, D., M. L. MUIESAN, G. MONTANI, R. ZULLI, S. CALEBICH & E. AGABITI-ROSEI. 1992. Relationship between initial cardiovascular structural changes and daytime and nighttime blood pressure monitoring. Am. J. Hypertens. 5: 180-186.
147. PALATINI, P., M. PENZO, A. RACIOPPA et al. 1992. Clinical relevance of nighttime blood pressure and of daytime blood pressure variability. Arch. Intern. Med. 152: 1855-1860.
148. VERDECCHIA, P., G. SCHILLACI, C. GATTESCHI et al. 1993. Blunted nocturnal fall in blood pressure in hypertensive women with future cardiovascular morbid events. Circulation 88: 986-992.
149. SCHMIEDER, R. E., J. K. ROCKSTROH, F. AEPFELBACHER, B. SCHULZE & F. H. MESSERLI. 1995. Gender-specific cardiovascular adaptation due to circadian blood pressure variations in essential hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. 8: 1160-1166.
150. O'BRIEN, E., J. SHERIDAN & K. O'MALLEY. 1988. Dippers and nondippers. Lancet 2: 397.
151. BIANCHI, S., R. BIGAZZI, G. BALDARI, G. SGHERRI & V. M. CAMPESE. 1994. Diurnal variations of blood pressure and microalbuminuria in essential hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. 7: 23-29.
152. CLEMENT, D. L., M. DE BUYZERE & D. D. DUPREZ. 1991. Ambulatory blood pressure and prognosis: Summary of ongoing studies. J. Hypertens. 9(Suppl. 8): S51-53.
153. STAESSEN, J., A. AMERY, D. CLEMENT et al. 1992. Twenty-four hour blood pressure monitoring in the Syst-Eur trial. Aging (Milano) 4: 85-91.
154. STAESSEN, J. & A. AMERY. 1993. APTH - a trial on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and treatment of hypertension: Objectives and protocol. Acta Cardiol. 48: 25-42.
155. MANCIA, G., A. ZANCHETTI, E. AGABITI-ROSEI et al. 1992. Prognostic value of ambulatory blood pressure. The SAMPLE study. High Blood Press. 1: 297-301.
156. PERLOFF, D., M. SOKOLOW & R. COWAN. 1983. The prognostic value of ambulatory blood pressures. JAMA 249: 2792-2792.
157. PERLOFF, D., M. SOKOLOW, R. M. COWAN & R. P. JUSTER. 1989. Prognostic value of ambulatory blood pressure measurements: Further analyses. J. Hypertens. 7(Suppl. 3): S3-10.
158. VERDECCHIA, P., C. PORCELLATI, G. SCHILLACI et al. 1994. Ambulatory blood pressure. An independent predictor of prognosis in essential hypertension. Hypertension 24: 793-801.
159. LEMMER, B., B. SCHEIDEL & S. BEHNE. 1991. Chronopharmacokinetics and chronopharmacodynamics of cardiovascular active drugs. Propranolol, organic nitrates, nifedipine. In Temporal Control of Drug Delivery. W. J. M. Hrushesky, R. Langer & F. Theeuwes, Eds. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 618: 166-181.
160. DECOUSUS, H. A., M. CROZE, F. A. LEVI et al. 1985. Circadian changes in anticoagulant effect of heparin infused at a constant rate. Br. Med. J. 290: 341-344.
161. MATTES, A. & B. LEMMER. 1991. Effects of amlodipine on circadian rhythms in blood pressure, heart rate, and motility: A telemetric study in rats. Chronobiol. Int. 8: 526-538.
162. LEMMER, B., A. MATTES, M. BOHM & D. GANTEN. 1993. Circadian blood pressure variation in transgenic hypertensive rats. Hypertension 22: 97-101.
163. LEMMER, B., K. WITTE, T. MAKABE, D. GANTEN & A. MATTES. 1994. Effects of enalaprilat on circadian profiles in blood pressure and heart rate of spontaneously and transgenic hypertensive rats. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 23: 311-314.
164. LEMMER, B. & F. PORTALUPPI. 1996. Chronopharmacology of cardiovascular diseases. In Physiology and Pharmacology of Biological Rhythms. P. H. Redfern & B. Lemmer, Eds. Springer-Verlag. Heidelberg. In press.
165. LANGNER, B. & B. LEMMER. 1988. Circadian changes in the pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular effects of oral propranolol in healthy subjects. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 33: 619-624.
166. PALATINI, P. 1992. Can an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor with a short half-life effectively lower blood pressure for 24 hours? Am. Heart J. 123: 1421-1425.
167. NATIONAL HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE EDUCATION PROGRAM COORDINATING COMMITTEE. 1990. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group report on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Arch. Intern. Med. 150: 2270-2280.
168. 1993 GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF MILD HYPERTENSION: Memorandum from a World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension Meeting. Guidelines Sub-Committee. J. Hypertens. 11: 905-918.
169. FIFTH REPORT OF THE JOINT NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON DETECTION, EVALUATION, AND TREATMENT OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE (JNC V). 1993. Arch. Intern. Med. 153: 154-183.
170. AMERICAN COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS. 1993. Automated ambulatory blood pressure devices and self-measured blood pressure monitoring devices: Their role in the diagnosis and management of hypertension. Ann. Intern. Med. 118: 889-892.
171. SHEPS, S. G., D. L. CLEMENT, T. G. PICKERING et al. 1994. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Hypertensive Diseases Committee, American College of Cardiology. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 23: 1511-1513.